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Zhang H, Xiao W, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Lu D, Lu S, Zhang Q, Peng W, Shu L, Zhang J, Liu S, Zong K, Wang P, Ye B, Zhang D, Li S, Tan S, Liu P, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang H, Lu X, Gao GF, Liu J. Characterization of CD8 + T cells in immune-privileged organs of ZIKV-infected Ifnar1-/- mice. J Virol 2024; 98:e0078923. [PMID: 38168677 PMCID: PMC10805016 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00789-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection caused neurological complications and male infertility, leading to the accumulation of antigen-specific immune cells in immune-privileged organs (IPOs). Thus, it is important to understand the immunological responses to ZIKV in IPOs. We extensively investigated the ZIKV-specific T cell immunity in IPOs in Ifnar1-/- mice, based on an immunodominant epitope E294-302 tetramer. The distinct kinetics and functions of virus-specific CD8+ T cells infiltrated into different IPOs were characterized, with late elevation in the brain and spinal cord. Single epitope E294-302-specific T cells can account for 20-60% of the total CD8+ T cells in the brain, spinal cord, and testicle and persist for at least 90 days in the brain and spinal cord. The E294-302-specific TCRαβs within the IPOs are featured with the majority of clonotypes utilizing TRAV9N-3 paired with diverse TRBV chains, but with distinct αβ paired clonotypes in 7 and 30 days post-infection. Specific chemokine receptors, Ccr2 and Ccr5, were selectively expressed in the E294-302-specific CD8+ T cells within the brain and testicle, indicating an IPO-oriented migration of virus-specific CD8+ T cells after infection. Overall, this study adds to the understanding of virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses for controlling and clearing ZIKV infection in IPOs.IMPORTANCEThe immune-privileged organs (IPOs), such as the central nervous system and testicles, presented pathogenicity and inflammation after Zika virus (ZIKV) infection with infiltrated CD8+ T cells. Our data show that CD8+ T cells keep up with virus increases and decreases in immune-privileged organs. Furthermore, our study provides the first ex vivo comparative analyses of the composition and diversity related to TCRα/β clonotypes across anatomical sites and ZIKV infection phases. We show that the vast majority of TCRα/β clonotypes in tissues utilize TRAV9N-3 with conservation. Specific chemokine expression, including Ccr2 and Ccr5, was found to be selectively expressed in the E294-302-specific CD8+ T cells within the brain and testicle, indicating an IPO-oriented migration of the virus-specific CD8+ T cells after the infection. Our study adds insights into the anti-viral immunological characterization and chemotaxis mechanism of virus-specific CD8+ T cells after ZIKV infection in different IPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjie Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenling Xiao
- Shunde Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (The Lecong Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Min Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Dan Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qingxu Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Weiyu Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Liumei Shu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Sai Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Zong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Pengyan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Beiwei Ye
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Danni Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Shihua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Shuguang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Yingze Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Fuping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Xuancheng Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - George F. Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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MHC-dressing on dendritic cells: Boosting anti-tumor immunity via unconventional tumor antigen presentation. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101710. [PMID: 36640616 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are crucial for anti-tumor immune responses due to their ability to activate cytotoxic effector CD8+ T cells. Canonically, in anti-tumor immunity, dendritic cells activate CD8+ T cells in a process termed cross-presentation. Recent studies have demonstrated that another type of antigen presentation, MHC-dressing, also serves to activate CD8+ T cells against tumor cell-derived antigens. Understanding MHC-dressing's specific contributions to anti-tumor immunity can open up novel therapeutic avenues. In this review, we summarize the early studies that identified MHC-dressing as a relevant antigen presentation pathway before diving into a deeper discussion of the biology of MHC-dressing, focusing in particular on which dendritic cell subsets are most capable of performing MHC-dressing and how MHC-dressing compares to other forms of antigen presentation. We conclude by discussing the implications MHC-dressing has for anti-tumor immunity.
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The CD8+ and CD4+ T Cell Immunogen Atlas of Zika Virus Reveals E, NS1 and NS4 Proteins as the Vaccine Targets. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112332. [PMID: 36366430 PMCID: PMC9696057 DOI: 10.3390/v14112332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV)-specific T cells are activated by different peptides derived from virus structural and nonstructural proteins, and contributed to the viral clearance or protective immunity. Herein, we have depicted the profile of CD8+ and CD4+ T cell immunogenicity of ZIKV proteins in C57BL/6 (H-2b) and BALB/c (H-2d) mice, and found that featured cellular immunity antigens were variant among different murine alleles. In H-2b mice, the proteins E, NS2, NS3 and NS5 are recognized as immunodominant antigens by CD8+ T cells, while NS4 is dominantly recognized by CD4+ T cells. In contrast, in H-2d mice, NS1 and NS4 are the dominant CD8+ T cell antigen and NS4 as the dominant CD4+ T cell antigen, respectively. Among the synthesized 364 overlapping polypeptides spanning the whole proteome of ZIKV, we mapped 91 and 39 polypeptides which can induce ZIKV-specific T cell responses in H-2b and H-2d mice, respectively. Through the identification of CD8+ T cell epitopes, we found that immunodominant regions E294-302 and NS42351-2360 are hotspots epitopes with a distinct immunodominance hierarchy present in H-2b and H-2d mice, respectively. Our data characterized an overall landscape of the immunogenic spectrum of the ZIKV polyprotein, and provide useful insight into the vaccine development.
