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Gruenbacher S, Jaritz M, Hill L, Schäfer M, Busslinger M. Essential role of the Pax5 C-terminal domain in controlling B cell commitment and development. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230260. [PMID: 37725138 PMCID: PMC10509461 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The B cell regulator Pax5 consists of multiple domains whose function we analyzed in vivo by deletion in Pax5. While B lymphopoiesis was minimally affected in mice with homozygous deletion of the octapeptide or partial homeodomain, both sequences were required for optimal B cell development. Deletion of the C-terminal regulatory domain 1 (CRD1) interfered with B cell development, while elimination of CRD2 modestly affected B-lymphopoiesis. Deletion of CRD1 and CRD2 arrested B cell development at an uncommitted pro-B cell stage. Most Pax5-regulated genes required CRD1 or both CRD1 and CRD2 for their activation or repression as these domains induced or eliminated open chromatin at Pax5-activated or Pax5-repressed genes, respectively. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that the activating function of CRD1 is mediated through interaction with the chromatin-remodeling BAF, H3K4-methylating Set1A-COMPASS, and H4K16-acetylating NSL complexes, while its repressing function depends on recruitment of the Sin3-HDAC and MiDAC complexes. These data provide novel molecular insight into how different Pax5 domains regulate gene expression to promote B cell commitment and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gruenbacher
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Louisa Hill
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schäfer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Li X, Yang T, Hu M, Yang Y, Tang M, Deng D, Liu K, Fu S, Tan Y, Wang H, Chen Y, Zhang C, Guo Y, Peng B, Si W, Yang Z, Chen L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 6-(pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine derivatives as novel dual FLT3/CDK4 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2022; 121:105669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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3
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The Multifaceted Roles of EGFL7 in Cancer and Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051014. [PMID: 33804387 PMCID: PMC7957479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer growth and metastasis require interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is home to many biomolecules that support the formation of new vessels and cancer growth. One of these biomolecules is epidermal growth factor-like protein-7 (EGFL7). EGFL7 alters cellular adhesion to the ECM and migratory behavior of tumor and immune cells contributing to tumor metastasis. EGFL7 is engaged in the formation of new vessels and changes in ECM stiffness. One of its binding partners on the endothelial and cancer cell surface is beta 3 integrin. Beta 3 integrin pathways are under intense investigation in search of new therapies to kill cancer cells. All these properties enable EGFL7 to contribute to drug resistance. In this review, we give insight into recent studies on EGFL7 and its engagement with beta3 integrin, a marker predicting cancer stem cells and drug resistance. Abstract Invasion of cancer cells into surrounding tissue and the vasculature is an important step for tumor progression and the establishment of distant metastasis. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is home to many biomolecules that support new vessel formation and cancer growth. Endothelial cells release growth factors such as epidermal growth factor-like protein-7 (EGFL7), which contributes to the formation of the tumor vasculature. The signaling axis formed by EGFL7 and one of its receptors, beta 3 integrin, has emerged as a key mediator in the regulation of tumor metastasis and drug resistance. Here we summarize recent studies on the role of the ECM-linked angiocrine factor EGFL7 in primary tumor growth, neoangiogenesis, tumor metastasis by enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, alterations in ECM rigidity, and drug resistance. We discuss its role in cellular adhesion and migration, vascular leakiness, and the anti-cancer response and provide background on its transcriptional regulation. Finally, we discuss its potential as a drug target as an anti-cancer strategy.
