1
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Mukherjee A, Ramirez D, Arora R, Arthur G, Schweizer F. Amphiphilic tribasic galactosamines potentiate rifampicin in Gram-negative bacteria at low Mg ++/Ca ++concentrations. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 97:129371. [PMID: 37301521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many antibiotics specific to Gram-positive bacteria like rifampicin (RIF) are inactive in Gram-negative bacteria because of outer membrane (OM) impermeability. Enhancing the OM permeability of these antibiotics with the help of OM perturbants is a promising strategy to develop new agents against Gram-negative bacteria. Here we report the synthesis and biological properties of amphiphilic tribasic galactosamines as potential RIF potentiators. Our results demonstrate that tribasic galactose-based amphiphiles potentiate RIF in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli but not Pseudomonas aeruginosa in low salt-containing media. Under these conditions, lead compounds 20, 22 and 35 lowered the minimum inhibitory concentration of RIF by 64- to 256-fold against Gram-negative bacteria. However, the RIF-potentiating effect was reduced when bivalent Mg++ or Ca++ ions were added in the media at physiological concentrations. Overall, our results indicate that amphiphilic tribasic galactosamine-based compounds show reduced RIF-potentiating effects when compared to amphiphilic tobramycin antibiotics at physiological salt concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Danyel Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Rajat Arora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Gilbert Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Frank Schweizer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9 Canada.
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2
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dos Santos T, Grundke C, Lucas T, Großmann L, Clososki GC, Opatz T. Glucose as an Eco‐Friendly Reductant in a One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1
H
)‐ones. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University 55128 Mainz Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto University of São Paulo Avenida do Café s/n 14040‐900 Ribeirão Preto ‐ SP Brazil
| | - Caroline Grundke
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Tobias Lucas
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Luca Großmann
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Giuliano Cesar Clososki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto University of São Paulo Avenida do Café s/n 14040‐900 Ribeirão Preto ‐ SP Brazil
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University 55128 Mainz Germany
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3
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Ciuk AK, Gloe TE, Lindhorst TK. Carbohydrate-Scaffolded Thymine Multimers: Scope and Limitations of the Allylation-Hydroboration Sequence. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Ciuk
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry; Christiana Albertina University of Kiel; Otto-Hahn-Platz 3/4 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Tobias-Elias Gloe
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry; Christiana Albertina University of Kiel; Otto-Hahn-Platz 3/4 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Thisbe K. Lindhorst
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry; Christiana Albertina University of Kiel; Otto-Hahn-Platz 3/4 24118 Kiel Germany
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4
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Synthesis of AB4-type carbohydrate scaffolds as branching units in the glycosciences. Carbohydr Res 2016; 425:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Gómez AM, Pedregosa A, Uriel C, Valverde S, López JC. 1-exo-Alkylidene-2,3-anhydrofuranoses: Valuable Synthons in the Preparation of Furanose-Based Templates. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Rawal GK, Rani S, Kumari N, Vankar YD. Regio- and Stereocontrolled Selective Debenzylation and Substitution Reactions of C-2 Formyl Glycals. Application in the Synthesis of Constrained β-Sugar Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5349-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9008222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Girish K. Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Shikha Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Nitee Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Yashwant D. Vankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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7
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Ortega-Muñoz M, Perez-Balderas F, Morales-Sanfrutos J, Hernandez-Mateo F, Isac-García J, Santoyo-Gonzalez F. Click Multivalent Heterogeneous Neoglycoconjugates - Modular Synthesis and Evaluation of Their Binding Affinities. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200801169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Nandy JP, Prakesch M, Khadem S, Reddy PT, Sharma U, Arya P. Advances in Solution- and Solid-Phase Synthesis toward the Generation of Natural Product-like Libraries. Chem Rev 2009; 109:1999-2060. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800188v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti P. Nandy
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael Prakesch
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Shahriar Khadem
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - P. Thirupathi Reddy
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Utpal Sharma
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Prabhat Arya
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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9
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Abstract