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A novel rapid modularized hepatitis B core virus-like particle-based platform for personalized cancer vaccine preparation via fixed-point coupling. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 28:102223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Naz A, Shahid F, Butt TT, Awan FM, Ali A, Malik A. Designing Multi-Epitope Vaccines to Combat Emerging Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by Employing Immuno-Informatics Approach. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1663. [PMID: 32754160 PMCID: PMC7365865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent pandemic caused by a single-stranded RNA virus, COVID-19, initially discovered in China, is now spreading globally. This poses a serious threat that needs to be addressed immediately. Genome analysis of SARS-CoV-2 has revealed its close relation to SARS-coronavirus along with few changes in its spike protein. The spike protein aids in receptor binding and viral entry within the host and therefore represents a potential target for vaccine and therapeutic development. In the current study, the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 was explored for potential immunogenic epitopes to design multi-epitope vaccine constructs. The S1 and S2 domains of spike proteins were analyzed, and two vaccine constructs were prioritized with T-cell and B-cell epitopes. We adapted a comprehensive predictive framework to provide novel insights into immunogenic epitopes of spike proteins, which can further be evaluated as potential vaccine candidates against COVID-19. Prioritized epitopes were then modeled using linkers and adjuvants, and respective 3D models were constructed to evaluate their physiochemical properties and their possible interactions with ACE2, HLA Superfamily alleles, TLR2, and TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Naz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore (UOL), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Shahid
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Tahir Butt
- Department of Biochemistry, Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Medical College, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Faryal Mehwish Awan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore (UOL), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore (UOL), Lahore, Pakistan
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Pudong, China
| | - Zhijun Min
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Pudong, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Pudong, China
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7
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Yang H, Zhou H, Huang Z, Tao K, Huang N, Peng Z, Feng W. Induction of CML-specific immune response through cross-presentation triggered by CTP-mediated BCR-ABL-derived peptides. Cancer Lett 2020; 482:44-55. [PMID: 32278814 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has made remarkable progress in treating chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), this disease remains largely incurable, warranting further investigation of new therapeutic strategies. BCR-ABL is a highly specific tumor antigen in CML and provides an attractive opportunity for vaccination therapy. Exogenous antigens must be presented on MHC class I molecules-via a process termed cross-presentation-to activate specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. The relative efficiency of cross-presentation is determined in part by the ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to internalize and present antigens. Here, we present a novel tool that uses cytoplasmic transduction peptide (CTP) to facilitate the internalization of antigens by DCs in an endocytosis-independent manner, which greatly enhances the efficiency of antigen presentation, thereby inducing stronger cytotoxic activity to ensure the elimination of CML cells. The data suggest that CTP-fused CML-specific peptides can be applied in vaccination therapies for CML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated By Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated By Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenglan Huang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated By Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Tao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ningshu Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Peng
- Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Hepatology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Wenli Feng
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated By Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Saung MT, Ke X, Howard GP, Zheng L, Mao HQ. Particulate carrier systems as adjuvants for cancer vaccines. Biomater Sci 2020; 7:4873-4887. [PMID: 31528923 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00871c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the immunosuppressive milieu of malignancy and lack of well-defined antigens, potent adjuvants are needed for cancer immunotherapy. Numerous small molecular immunomodulators have the potential to fulfill this role. To enhance the immune response and decrease the toxicity, particulate systems including nanoparticles and macroparticles have been increasingly proposed as carriers for cancer antigen and adjuvant delivery. These systems have the potential to co-deliver the antigens and adjuvants simultaneously in the same particle. In addition, the particles can be engineered for localized and targeted delivery, whether it be to the cellular or sub-cellular level. These properties limit systemic side effects and improve delivery efficiency, and thus enhance the vaccine's immune response. In particular, the particles can be constructed to mimic the size and surface patterns of microbes, organisms to which we have evolved a strong immune response. The release characteristics of the particles can likewise be controlled to simulate the body's response to infections. Boosting the immune response of vaccines by virtue of their intrinsic immunostimulatory properties, these particles can be dosing-sparing and have the potential to reduce production cost of vaccines. As the interest in personalized cancer vaccines increases with their encouraging outcomes in clinical trials, particulate carrier systems have the potential to play an important role in optimizing cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Tun Saung