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4
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Bjelosevic S, Gruber E, Newbold A, Shembrey C, Devlin JR, Hogg SJ, Kats L, Todorovski I, Fan Z, Abrehart TC, Pomilio G, Wei A, Gregory GP, Vervoort SJ, Brown KK, Johnstone RW. Serine Biosynthesis Is a Metabolic Vulnerability in FLT3-ITD-Driven Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1582-1599. [PMID: 33436370 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Internal tandem duplication of the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 gene (FLT3-ITD) occurs in 30% of all acute myeloid leukemias (AML). Limited clinical efficacy of FLT3 inhibitors highlights the need for alternative therapeutic modalities in this subset of disease. Using human and murine models of FLT3-ITD-driven AML, we demonstrate that FLT3-ITD promotes serine synthesis and uptake via ATF4-dependent transcriptional regulation of genes in the de novo serine biosynthesis pathway and neutral amino acid transport. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of PHGDH, the rate-limiting enzyme of de novo serine biosynthesis, selectively inhibited proliferation of FLT3-ITD AMLs in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, pharmacologic inhibition of PHGDH sensitized FLT3-ITD AMLs to the standard-of-care chemotherapeutic cytarabine. Collectively, these data reveal novel insights into FLT3-ITD-induced metabolic reprogramming and reveal a targetable vulnerability in FLT3-ITD AML. SIGNIFICANCE: FLT3-ITD mutations are common in AML and are associated with poor prognosis. We show that FLT3-ITD stimulates serine biosynthesis, thereby rendering FLT3-ITD-driven leukemias dependent upon serine for proliferation and survival. This metabolic dependency can be exploited pharmacologically to sensitize FLT3-ITD-driven AMLs to chemotherapy.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1307.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bjelosevic
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emily Gruber
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea Newbold
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carolyn Shembrey
- Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Devlin
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon J Hogg
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lev Kats
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Izabela Todorovski
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zheng Fan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas C Abrehart
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Giovanna Pomilio
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Clinical Haematology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Wei
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Clinical Haematology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gareth P Gregory
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Stephin J Vervoort
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kristin K Brown
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia. .,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia. .,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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5
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Shen Z, Chu XL, Wang RX, Li JL, Liu MY, Xie YY, Wang C, Han R, Yu JQ, Wang J, Tao T, Shen HJ, Chen SN, Wu DP, Qiu QC, Liu SB, Xue SL. The Clinical and Molecular Characteristics of FLT3 Mutations in Chinese De Novo Adolescent and Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2020; 20:e259-e269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2019.09.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Elshoury A, Przespolewski A, Baron J, Wang ES. Advancing treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: the future of FLT3 inhibitors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019; 19:273-286. [DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1573679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amro Elshoury
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Przespolewski
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Department of Pharmacy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Eunice S. Wang
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
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7
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Salama Y, Hattori K, Heissig B. The angiogenic factor Egfl7 alters thymogenesis by activating Flt3 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:209-216. [PMID: 28601636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thymic regeneration is a crucial function that allows for the generation of mature T cells after myelosuppression like irradiation. However molecular drivers involved in this process remain undefined. Here, we report that the angiogenic factor, epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 (Egfl7), is expressed on steady state thymic endothelial cells (ECs) and further upregulated under stress like post-irradiation. Egfl7 overexpression increased intrathymic early thymic precursors (ETPs) and expanded thymic ECs. Mechanistically, we show that Egfl7 overexpression caused Flt3 upregulation in ETPs and thymic ECs, and increased Flt3 ligand plasma elevation in vivo. Selective Flt3 blockade prevented Egfl7-driven ETP expansion, and Egfl7-mediated thymic EC expansion in vivo. We propose that the angiogenic factor Egfl7 activates the Flt3/Flt3 ligand pathway and is a key molecular driver enforcing thymus progenitor generation and thereby directly linking endothelial cell biology to the production of T cell-based adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Salama
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Center for Genome and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Beate Heissig
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Atopy (Allergy) Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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8
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Tsapogas P, Mooney CJ, Brown G, Rolink A. The Cytokine Flt3-Ligand in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1115. [PMID: 28538663 PMCID: PMC5485939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FL) is an important regulator of hematopoiesis. Its receptor, Flt3, is expressed on myeloid, lymphoid and dendritic cell progenitors and is considered an important growth and differentiation factor for several hematopoietic lineages. Activating mutations of Flt3 are frequently found in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and associated with a poor clinical prognosis. In the present review we provide an overview of our current knowledge on the role of FL in the generation of blood cell lineages. We examine recent studies on Flt3 expression by hematopoietic stem cells and its potential instructive action at early stages of hematopoiesis. In addition, we review current findings on the role of mutated FLT3 in leukemia and the development of FLT3 inhibitors for therapeutic use to treat AML. The importance of mouse models in elucidating the role of Flt3-ligand in normal and malignant hematopoiesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Tsapogas
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, Basel 4058, Switzerland.
