1
|
Budzyńska S, Izdebska A, Bierła K, Budka A, Niedzielski P, Mocek-Płóciniak A, Starzyk J, Mleczek M. Temporal arsenic form changes dynamics and accumulation patterns in Tilia cordata Mill. seedlings: Insights into metalloid transformation and tolerance mechanisms in trees. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141925. [PMID: 38588898 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) remediation is challenging due to the complex nature and the persistence of these metalloid compounds. While it may seem that differences between As forms influence have been extensively described, new findings challenge the previously accepted knowledge, particularly for woody plants. Therefore, this study focused on 2-year-old Tilia cordata Mill. seedlings early (0, 2, 4, 12, 24 h) and late (3, 7, 12, 18, 25, 33 days) responses during growth under: As(III), As(V) or dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) (0.3 mM). Time-dependent transformations of As forms, distribution in plants, and microbiological characteristics (actinobacteria, bacteria, fungi, enzyme activity) were investigated. The highest increase in total As content was observed in plants exposed to As(V) and As(III). Dynamic metalloid form changes in the solution and tree organs were indicated. The most phytotoxic was DMA. This form was the main factor limiting the growth and effective accumulation of As. Despite experimenting in hydroponics, microorganisms played an important role in As form transformations, suggesting the potential for microbial-assisted dendroremediation strategies. The study confirmed that trees can convert more toxic forms into less toxic ones (e.g. As(III) to phytochelatins - As(III)-(PC3)), whose presence in roots seedlings exposed to As(III) and As(V) has been identified. The formation of hydrophobic forms (e.g. dimethylarsinoyl lipid) in the roots of seedlings grown under As(V) was confirmed. It is the first discovery for trees, previously observed only in bacteria and algae. The dynamics of metalloid form changes indicated that T. cordata transforms As forms according to their needs, which may give tree species an advantage in phytoremediation techniques. It holds great promise for the potential of dendroremediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Budzyńska
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Chemistry, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Izdebska
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, UMR 5254, IPREM, 64053, Pau, France
| | - Katarzyna Bierła
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, UMR 5254, IPREM, 64053, Pau, France
| | - Anna Budka
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Department of Construction and Geoengineering, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Przemysław Niedzielski
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mocek-Płóciniak
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Szydłowska 50, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Justyna Starzyk
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Szydłowska 50, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mirosław Mleczek
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Chemistry, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li C, Chen J, Wang Z, Song B, Cheung KL, Chen J, Li R, Liu X, Jia X, Zhong SY. Speciation analysis and toxicity evaluation of arsenolipids-an overview focusing on sea food. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:409-424. [PMID: 38099972 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic, which can be divided into inorganic and organic arsenic, is a toxic metalloid that has been identified as a human carcinogen. A common source of arsenic exposure in seafood is arsenolipid, which is a complex structure of lipid-soluble organic arsenic compounds. At present, the known arsenolipid species mainly include arsenic-containing fatty acids (AsFAs), arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (AsHCs), arsenic glycophospholipids (AsPLs), and cationic trimethyl fatty alcohols (TMAsFOHs). Furthermore, the toxicity between different species is unique. However, the mechanism underlying arsenolipid toxicity and anabolism remain unclear, as arsenolipids exhibit a complex structure, are present at low quantities, and are difficult to extract and detect. Therefore, the objective of this overview is to summarize the latest research progress on methods to evaluate the toxicity and analyze the main speciation of arsenolipids in seafood. In addition, novel insights are provided to further elucidate the speciation, toxicity, and anabolism of arsenolipids and assess the risks on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caiyan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Bingbing Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Kit-Leong Cheung