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Cross-presentation of Exogenous Antigens. Transfus Clin Biol 2019; 26:346-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Kotsias F, Cebrian I, Alloatti A. Antigen processing and presentation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 348:69-121. [PMID: 31810556 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are at the center of immune responses. They are defined by their ability to sense the environment, take up and process antigen, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, where they present antigens to the adaptive immune system. In particular, they present lipids and proteins from pathogens, which they encountered in peripheral tissues, to T cells in order to induce a specific effector immune response. These complex antigens need to be broken down into peptides of a certain length in association with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. Presentation of MHC/antigen complexes alongside costimulatory molecules and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines will induce an appropriate immune response. This interaction between dendritic cells and T cells takes place at defined locations within secondary lymphoid organs. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge and recent advances on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie antigen processing and the subsequent presentation to T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Kotsias
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Cebrian
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Andrés Alloatti
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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Paardekooper LM, Dingjan I, Linders PTA, Staal AHJ, Cristescu SM, Verberk WCEP, van den Bogaart G. Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Produce Millimolar Concentrations of ROS in Phagosomes Per Second. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1216. [PMID: 31191556 PMCID: PMC6548834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils kill ingested pathogens by the so-called oxidative burst, where reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in the lumen of phagosomes at very high rates (mM/s), although these rates can only be maintained for a short period (minutes). In contrast, dendritic cells produce ROS at much lower rates, but they can sustain production for much longer after pathogen uptake (hours). It is becoming increasingly clear that this slow but prolonged ROS production is essential for antigen cross-presentation to activate cytolytic T cells, and for shaping the repertoire of antigen fragments for presentation to helper T cells. However, despite this importance of ROS production by dendritic cells for activation of the adaptive immune system, their actual ROS production rates have never been quantified. Here, we quantified ROS production in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by measuring the oxygen consumption rate during phagocytosis. Although a large variation in oxygen consumption and phagocytic capacity was present among individuals and cells, we estimate a ROS production rate of on average ~0.5 mM/s per phagosome. Quantitative microscopy approaches showed that ROS is produced within minutes after pathogen encounter at the nascent phagocytic cup. H2DCFDA measurements revealed that ROS production is sustained for at least ~10 h after uptake. While ROS are produced by dendritic cells at an about 10-fold lower rate than by neutrophils, the net total ROS production is approximately similar. These are the first quantitative estimates of ROS production by a cell capable of antigen cross-presentation. Our findings provide a quantitative insight in how ROS affect dendritic cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M Paardekooper
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ilse Dingjan
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter T A Linders
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander H J Staal
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Simona M Cristescu
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wilco C E P Verberk
- Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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12
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Plant-derived virus-like particle vaccines drive cross-presentation of influenza A hemagglutinin peptides by human monocyte-derived macrophages. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:17. [PMID: 31123605 PMCID: PMC6520342 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the importance of T cell responses to protect against severe influenza, promote viral clearance, and ensure long-term immunity. Plant-derived virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines bearing influenza hemagglutinin (HA) have been shown to elicit strong humoral and CD4+ T cell responses in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. To better understand the immunogenicity of these vaccines, we tracked the intracellular fate of a model HA (A/California/07/2009 H1N1) in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) following delivery either as VLPs (H1-VLP) or in soluble form. Compared to exposure to soluble HA, pulsing with VLPs resulted in ~3-fold greater intracellular accumulation of HA at 15 min that was driven by clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent endocytosis as well as macropinocytosis/phagocytosis. At 45 min, soluble HA had largely disappeared suggesting its handling primarily by high-degradative endosomal pathways. Although the overall fluorescence intensity/cell had declined 25% at 45 min after H1-VLP exposure, the endosomal distribution pattern and degree of aggregation suggested that HA delivered by VLP had entered both high-degradative late and low-degradative static early and/or recycling endosomal pathways. At 45 min in the cells pulsed with VLPs, HA was strongly co-localized with Rab5, Rab7, Rab11, MHC II, and MHC I. High-resolution tandem mass spectrometry identified 115 HA-derived peptides associated with MHC I in the H1-VLP-treated MDMs. These data suggest that HA delivery to antigen-presenting cells on plant-derived VLPs facilitates antigen uptake, endosomal processing, and cross-presentation. These observations may help to explain the broad and cross-reactive immune responses generated by these vaccines. Producing vaccines in plants can have several important advantages, including scalability and relatively low cost. Brian J. Ward and colleagues at McGill University examine the intracellular processing of a plant-derived virus-like particle (VLP) expressing influenza hemagglutinin H1 (H1-VLP) and compare this systematically with soluble monomeric H1. Human monocyte-derived macrophages rapidly take up soluble H1 via degradative pathways resulting in its poor presentation by MHC class I. In contrast, multiple endocytic and pinocytic mechanisms are used to internalize H1-VLP, including handling by non-degradative pathways which favors efficient cross-presentation by MHC class I. This specialized intracellular handling of plant-derived VLPs might underlie their ability to stimulate robust CD8+ T cell responses.
