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Moore D, Arcila JA, Saraf RF. Electrochemical Deposition of Polyelectrolytes Is Maximum at the Potential of Zero Charge. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1864-1870. [PMID: 32073857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical deposition of cationic and anionic polyelectrolyte on a Au electrode is studied as a function of applied potential between the electrode and the solution of monovalent electrolyte. The deposition is measured by open circuit potential relative to a pristine electrode in a reference solution (100 mM NaCl). The rate of deposition is measured by a home-built electrochemical-optical method in real time. It was discovered that the polarity of the potential and magnitude of the potential are not the primary reasons to enhance deposition. For example, both the amount and rate of deposition of negatively charged poly(styrenesulfonate) in NaCl are higher when the electrode is at -200 mV than at +200 mV with respect to the solution. The results are explained in terms of the charge state of the electrical double layer that is primarily controlled by supporting (small) ions.
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Immobilization of cytochrome c and its application as electrochemical biosensors. Talanta 2018; 176:195-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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3
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Feifel SC, Kapp A, Lisdat F. Protein Multilayer Architectures on Electrodes for Analyte Detection. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 140:253-98. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Coupling of pyrroloquinoline quinone dependent glucose dehydrogenase to (cytochrome c/DNA)-multilayer systems on electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 88:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kepplinger C, Lisdat F, Wollenberger U. Cytochrome c/polyelectrolyte multilayers investigated by E-QCM-D: effect of temperature on the assembly structure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:8309-8315. [PMID: 21634413 DOI: 10.1021/la200860p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein multilayers, consisting of cytochrome c (cyt c) and poly(aniline sulfonic acid) (PASA), are investigated by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (E-QCM-D). This technique reveals that a four-bilayer assembly has rather rigid properties. A thickness of 16.3 ± 0.8 nm is calculated with the Sauerbrey equation and is found to be in good agreement with a viscoelastic model. The electroactive amount of cyt c is estimated by the deposited mass under the assumption of 50% coupled water. Temperature-induced stabilization of the multilayer assembly has been investigated in the temperature range between 30 and 45 °C. The treatment results in a loss of material and a contraction of the film. The electroactive amount of cyt c also decreases during heating and remains constant after the cooling period. The contraction of the film is accompanied by the enhanced stability of the assembly. In addition, it is found that cyt c and PASA can be assembled at higher temperatures, resulting in the formation of multilayer systems with less dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kepplinger
- Biosystems Technology, Wildau University of Applied Science, Bahnhofstrasse 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany
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Wegerich F, Turano P, Allegrozzi M, Möhwald H, Lisdat F. Electroactive multilayer assemblies of bilirubin oxidase and human cytochrome C mutants: insight in formation and kinetic behavior. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4202-11. [PMID: 21401056 DOI: 10.1021/la104964z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report on cytochrome c/bilirubin oxidase multilayer electrodes with different cytochrome c (cyt c) forms including mutant forms of human cyt c, which exhibit different reaction rates with bilirubin oxidase (BOD) in solution. The multilayer formation via the layer-by-layer technique and the kinetic behavior of the mono (only cyt c) and biprotein (cyt c and BOD) multilayer systems are studied by SPR and cyclic voltammetry. For the layer construction, sulfonated polyaniline is used. The only cyt c containing multilayer electrodes show that the quantity of deposited protein and the kinetic behavior depend on the cyt c form incorporated. In the case of the biprotein multilayer with BOD, it is demonstrated that the catalytic signal chain from the electrode via cyt c to BOD and oxygen can be established with all chosen cyt c forms. However, the magnitude of the catalytic current as well as the kinetic behavior differ significantly. We conclude that the different cytochrome c forms affect three parameters, identified here, to be important for the functionality of the multilayer system: the amount of molecules per layer, which can be immobilized on the electrodes, the cyt c self-exchange rate, and the rate constant for the reaction with BOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wegerich