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xuejing Jia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Sai-Yi Zhong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Taylor VF, Karagas MR. Exposure to arsenolipids and inorganic arsenic from marine-sourced dietary supplements. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133930. [PMID: 35182530 PMCID: PMC9007862 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements sourced from marine environments, such as fish oils and seaweed-based supplements, are widely consumed to boost nutrient intakes, including by vulnerable populations such as pregnant women. Like other marine foods, these supplements are also a potential source of exposure to arsenic, including the known toxic species, inorganic arsenic, and the cytotoxic, lipid-soluble arsenic compounds, arsenic hydrocarbons. A study of 32 marine-sourced supplements found higher total arsenic concentrations (>1000 ng g-1) in supplements made from seaweed, krill and calanus oil, and in fish and fish liver products marketed as "unprocessed". Inorganic arsenic was only detectable in the seaweed samples, and was elevated (8900 ng g-1) in one product. Arsenic hydrocarbons were not detected in krill oil samples but were present at concentrations from 169 to 2048 ng g-1 in "unprocessed" fish and fish liver oil, and calanus oil. Survey data from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) found 13.5% of pregnant women (n = 1997) reported taking fish oil supplements; and of those, most did so daily (75.6%, 6 or more times per week). Only a small percentage (9%) of those who reported consuming fish oil used products associated with higher arsenic levels. Higher urinary arsenic concentrations were found among women who consumed fish oil compared with those who did not, and specifically higher arsenobetaine and dimethyl arsenic concentrations. Dietary supplements are becoming common components of modern diets, and some marine-sourced dietary supplements are a source of inorganic arsenic and arsenic hydrocarbons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien F Taylor
- Department of Earth Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Luvonga C, Rimmer CA, Yu LL, Lee SB. Analytical Methodologies for the Determination of Organoarsenicals in Edible Marine Species: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1910-1934. [PMID: 31999115 PMCID: PMC7250003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Setting regulatory limits for arsenic in food is complicated, owing to the enormous diversity of arsenic metabolism in humans, lack of knowledge about the toxicity of these chemicals, and lack of accurate arsenic speciation data on foodstuffs. Identification and quantification of the toxic arsenic compounds are imperative to understanding the risk associated with exposure to arsenic from dietary intake, which, in turn, underscores the need for speciation analysis of the food. Arsenic speciation in seafood is challenging, owing to its existence in myriads of chemical forms and oxidation states. Interconversions occurring between chemical forms, matrix complexity, lack of standards and certified reference materials, and lack of widely accepted measurement protocols present additional challenges. This review covers the current analytical techniques for diverse arsenic species. The requirement for high-quality arsenic speciation data that is essential for establishing legislation and setting regulatory limits for arsenic in food is explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Luvonga
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Catherine A Rimmer
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Lee L Yu
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu X, Xiong C, Jensen KB, Glabonjat RA, Stiboller M, Raber G, Francesconi KA. Mono-acyl arsenosugar phospholipids in the edible brown alga Kombu (Saccharina japonica). Food Chem 2018; 240:817-821. [PMID: 28946346 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Twenty one arsenolipids, including eight new compounds (AsSugPL 692, AsSugPL 706, AsSugPL 720, AsSugPL 734, AsSugPL 742, AsSugPL 746, AsSugPL 748, and AsSugPL 776) were identified in the edible brown alga Kombu, Saccharina japonica, by means of HPLC coupled with elemental and molecular mass spectrometry. The hitherto undescribed compounds are all mono-acyl arsenosugar phospholipids, differing from previously reported natural arsenic-containing phospholipids by containing only one fatty acid on the glycerol group. Collectively, this new group of mono-acyl compounds constituted about 30% of total lipid arsenic; other significant groups were the di-acyl arsenosugar phospholipids (50%) and arsenic hydrocarbons (20%). The origin and relevance of the mono-acyl arsenosugar phospholipids in Kombu, a commercial seafood product, is briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Yu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Chan Xiong
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Kenneth B Jensen
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010, Austria
| | | | - Michael Stiboller
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Georg Raber
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barciela-Alonso MC, Bermejo-Barrera P, Feldmann J, Raab A, Hansen HR, Bluemlein K, Wallschläger D, Stiboller M, Glabonjat RA, Raber G, Jensen KB, Francesconi KA. Arsenic and As Species. Metallomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527694907.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Barciela-Alonso
- University of Santiago de Compostela; Department of analytical Chemistry; Nutrition and Bromatology. Avda. das Ciencias s/n 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Pilar Bermejo-Barrera
- University of Santiago de Compostela; Department of analytical Chemistry; Nutrition and Bromatology. Avda. das Ciencias s/n 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- University of Aberdeen; Department of Chemistry, TESLA (Trace Element Speciation Laboratory); Meston Walk AB24 3UE Aberdeen UK