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Paardekooper LM, Vos W, van den Bogaart G. Oxygen in the tumor microenvironment: effects on dendritic cell function. Oncotarget 2019; 10:883-896. [PMID: 30783517 PMCID: PMC6368231 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors grow at a high speed leading to insufficient blood supply to tumor cells. This makes the tumor hypoxic, resulting in the Warburg effect and an increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hypoxia and ROS affect immune cells in the tumor micro-environment, thereby affecting their immune function. Here, we review the known effects of hypoxia and ROS on the function and physiology of dendritic cells (DCs). DCs can (cross-)present tumor antigen to activate naive T cells, which play a pivotal role in anti-tumor immunity. ROS might enter DCs via aquaporins in the plasma membrane, diffusion across the plasma membrane or via extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by tumor cells. Hypoxia and ROS exert complex effects on DCs, and can both inhibit and activate maturation of immature DCs. Furthermore, ROS transferred by EVs and/or produced by the DC can both promote antigen (cross-)presentation through phagosomal alkalinization, which preserves antigens by inhibiting proteases, and by direct oxidative modification of proteases. Hypoxia leads to a more migratory and inflammatory DC phenotype. Lastly, hypoxia alters DCs to shift the T- cell response towards a tumor suppressive Th17 phenotype. From numerous studies, the concept is emerging that hypoxia and ROS are mutually dependent effectors on DC function in the tumor micro-environment. Understanding their precise roles and interplay is important given that an adaptive immune response is required to clear tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M Paardekooper
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn Vos
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Abstract
Antibody/antigen binding results in immune complexes (IC) that have a variety of regulatory functions. One important feature is the enhanced host immune activation against antigen contained in the complex. ICs play important roles at several critical steps that lead to B and T cell activation, including antigen targeting/retention, facilitated antigen uptake, antigen presenting cell activation and proper balancing of positive and negative stimulatory signals. In both poultry industry and clinical health care, ICs have been used as preventive and therapeutic vaccines. With our deepening understanding of antibody biology, particularly in light of new revelations of regulatory functions of Fc receptors, mechanistically more precise engineering has spearheaded tailored use of this tool for infection control and cancer therapy. IC-based treatment and prophylaxis have been tested to different extents in HBV, HIV and influenza viral infection control and are actively examined as an alternative treatment for several forms of tumor. As a part of this book series, this chapter aims to discuss the mechanistic aspects of IC signaling and their impact on immune cells. We give samples how this old technology has been used by practitioners over the last several decades and suggest potential paths for future development of IC-based immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Rm 401, Fuxing Bldg, 131 Yi Xue Yuan Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Institute of Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,D301 Medical Sciences Bldg, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 00084, China
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15
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Baranov MV, Bianchi F, Schirmacher A, van Aart MAC, Maassen S, Muntjewerff EM, Dingjan I, Ter Beest M, Verdoes M, Keyser SGL, Bertozzi CR, Diederichsen U, van den Bogaart G. The Phosphoinositide Kinase PIKfyve Promotes Cathepsin-S-Mediated Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Antigen Presentation. iScience 2018; 11:160-177. [PMID: 30612035 PMCID: PMC6319320 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation to T cells in major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) requires the conversion of early endo/phagosomes into lysosomes by a process called maturation. Maturation is driven by the phosphoinositide kinase PIKfyve. Blocking PIKfyve activity by small molecule inhibitors caused a delay in the conversion of phagosomes into lysosomes and in phagosomal acidification, whereas production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased. Elevated ROS resulted in reduced activity of cathepsin S and B, but not X, causing a proteolytic defect of MHC class II chaperone invariant chain Ii processing. We developed a novel universal MHC class II presentation assay based on a bio-orthogonal "clickable" antigen and showed that MHC class II presentation was disrupted by the inhibition of PIKfyve, which in turn resulted in reduced activation of CD4+ T cells. Our results demonstrate a key role of PIKfyve in the processing and presentation of antigens, which should be taken into consideration when targeting PIKfyve in autoimmune disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim V Baranov
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans Bianchi
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Anastasiya Schirmacher
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melissa A C van Aart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sjors Maassen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Elke M Muntjewerff
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Dingjan
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Ter Beest
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ulf Diederichsen
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands.