Drug discovery has long suffered from the difficulty of having to place pharmacophoric groups in just the right spatial arrangement to elicit the desired biological response. Although some molecule classes have been discovered that seem to be privileged structures for at least some drug-receptor interactions, there remains the challenge to design and synthesize molecules with high specific affinity to pharmacologically important targets. With their high density of stereochemical information and their relative rigidity, carbohydrates provide excellent platforms upon which to display a number of substituents in a sterically defined way, hence offering the opportunity to harness their unique features for the drug-discovery process. This review highlights the progress that has been made in the development of carbohydrate scaffolds for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Meutermans
- Alchemia Ltd., PO Box 6242, Upper Mt Gravatt, Qld 4122, Australia
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10
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Ingrid Velter, Barbara La Ferla, Francesco Nicotra. Carbohydrate‐Based Molecular Scaffolding. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300600733020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Velter
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università degli Studi di Milano‐Bicocca , Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara La Ferla
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università degli Studi di Milano‐Bicocca , Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicotra
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università degli Studi di Milano‐Bicocca , Milano, Italy
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11
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Compostella F, Ronchi S, Panza L, Mariotti S, Mori L, De Libero G, Ronchetti F. Synthesis of Sulfated Galactocerebrosides from an Orthogonal β-D-Galactosylceramide Scaffold for the Study of CD1–Antigen Interactions. Chemistry 2006; 12:5587-95. [PMID: 16637081 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CD1a protein binds sulfatide (3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosylceramide) to form an antigen complex that interacts with T cell receptors and activates T cells. To assess the role of the position of the sulfate in T cell activation, the synthesis of three beta-D-galactosylceramides, variously bearing a sulfate at position 2, 4, or 6 of galactose, has been planned and carried out. The compounds were synthesized by an orthogonal sulfation strategy from a common beta-D-galactosylceramide scaffold, which was in turn obtained through an efficient glycosylation reaction between a fully orthogonally protected galactosyl imidate and 3-O-benzoylazidosphingosine. Immunological evaluation of the three sulfated compounds in CD1a-mediated T cell activation, in comparison with natural sulfatide, provided evidence of the influence of the sulfate position in the recognition event between the antigen, the CD1 protein and the T cell receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Compostella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biochimica e Biotecnologie per la Medicina, Università di Milano, Via Saldini 50, 20133-Milan, Italy.
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12
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Schweizer F, Hindsgaul O. Synthesis of a galacto-configured C-ketoside-based γ-sugar-amino acid and its use in peptide coupling reactions. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1730-6. [PMID: 16616901 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-sugar-amino acid analogues in the form of C-ketosides can be prepared in 5-6 steps starting from D-galactono-1,5-lactone. The key step in the synthesis is the trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) promoted C-glycosylation of 2-deoxy-3-ulopyranosonates with trimethylsilyl cyanide. Hydrogenation of the resulting beta-cyano esters provides C-ketoside-based gamma-sugar-amino acids that serve as building blocks for the synthesis of unnatural neoglycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schweizer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2.
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13
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McAllister LA, McCormick RA, Procter DJ. Sulfide- and selenide-based linkers in phase tag-assisted synthesis. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Agoston K, Geyer A. Regioselective Conversion of the Secondary Hydroxyl Groups ofD-Glucuronic Acid without the Requirement ofO-Protecting Groups. Chemistry 2005; 11:6407-13. [PMID: 16094680 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anhydride (triflic acid anhydride) transforms the bicyclic thiazolidinlactam 1 a into the crystalline elimination product 2, in which all four secondary hydroxyl groups of 1 a are differently functionalized. Compound 2 can then add nucleophiles with high chemo- and stereoselectivity. Altogether, the four secondary hydroxyl groups of D-glucuronic acid are selectively transformed without the need for any O-protecting groups. Minimizing the number of O-protecting groups is a prerequisite for the use of sugar scaffolds in molecular libraries. The hapalosin analogues 15, 16, 19, and 22 outline the strategy towards O-diversified glucose derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Agoston
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Germany
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15
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Gouin SG, Murphy PV. Synthesis of Somatostatin Mimetics Based on the 1-Deoxymannojirimycin Scaffold. J Org Chem 2005; 70:8527-32. [PMID: 16209603 DOI: 10.1021/jo051454n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel synthesis of somatostatin mimetics based on the 1-deoxymannojirimycin (DMJ) scaffold has been developed. This involved development of a route suitable for the strategic grafting of pharmacophoric tryptophan and lysine side chains to the nitrogen atom of the piperidine ring and to the primary hydroxyl group of DMJ, respectively. The novel peptidomimetics were found to bind with higher affinity to sst4 receptors than to sst5 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien G Gouin
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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16