| | - Ciaran James Mooney
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edbgaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Geoffrey Brown
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edbgaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edbgaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Antonius Rolink
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, Basel 4058, Switzerland.
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9
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Abstract
FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML), despite not being recognized as a distinct entity in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system, is readily recognized as a particular challenge by clinical specialists who treat acute leukemia. This is especially true with regards to the patients harboring the most common type of FLT3 mutation, the internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) mutation. Here we present 4 patient cases from our institution and discuss how our management reflects what we have learned about this subtype of the disease. We also reflect on how we anticipate the management might change in the near future, with the emergence of clinically useful tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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10
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Abstract
As the primary site of T-cell development, the thymus plays a key role in the generation of a strong yet self-tolerant adaptive immune response, essential in the face of the potential threat from pathogens or neoplasia. As the importance of the role of the thymus has grown, so too has the understanding that it is extremely sensitive to both acute and chronic injury. The thymus undergoes rapid degeneration following a range of toxic insults, and also involutes as part of the aging process, albeit at a faster rate than many other tissues. The thymus is, however, capable of regenerating, restoring its function to a degree. Potential mechanisms for this endogenous thymic regeneration include keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) signaling, and a more recently described pathway in which innate lymphoid cells produce interleukin-22 (IL-22) in response to loss of double positive thymocytes and upregulation of IL-23 by dendritic cells. Endogenous repair is unable to fully restore the thymus, particularly in the aged population, and this paves the way toward the need for exogenous strategies to help regenerate or even replace thymic function. Therapies currently in clinical trials include KGF, use of the cytokines IL-7 and IL-22, and hormonal modulation including growth hormone administration and sex steroid inhibition. Further novel strategies are emerging in the preclinical setting, including the use of precursor T cells and thymus bioengineering. The use of such strategies offers hope that for many patients, the next regeneration of their thymus is a step closer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Chaudhry
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Enrico Velardi
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jarrod A Dudakov
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Sun L, Sun C, Liang Z, Li H, Chen L, Luo H, Zhang H, Ding P, Sun X, Qin Z, Zhao Y. FSP1(+) fibroblast subpopulation is essential for the maintenance and regeneration of medullary thymic epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14871. [PMID: 26445893 PMCID: PMC4597222 DOI: 10.1038/srep14871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) form a 3-dimentional network supporting thymocyte development and maturation. Besides epithelium and thymocytes, heterogeneous fibroblasts are essential components in maintaining thymic microenvironments. However, thymic fibroblast characteristics, development and function remain to be determined. We herein found that thymic non-hematopoietic CD45(-)FSP1(+) cells represent a unique Fibroblast specific protein 1 (FSP1)(-)fibroblast-derived cell subset. Deletion of these cells in FSP1-TK transgenic mice caused thymus atrophy due to the loss of TECs, especially mature medullary TECs (MHCII(high), CD80(+) and Aire(+)). In a cyclophosphamide-induced thymus injury and regeneration model, lack of non-hematopoietic CD45(-)FSP1(+) fibroblast subpopulation significantly delayed thymus regeneration. In fact, thymic FSP1(+) fibroblasts released more IL-6, FGF7 and FSP1 in the culture medium than their FSP1(-) counterparts. Further experiments showed that the FSP1 protein could directly enhance the proliferation and maturation of TECs in the in vitro culture systems. FSP1 knockout mice had significantly smaller thymus size and less TECs than their control. Collectively, our studies reveal that thymic CD45(-)FSP1(+) cells are a subpopulation of fibroblasts, which is crucial for the maintenance and regeneration of TECs especially medullary TECs through providing IL-6, FGF7 and FSP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengbo Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoning Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Dudakov