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Tagliazucchi M, Calvo EJ. Electrochemically Active Polyelectrolyte‐Modified Electrodes. CHEMICALLY MODIFIED ELECTRODES 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527627059.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Liu J, Qiu J, Sun K, Chen J, Miao Y. Electrochemistry of Hemin Self-Assembled from Aqueous Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) Solution on Single-Wall-Carbon-Nanotube-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes. Helv Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200800301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Appoh FE, Kraatz HB. Voltammetric studies of dendrimer multilayers: Layer-by-layer assembly of metal-peptide dendrimers multilayers. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lisdat F, Dronov R, Möhwald H, Scheller FW, Kurth DG. Self-assembly of electro-active protein architectures on electrodes for the construction of biomimetic signal chains. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:274-83. [DOI: 10.1039/b813559b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Balkenhohl T, Adelt S, Dronov R, Lisdat F. Oxygen-reducing electrodes based on layer-by-layer assemblies of cytochrome c and laccasse. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Grieshaber D, MacKenzie R, Vörös J, Reimhult E. Electrochemical Biosensors - Sensor Principles and Architectures. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2008; 8:1400-1458. [PMID: 27879772 PMCID: PMC3663003 DOI: 10.3390/s80314000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 752] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of biological or biochemical processes are of utmost importance for medical, biological and biotechnological applications. However, converting the biological information to an easily processed electronic signal is challenging due to the complexity of connecting an electronic device directly to a biological environment. Electrochemical biosensors provide an attractive means to analyze the content of a biological sample due to the direct conversion of a biological event to an electronic signal. Over the past decades several sensing concepts and related devices have been developed. In this review, the most common traditional techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, impedance spectroscopy, and various field-effect transistor based methods are presented along with selected promising novel approaches, such as nanowire or magnetic nanoparticle-based biosensing. Additional measurement techniques, which have been shown useful in combination with electrochemical detection, are also summarized, such as the electrochemical versions of surface plasmon resonance, optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy, ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance, and scanning probe microscopy. The signal transduction and the general performance of electrochemical sensors are often determined by the surface architectures that connect the sensing element to the biological sample at the nanometer scale. The most common surface modification techniques, the various electrochemical transduction mechanisms, and the choice of the recognition receptor molecules all influence the ultimate sensitivity of the sensor. New nanotechnology-based approaches, such as the use of engineered ion-channels in lipid bilayers, the encapsulation of enzymes into vesicles, polymersomes, or polyelectrolyte capsules provide additional possibilities for signal amplification. In particular, this review highlights the importance of the precise control over the delicate interplay between surface nano-architectures, surface functionalization and the chosen sensor transducer principle, as well as the usefulness of complementary characterization tools to interpret and to optimize the sensor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Grieshaber
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Robert MacKenzie
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Janos Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Erik Reimhult
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Fleming BD, Praporski S, Bond AM, Martin LL. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study of azurin adsorption onto an alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer on gold. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:323-327. [PMID: 18041855 DOI: 10.1021/la702511w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A quartz crystal microbalance coupled with electrochemistry was used to examine the adsorption of azurin on a gold electrode modified with a self-assembled monolayer of octanethiol. Azurin adsorbed irreversibly to form a densely packed monolayer. The rate of azurin adsorption was related to the bulk concentration of azurin in solution within the concentration range studied. At a high azurin concentration (2.75 muM), adsorption was rapid with a stable adsorption maximum attained in 2-3 min. At a lower azurin solution concentration (0.35 muM), the time to reach a stable adsorption maximum was approximately 30 min. Interestingly, the maximum surface concentration attained for all solution concentrations studied by the QCM method was 25 +/- 1 pmol cm-2, close to that predicted for monolayer coverage. The dissipation was monitored during adsorption, and only small changes were detected, implying a rigid adsorption model, as needed when using the Sauerbrey equation. Cyclic voltammetric data were consistent with a one-electron, surface-confined CuII/CuI azurin process with fast electron-transfer kinetics. The electroactive surface concentration calculated using voltammetry was 7 +/- 1 pmol cm-2. The differences between the QCM and voltammetrically determined surface coverage values reflect, predominantly, the different measurement methods but imply that all surface-confined azurin is not electrochemically active on the time scale of cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry D Fleming