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16
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Nordzieke DE, Medraño-Fernandez I. The Plasma Membrane: A Platform for Intra- and Intercellular Redox Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7110168. [PMID: 30463362 PMCID: PMC6262572 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7110168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Membranes are of outmost importance to allow for specific signal transduction due to their ability to localize, amplify, and direct signals. However, due to the double-edged nature of reactive oxygen species (ROS)—toxic at high concentrations but essential signal molecules—subcellular localization of ROS-producing systems to the plasma membrane has been traditionally regarded as a protective strategy to defend cells from unwanted side-effects. Nevertheless, specialized regions, such as lipid rafts and caveolae, house and regulate the activated/inhibited states of important ROS-producing systems and concentrate redox targets, demonstrating that plasma membrane functions may go beyond acting as a securing lipid barrier. This is nicely evinced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidases (NOX), enzymes whose primary function is to generate ROS and which have been shown to reside in specific lipid compartments. In addition, membrane-inserted bidirectional H2O2-transporters modulate their conductance precisely during the passage of the molecules through the lipid bilayer, ensuring time-scaled delivery of the signal. This review aims to summarize current evidence supporting the role of the plasma membrane as an organizing center that serves as a platform for redox signal transmission, particularly NOX-driven, providing specificity at the same time that limits undesirable oxidative damage in case of malfunction. As an example of malfunction, we explore several pathological situations in which an inflammatory component is present, such as inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative disorders, to illustrate how dysregulation of plasma-membrane-localized redox signaling impacts normal cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E Nordzieke
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Genetics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Iria Medraño-Fernandez
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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17
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Mitophagy in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Triggers Adaptive Immunity during Tumorigenesis. Cell 2018; 174:88-101.e16. [PMID: 29909986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In colorectal cancer patients, a high density of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in tumors is associated with better prognosis. Using a Stat3 loss-of-function approach in two wnt/β-catenin-dependent autochthonous models of sporadic intestinal tumorigenesis, we unravel a complex intracellular process in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) that controls the induction of a CD8+ T cell based adaptive immune response. Elevated mitophagy in IECs causes iron(II)-accumulation in epithelial lysosomes, in turn, triggering lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Subsequent release of proteases into the cytoplasm augments MHC class I presentation and activation of CD8+ T cells via cross-dressing of dendritic cells. Thus, our findings highlight a so-far-unrecognized link between mitochondrial function, lysosomal integrity, and MHC class I presentation in IECs and suggest that therapies triggering mitophagy or inducing LMP in IECs may prove successful in shifting the balance toward anti-tumor immunity in colorectal cancer.
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18
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de Mingo Pulido Á, de Gregorio E, Chandra S, Colell A, Morales A, Kronenberg M, Marí M. Differential Role of Cathepsins S and B In Hepatic APC-Mediated NKT Cell Activation and Cytokine Secretion. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29541077 PMCID: PMC5836516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells exhibit a specific tissue distribution, displaying the liver the highest NKT/conventional T cell ratio. Upon antigen stimulation, NKT cells secrete Th1 cytokines, including interferon γ (IFNγ), and Th2 cytokines, including IL-4 that recruit and activate other innate immune cells to exacerbate inflammatory responses in the liver. Cysteine cathepsins control hepatic inflammation by regulating κB-dependent gene expression. However, the contribution of cysteine cathepsins other than Cathepsin S to NKT cell activation has remained largely unexplored. Here we report that cysteine cathepsins, cathepsin B (CTSB) and cathepsin S (CTSS), regulate different aspects of NKT cell activation. Inhibition of CTSB or CTSS reduced hepatic NKT cell expansion in a mouse model after LPS challenge. By contrast, only CTSS inhibition reduced IFNγ and IL-4 secretion after in vivo α-GalCer administration. Accordingly, in vitro studies reveal that only CTSS was able to control α-GalCer-dependent loading in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), probably due to altered endolysosomal protein degradation. In summary, our study discloses the participation of cysteine cathepsins, CTSB and CTSS, in the activation of NKT cells in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro de Mingo Pulido
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefanía de Gregorio
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shilpi Chandra
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Abstract
Antigen cross-presentation is an adaptation of the cellular process of loading MHC-I molecules with endogenous peptides during their biosynthesis within the endoplasmic reticulum. Cross-presented peptides derive from internalized proteins, microbial pathogens, and transformed or dying cells. The physical separation of internalized cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum, where the machinery for assembling peptide-MHC-I complexes resides, poses a challenge. To solve this problem, deliberate rewiring of organelle communication within cells is necessary to prepare for cross-presentation, and different endocytic receptors and vesicular traffic patterns customize the emergent cross-presentation compartment to the nature of the peptide source. Three distinct pathways of vesicular traffic converge to form the ideal cross-presentation compartment, each regulated differently to supply a unique component that enables cross-presentation of a diverse repertoire of peptides. Delivery of centerpiece MHC-I molecules is the critical step regulated by microbe-sensitive Toll-like receptors. Defining the subcellular sources of MHC-I and identifying sites of peptide loading during cross-presentation remain key challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; .,Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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20
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Frey BF, Jiang J, Sui Y, Boyd LF, Yu B, Tatsuno G, Billeskov R, Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Berman PW, Margulies DH, Berzofsky JA. Effects of Cross-Presentation, Antigen Processing, and Peptide Binding in HIV Evasion of T Cell Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1853-1864. [PMID: 29374075 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Unlike cytosolic processing and presentation of viral Ags by virus-infected cells, Ags first expressed in infected nonprofessional APCs, such as CD4+ T cells in the case of HIV, are taken up by dendritic cells and cross-presented. This generally requires entry through the endocytic pathway, where endosomal proteases have first access for processing. Thus, understanding virus escape during cross-presentation requires an understanding of resistance to endosomal proteases, such as cathepsin S (CatS). We have modified HIV-1MN gp120 by mutating a key CatS cleavage site (Thr322Thr323) in the V3 loop of the immunodominant epitope IGPGRAFYTT to IGPGRAFYVV to prevent digestion. We found this mutation to facilitate cross-presentation and provide evidence from MHC binding and X-ray crystallographic structural studies that this results from preservation of the epitope rather than an increased epitope affinity for the MHC class I molecule. In contrast, when the protein is expressed by a vaccinia virus in the cytosol, the wild-type protein is immunogenic without this mutation. These proof-of-concept results show that a virus like HIV, infecting predominantly nonprofessional presenting cells, can escape T cell recognition by incorporating a CatS cleavage site that leads to destruction of an immunodominant epitope when the Ag undergoes endosomal cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake F Frey