JA, van den Brink MRM. Greater than the sum of their parts: combination strategies for immune regeneration following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2011; 24:467-76. [PMID: 21925100 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytoreductive conditioning regimes designed to allow for successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) paradoxically are also detrimental to recovery of the immune system in general but lymphopoiesis in particular. Post-transplant immune depletion is particularly striking within the T cell compartment which is exquisitely sensitive to negative regulation, evidenced by the profound decline in thymic function with age. As a consequence, regeneration of the immune system remains a significant unmet clinical need. Over the past decade studies have revealed several promising therapeutic strategies to address ineffective lymphopoiesis and post-transplant immune deficiency. These include the use of cytokines such as IL-7, IL-12 and IL-15; growth factors and hormones like keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and growth hormone (GH); adoptive transfer of ex vivo-generated precursor T cells (pre-T) and sex steroid ablation (SSA). Moreover, recently several novel approaches have been proposed to generate whole thymii ex vivo using stem cell technologies and bioscaffolds. Increasingly, however, when transferred to the clinic, these strategies alone are not sufficient to restore thymopoiesis in all patients leading to the potential of combination strategies as a way to reign in non-responders. Synergistic enhancement in combination may be due to differential targets may therefore be effective in improving clinical outcomes in the transplant settings as well as in other lymphopenic states induced by high dose chemotherapy/radiation therapy or HIV, and may also be useful in improving responses to vaccination and augmenting anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod A Dudakov
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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13
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Uhmann A, van den Brandt J, Dittmann K, Heß I, Dressel R, Binder C, Lühder F, Christiansen H, Fassnacht M, Bhandoola A, Wienands J, Reichardt HM, Hahn H. T Cell Development Critically Depends on Prethymic Stromal Patched Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3383-91. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Schlenner SM, Rodewald HR. Early T cell development and the pitfalls of potential. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:303-10. [PMID: 20634137 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The long-standing model for hematopoiesis, which features a dichotomy into separate lymphoid and myeloid branches, predicts that progenitor T cells arise from a lymphocyte-restricted pathway. However, experiments that have detected myeloid potential in progenitor T cells have been reported as evidence to question this model. Mapping physiological differentiation pathways has now led to opposite conclusions, by showing that T cells and thymic myeloid cells have distinct origins and that, in vivo, T cell progenitors lack significant potential for myeloid lineages including dendritic cells. Here, we review the underlying experiments that have led to such fundamentally different conclusions. The current controversy might reflect a need to distinguish between cell fates that are possible experimentally from physiological fate choices, to build a map of immunological differentiation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Schlenner
- Department for Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Holländer GA, Krenger W, Blazar BR. Emerging strategies to boost thymic function. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2010; 10:443-53. [PMID: 20447867 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The thymus constitutes the primary lymphoid organ for the generation of T cells. Its function is particularly susceptible to various negative influences ranging from age-related involution to atrophy as a consequence of malnutrition, infection or harmful iatrogenic influences such as chemotherapy and radiation. The loss of regular thymus function significantly increases the risk for infections and cancer because of a restricted capacity for immune surveillance. In recent years, thymus-stimulatory, thymus-regenerative, and thymus-protective strategies have been developed to enhance and repair thymus function in the elderly and in individuals undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These strategies include the use of sex steroid ablation, the administration of growth and differentiation factors, the inhibition of p53, and the transfer of T cell progenitors to alleviate the effects of thymus dysfunction and consequent T cell deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg A Holländer
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, The University Children's Hospital (UKBB), Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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