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Lu H, Rusling JF, Hu N. Protecting peroxidase activity of multilayer enzyme-polyion films using outer catalase layers. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:14378-86. [PMID: 18052272 PMCID: PMC2546493 DOI: 10.1021/jp076036w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Films constructed layer-by-layer on electrodes with architecture {protein/hyaluronic acid (HA)}n containing myoglobin (Mb) or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were protected against protein damage by H2O2 by using outer catalase layers. Peroxidase activity for substrate oxidation requires activation by H2O2, but {protein/HA}n films without outer catalase layers are damaged slowly and irreversibly by H2O2. The rate and extent of damage were decreased dramatically by adding outer catalase layers to decompose H2O2. Comparative studies suggest that protection results from catalase decomposing a fraction of the H2O2 as it enters the film, rather than by an in-film diffusion barrier. The outer catalase layers controlled the rate of H2O2 entry into inner regions of the film, and they biased the system to favor electrocatalytic peroxide reduction over enzyme damage. Catalase-protected {protein/HA}n films had an increased linear concentration range for H2O2 detection. This approach offers an effective way to protect biosensors from damage by H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, U-60, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Naifei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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Grochol J, Dronov R, Lisdat F, Hildebrandt P, Murgida DH. Electron transfer in SAM/cytochrome/polyelectrolyte hybrid systems on electrodes: a time-resolved surface-enhanced resonance Raman study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:11289-94. [PMID: 17902715 DOI: 10.1021/la701470d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Silver electrodes were covered with mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) and 11-mercaptoundecanol (MU) and subsequently coated with alternating layers of cytochrome c (Cyt) and poly(anilinesulfonic acid) (PASA). The immobilized protein is electroactive and retains its native structure. Compared to the case of systems on gold electrodes, the stability of the assembly was found to be decreased. The redox process of Cyt is accompanied by reversible oxidation-reduction of PASA as revealed by the comparative surface-enhanced resonance Raman (SERR) analysis of assemblies including Cyt and the redox-inactive apo-cytochrome c. Time-resolved SERR experiments show a fast electron exchange between the protein and the polyelectrolyte that may play a supporting role in the electric communication of thicker multilayer assemblies employed as sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Grochol
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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de Groot MT, Merkx M, Koper MTM. Evidence for heme release in layer-by-layer assemblies of myoglobin and polystyrenesulfonate on pyrolitic graphite. J Biol Inorg Chem 2007; 12:761-6. [PMID: 17410384 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-007-0228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer assemblies of myoglobin and polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) on pyrolitic graphite have been investigated with the goal of determining the origin of the voltammetric response of these films. From the similar midpoint potential, coverage and electron transfer behavior compared with those of adsorbed free heme, it was concluded that the observed voltammetric peak is due to heme adsorbed at the electrode surface. This suggests that the interactions between the pyrolitic graphite electrode, PSS and myoglobin can result in heme release from the protein followed by heme adsorption on the electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus T de Groot
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Schuit Institute of Catalysis, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Zhou J, Lu X, Hu J, Li J. Reversible Immobilization and Direct Electron Transfer of Cytochrome c on a pH-Sensitive Polymer Interface. Chemistry 2007; 13:2847-53. [PMID: 17183600 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A pH-sensitive polymer interface has been used as a matrix for reversible immobilization of cytochrome c (Cyt c) on an Au surface through a dip-coating process. The pH-sensitive behavior of the polymer brush interface has been demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The reversible immobilization and electron-transfer properties of Cyt c have been investigated by in situ UV/Vis spectrophotometry and CV. The results have shown that the poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brush acted as an excellent adsorption matrix and a good accelerant for the direct electron transfer of Cyt c, which gave redox peaks with a formal potential of 40 mV versus Ag/AgCl in pH 7.6 phosphate buffer solution. The average surface coverage of Cyt c on the PAA film was about 1.7 x 10(-10) mol cm(-2), indicating a multilayer of Cyt c. The electron-transfer rate constant was calculated to be around 0.19 s(-1) according to the CV experiments. The interface was subjected to in situ attenuated total internal reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic analysis, in order to further confirm the immobilization of Cyt c on the surface. This polymer-protein system may have potential applications in the design of biosensors, protein separation, interfacial engineering, biomimetics, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Lu H, Hu N. Comparative Permeation Study of Different Types of Myoglobin Layer-by-Layer Films and the Effect of Film Permeability on Their Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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