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jiansheng Jiang
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Lisa F Boyd
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Gwen Tatsuno
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Rolf Billeskov
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Phillip W Berman
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - David H Margulies
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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21
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Battisti F, Napoletano C, Rahimi Koshkaki H, Belleudi F, Zizzari IG, Ruscito I, Palchetti S, Bellati F, Benedetti Panici P, Torrisi MR, Caracciolo G, Altieri F, Nuti M, Rughetti A. Tumor-Derived Microvesicles Modulate Antigen Cross-Processing via Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Alkalinization of Phagosomal Compartment in Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1179. [PMID: 28993771 PMCID: PMC5622295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the only antigen-presenting cells able to prime naïve T cells and cross-prime antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Their functionality is a requirement for the induction and maintenance of long-lasting cancer immunity. Albeit intensively investigated, the in vivo mechanisms underlying efficient antigen cross-processing and presentation are not fully understood. Several pieces of evidence indicate that antigen transfer to DCs mediated by microvesicles (MVs) enhances antigen immunogenicity. This mechanism is also relevant for cross-presentation of those tumor-associated glycoproteins such as MUC1 that are blocked in HLA class II compartment when internalized by DCs as soluble molecules. Here, we present pieces of evidence that the internalization of tumor-derived MVs modulates antigen-processing machinery of DCs. Employing MVs derived from ovarian cancer ascites fluid and established tumor cell lines, we show that MV uptake modifies DC phagosomal microenvironment, triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and early alkalinization. Indeed, tumor MVs carry radical species and the MV uptake by DCs counteracts the chemically mediated acidification of the phagosomal compartment. Further pieces of evidence suggest that efficacious antigen cross-priming of the MUC1 antigen carried by the tumor MVs results from the early signaling induced by MV internalization and the function of the antigen-processing machinery of DCs. These results strongly support the hypothesis that tumor-derived MVs impact antigen immunogenicity by tuning the antigen-processing machinery of DCs, besides being carrier of tumor antigens. Furthermore, these findings have important implications for the exploitation of MVs as antigenic cell-free immunogen for DC-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Battisti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Napoletano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Belleudi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Instituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ilary Ruscito
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Urology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Palchetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Bellati
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Instituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Altieri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Nuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelia Rughetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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22
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Romoli MR, Di Gennaro P, Gerlini G, Sestini S, Brandani P, Ferrone S, Borgognoni L. High Antigen Processing Machinery component expression in Langerhans cells from melanoma patients' sentinel lymph nodes. Cell Immunol 2017; 320:29-37. [PMID: 28870403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) from melanoma patients sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) are poor T cell activators mostly due to an immature immunophenotype. However Antigen Presenting Machinery (APM) role is unknown. We investigated HLA-class I APM components (Delta, LMP-7/10, TAP-1, Calnexin, Tapasin, β2-microglobulin and HLA-A,B,C) in LCs from healthy donors skin and melanoma patients SLN. APM component levels were low in immature epidermal LCs and significantly increased after maturation (p<0.05); their levels were significantly high in SLN LCs (p<0.01). APM component expression correlated with melanoma Breslow's thickness and SLN metastases: HLA-A,B,C level was significantly lower in SLN LCs from thick lesions patients compared with those from thin/intermediate lesions (p<0.05); β2-microglobulin level was significantly higher in positive SLN LCs compared to negative ones (p<0.05). Functionally, SLN LCs did not phagocytose exogenous antigens. These findings extend LCs knowledge indicating that they are not fully impaired by melanoma, contributing to design new LCs-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Raffaella Romoli
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center and Melanoma & Skin Cancer Unit, Tuscan Tumour Institute (ITT) - S.M. Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Di Gennaro
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center and Melanoma & Skin Cancer Unit, Tuscan Tumour Institute (ITT) - S.M. Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy; Dept. Surgery and Translational Medicine, Dermatology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Gianni Gerlini
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center and Melanoma & Skin Cancer Unit, Tuscan Tumour Institute (ITT) - S.M. Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Sestini
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center and Melanoma & Skin Cancer Unit, Tuscan Tumour Institute (ITT) - S.M. Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Brandani
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center and Melanoma & Skin Cancer Unit, Tuscan Tumour Institute (ITT) - S.M. Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Dept. Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Borgognoni
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center and Melanoma & Skin Cancer Unit, Tuscan Tumour Institute (ITT) - S.M. Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
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23
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Dingjan I, Paardekooper LM, Verboogen DRJ, von Mollard GF, Ter Beest M, van den Bogaart G. VAMP8-mediated NOX2 recruitment to endosomes is necessary for antigen release. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:705-714. [PMID: 28688576 PMCID: PMC5641923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Climbing beans produced more than bush beans for 80% of the farmers. Both bean and maize responded positively to DAP fertilizer in 60% of the farms. Early planting increased fertilizer effects in bean-maize rotations. DAP is more profitable in climbing bean-rotation than in bush bean-maize rotation.