| | - Andrea Raab
- University of Aberdeen; Department of Chemistry, TESLA (Trace Element Speciation Laboratory); Meston Walk AB24 3UE Aberdeen UK
| | - Helle R. Hansen
- Chemist Metal Section; Eurofins Miljo A/S, Ladelundvej 85 6600 Vejen Denmark
| | - Katharina Bluemlein
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental; Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1 30625 Hannover Germany
| | - Dirk Wallschläger
- Trent University; Water Quality Centre, 1600 West Bank Drive Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2 Canada
| | - Michael Stiboller
- University of Graz; Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, NAWI Graz; Universitätsplatz 1 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ronald A. Glabonjat
- University of Graz; Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, NAWI Graz; Universitätsplatz 1 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Georg Raber
- University of Graz; Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, NAWI Graz; Universitätsplatz 1 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Kenneth B. Jensen
- University of Graz; Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, NAWI Graz; Universitätsplatz 1 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Kevin A. Francesconi
- University of Graz; Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, NAWI Graz; Universitätsplatz 1 8010 Graz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arroyo-Abad U, Pfeifer M, Mothes S, Stärk HJ, Piechotta C, Mattusch J, Reemtsma T. Determination of moderately polar arsenolipids and mercury speciation in freshwater fish of the River Elbe (Saxony, Germany). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:458-466. [PMID: 26552521 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic and mercury are frequent contaminants in the environment and care must be taken to limit their entrance into the food chain. The toxicity of both elements strongly depends upon their speciation. Total amounts of As and Hg as well as their species were analyzed in muscle and liver of 26 fishes of seven freshwater fish species caught in the River Elbe. The median concentrations of As were 162 μg kg(-1) w.w. in liver and 92 μg kg(-1) w.w. in muscle. The median concentrations of total Hg were 241 μg kg(-1) w.w. in liver and 256 μg kg(-1) w.w. in muscle. While this level of Hg contamination of the freshwater fish in the River Elbe is significantly lower than 20 years ago, it exceeds the recommended environmental quality standard of 20 μg Hg kg(-1) w.w. by a factor of 5-50. However, the European maximum level of 500 μg Hg kg(-1) for fish for human consumption is rarely exceeded. Arsenic-containing fatty acids and hydrocarbons were determined and partially identified in methanolic extracts of the fish by HPLC coupled in parallel to ICP-MS (element specific detection) and ESI-Q-TOF-MS (molecular structure detection). While arsenobetaine was the dominant As species in the fish, six arsenolipids were detected and identified in the extracts of liver tissue in common bream (Abramis brama), ide (Leuciscus idus), asp (Aspius aspius) and northern pike (Esox lucius). Four arsenic-containing fatty acids (AsFA) and two arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (AsHC) are reported in freshwater fish for the first time. With respect to mercury the more toxic MeHg(+) was the major species in muscle tissue (>90% of total Hg) while in liver Hg(2+) and MeHg(+) were of equal importance. The results show the high relevance of element speciation in addition to the determination of total element concentrations to correctly assess the burden of these two elements in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Arroyo-Abad
- BAM-Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Department Analytical Chemistry, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Pfeifer
- Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie, Fischereibehörde, Gutsstrasse 1, 02699 Königswartha, Germany
| | - Sibylle Mothes
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Stärk
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Piechotta
- BAM-Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Department Analytical Chemistry, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Mattusch
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arroyo-Abad U, Hu Z, Findeisen M, Pfeifer D, Mattusch J, Reemtsma T, Piechotta C. Synthesis of two new arsenolipids and their identification in fish. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Arroyo-Abad
- Department of Analytical Chemistry-Reference Materials; BAM-Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing; Berlin Germany
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Zehan Hu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Matthias Findeisen
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department Structure Analysis-NMR Spectroscopy; BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing; Berlin Germany
| | - Jürgen Mattusch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Christian Piechotta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry-Reference Materials; BAM-Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing; Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|