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Tosin M, Murphy PV. Synthesis of Structurally Defined Scaffolds for Bivalent Ligand Display Based on Glucuronic Acid Anilides. The Degree of Tertiary Amide Isomerism and Folding Depends on the Configuration of a Glycosyl Azide. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4107-17. [PMID: 15876103 DOI: 10.1021/jo050200z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[structures: see text] Syntheses and structural analyses of bivalent carbohydrates based on anilides of glucuronic acid are described. Secondary anilides predominantly adopted the Z-anti structure; there is also evidence for population of the Z-syn isomer. Bivalent tertiary anilides displayed two signal sets in their NMR spectra, consistent with the presence of (i) a major isomer where both amides have E configurations (EE) and (ii) a minor isomer where one amide is E and the other Z (EZ). Qualitative NOE/ROE spectroscopic studies in solution support the proposal that the anti conformation is preferred for E amides. The crystal structure of one bivalent tertiary anilide showed E-anti and E-syn structural isomers; intramolecular carbohydrate-carbohydrate stacking was observed and mediated by carbonyl-pyranose, azide-azide, and pyranose-aromatic interactions. The EE to EZ isomer ratio, or the degree of folding, for tertiary amides, was greatest for a bivalent compound containing two alpha-glycosyl azide groups; this was enhanced in water, suggesting that hydrophobic interactions are partially but not wholly responsible. Computational methods predicted azide-aromatic (N...H-C interaction) and azide-azide interactions for folded isomers. The close contact of the azide and aromatic protons (N...H-C interaction) was observed upon examination of the close packing in the crystal structure of a related monomer. It is proposed that the alpha-azide group is more optimally aligned, compared to the beta-azide, to facilitate interaction and minimize the surface area of the hydrophobic groups exposed to water, and this leads to the increased folding. The alkylation of bivalent secondary anilides induces a switch from Z to E amide that alters the scaffold orientation. The synthesis of a bivalent mannoside, based on a secondary anilide scaffold, for investigation of mannose-binding receptor cross-linking and lattice formation is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Tosin
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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17
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Tosin M, O'Brien C, Fitzpatrick GM, Müller-Bunz H, Glass WK, Murphy PV. Synthesis and Structural Analysis of the Anilides of Glucuronic Acid and Orientation of the Groups on the Carbohydrate Scaffolding. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4096-106. [PMID: 15876102 DOI: 10.1021/jo0501994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structures: see text] The synthesis of anilides derived from glucuronic acid is described. Secondary anilides had a Z configuration in the solid state and showed intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, on the basis of NMR and IR studies, there was generally no evidence for the same hydrogen bonding in solution. Tertiary anilides showed a strong preference for the E configuration on the basis of NOE studies and molecular mechanics calculations. The alkylation of the secondary anilides induces a configurational switch that alters the orientation of the aromatic group with respect to the pyranose, which has relevance for presentation or orientation of pharmacophoric groups on carbohydrate scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Tosin
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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18
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Zhou G, Zhang P, Pan Y, Guo J. STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF α-AMINO ACIDS FROM O-PIVALOYL-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYLALDIMINE. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940509355402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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20
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Timmer MSM, Verdoes M, Sliedregt LAJM, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH, Overkleeft HS. The Use of a Mannitol-Derived Fused Oxacycle as a Combinatorial Scaffold. J Org Chem 2003; 68:9406-11. [PMID: 14629165 DOI: 10.1021/jo0349429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and high-yielding solid-phase synthesis of a small library of compounds containing a cis-fused pyranofuran structural motive is described. With use of the cheap and readily available D-(+)-mannitol, a highly functionalized sugar template was synthesized and immobilized on a solid support via an olefinic linker. Modification of this two-point molecular scaffold and subsequent ring-closing metathesis/cleavage gave access to a series of functionalized conformationally constrained fused oxacycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattie S M Timmer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Le GT, Abbenante G, Becker B, Grathwohl M, Halliday J, Tometzki G, Zuegg J, Meutermans W. Molecular diversity through sugar scaffolds. Drug Discov Today 2003; 8:701-9. [PMID: 12927513 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(03)02751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monosaccharides provide an excellent platform to tailor molecular diversity by appending desired substituents at selected positions around the sugar scaffold. The presence of five functionalized and stereo-controlled centres on the sugar scaffolds gives the chemist plenty of scope to custom design molecules to a pharmacophore model. This review focuses on the peptidomimetic developments in this area, as well as the concept of tailoring structural and functional diversity in a library using carbohydrate scaffolds and how this can lead to increased hit rates and rapid identification of leads, which has promising prospects for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Thanh Le
- Alchemia Pty Ltd, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Brisbane Technology Park, Eight Mile Plains QLD 4113, Australia.
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