Cross-presentation of foreign antigen in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I by dendritic cells (DCs) requires activation of the NADPH-oxidase NOX2 complex. We recently showed that NOX2 is recruited to phagosomes by the SNARE protein VAMP8 where NOX2-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause lipid oxidation and membrane disruption, promoting antigen translocation into the cytosol for cross-presentation. In this study, we extend these findings by showing that VAMP8 is also involved in NOX2 trafficking to endosomes. Moreover, we demonstrate in both human and mouse DCs that absence of VAMP8 leads to decreased ROS production, lipid peroxidation and antigen translocation, and that this impairs cross-presentation. In contrast, knockdown of VAMP8 did not affect recruitment of MHC class I and the transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1) to phagosomes, although surface levels of MHC class I were reduced. Thus, in addition to a secretory role, VAMP8-mediates trafficking of NOX2 to endosomes and phagosomes and this promotes induction of cytolytic T cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Dingjan
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent M Paardekooper
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle R J Verboogen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martin Ter Beest
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands.
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24
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Cruz FM, Colbert JD, Merino E, Kriegsman BA, Rock KL. The Biology and Underlying Mechanisms of Cross-Presentation of Exogenous Antigens on MHC-I Molecules. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:149-176. [PMID: 28125356 PMCID: PMC5508990 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To monitor the health of cells, the immune system tasks antigen-presenting cells with gathering antigens from other cells and bringing them to CD8 T cells in the form of peptides bound to MHC-I molecules. Most cells would be unable to perform this function because they use their MHC-I molecules to exclusively present peptides derived from the cell's own proteins. However, the immune system evolved mechanisms for dendritic cells and some other phagocytes to sample and present antigens from the extracellular milieu on MHC-I through a process called cross-presentation. How this important task is accomplished, its role in health and disease, and its potential for exploitation are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freidrich M Cruz
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Jeff D Colbert
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Elena Merino
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Barry A Kriegsman
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
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Wen YM, Mu L, Shi Y. Immunoregulatory functions of immune complexes in vaccine and therapy. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:1120-1133. [PMID: 27572622 PMCID: PMC5048363 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental preparations of IgG/soluble antigen complexes, as well as those formed following antibody therapy in vivo, are multifaceted immune regulators. These immune complexes (ICs) have been tested in humans and animal models, mostly in forms of experimental or clinical vaccination, for at least a century. With intensified research on Fcγ receptor-mediated immune modulation, as well as with immune complex-directed antigen processing, presentation, and inflammatory responses, there are renewed interests of using ICs in vaccines and immunotherapies. Currently, IC-based immune therapy has been broadly experimented in HBV and HIV viral infection control and antitumor treatments. However, mechanistic insights of IC-based treatments are relatively recent subjects of study; strong efforts are needed to establish links to connect laboratory findings with clinical practices. This review covers the history, mechanisms, and in vivo outcomes of this safe and effective therapeutic tool, with a clear aim to bridge laboratory findings with evolving clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Virology, MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Libing Mu
- Center for Life Sciences, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Immunology Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Center for Life Sciences, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Immunology Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Dar H, Zaheer T, Rehman MT, Ali A, Javed A, Khan GA, Babar MM, Waheed Y. Prediction of promiscuous T-cell epitopes in the Zika virus polyprotein: An in silico approach. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:844-850. [PMID: 27633296 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To predict immunogenic promiscuous T cell epitopes from the polyprotein of the Zika virus using a range of bioinformatics tools. To date, no epitope data are available for the Zika virus in the IEDB database. METHODS We retrieved nearly 54 full length polyprotein sequences of the Zika virus from the NCBI database belonging to different outbreaks. A consensus sequence was then used to predict the promiscuous T cell epitopes that bind MHC 1 and MHC II alleles using PorPred1 and ProPred immunoinformatic algorithms respectively. The antigenicity predicted score was also calculated for each predicted epitope using the VaxiJen 2.0 tool. RESULTS By using ProPred1, 23 antigenic epitopes for HLA class I and 48 antigenic epitopes for HLA class II were predicted from the consensus polyprotein sequence of Zika virus. The greatest number of MHC class I binding epitopes were projected within the NS5 (21%), followed by Envelope (17%). For MHC class II, greatest number of predicted epitopes were in NS5 (19%) followed by the Envelope, NS1 and NS2 (17% each). A variety of epitopes with good binding affinity, promiscuity and antigenicity were predicted for both the HLA classes. CONCLUSION The predicted conserved promiscuous T-cell epitopes examined in this study were reported for the first time and will contribute to the imminent design of Zika virus vaccine candidates, which will be able to induce a broad range of immune responses in a heterogeneous HLA population. However, our results can be verified and employed in future efficacious vaccine formulations only after successful experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Dar
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Tahreem Zaheer
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Talha Rehman
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Javed
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Gohar Ayub Khan
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, DHA-I, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
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Alum: an old dog with new tricks. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e25. [PMID: 27004761 PMCID: PMC4820675 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum compounds (alum) are the most widely used adjuvants in veterinary and human vaccines. Alum was initially thought to be a simple depot for antigen retention; however, our understanding of the mechanism by which it works has progressed substantially in recent decades. Nonetheless, consensus regarding its roles in different aspects of immune regulation has not been reached, and it remains a long-standing research subject in the field of vaccinology. This review, in chronological order, discusses the various hypotheses proposed in mostly inadequate attempts to illuminate the mechanism by which alum works, from the depot theory to the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome and from cell death-associated danger factors to crystalline structure-mediated plasma membrane alteration. In addition, novel findings of unexpected beneficial effects of decreased HBV (Hepatitis B virus) viral load and HBeAg seroconversion in chronically infected patients, as well as significant tumor suppression in experimental mice following multiple alum-only injections are examined, revealing alum's potential clinical applications beyond its use as a simple tool in antigen preparation. With increasing threats of emerging microbes, originating from natural or man-made sources, that pose significant health concerns at the population scale, the potential use of alum as a 'first-aid' vaccine is also discussed.
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Dingjan I, Verboogen DR, Paardekooper LM, Revelo NH, Sittig SP, Visser LJ, Mollard GFV, Henriet SS, Figdor CG, Ter Beest M, van den Bogaart G. Lipid peroxidation causes endosomal antigen release for cross-presentation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22064. [PMID: 26907999 PMCID: PMC4764948 DOI: 10.1038/srep22064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) present foreign antigen in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules to cytotoxic T cells in a process called cross-presentation. An important step in this process is the release of antigen from the lumen of endosomes into the cytosol, but the mechanism of this step is still unclear. In this study, we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the NADPH-oxidase complex NOX2 cause lipid peroxidation, a membrane disrupting chain-reaction, which in turn results in antigen leakage from endosomes. Antigen leakage and cross-presentation were inhibited by blocking ROS production or scavenging radicals and induced when using a ROS-generating photosensitizer. Endosomal antigen release was impaired in DCs from chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients with dysfunctional NOX2. Thus, NOX2 induces antigen release from endosomes for cross-presentation by direct oxidation of endosomal lipids. This constitutes a new cellular function for ROS in regulating immune responses against pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Dingjan
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Rj Verboogen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Laurent M Paardekooper
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia H Revelo
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Simone P Sittig
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Linda J Visser
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stefanie Sv Henriet
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Ter Beest
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, the Netherlands
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Dynamics of antigen delivery and the functional roles of L121-adjuvant. Vaccine 2015; 33:4341-8. [PMID: 25917678 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the intracellular transport of protein antigens facilitated by L121-adjuvants and examines the associated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effect. EL4 mouse thymoma cells were treated with L121-adjuvant and stained with AnnexinV-propidium iodide (PI) followed by flow cytometric analysis. The intracellular trafficking dynamics of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-FITC in the J774.A.1 macrophages, influenced by the L121-adjuvant, was visualized by confocal microscopy. The antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effect induced by the L121-adjuvant was determined by the cleavage-specific fluorogenic caspase substrate. The trafficking of BSA-FITC in the J774A.1 cells by confocal microscopy illustrated that the L121-adjuvant facilitated the intracellular transport of proteins to the subcellular compartments, including the lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the cis-Golgi apparatus. The L121-adjuvant also facilitated antigen delivery to the dendritic cells in the lymph nodes. Immunization of mice with the L121-adjuvant resulted in cell-mediated cytotoxic responses in the target cells, as detected by PhiPhiLux, a fluorogenic caspase substrate. Taken together, the L121-adjuvant improved the dynamics of protein delivery to antigen presenting cells, and also induced caspase activation, thereby illustrating the mechanism of antigen-specific CTL effects.
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