1
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Affinity-mediated photoluminescence quenching between metallic ions and surface functional groups of carbon nanodots. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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HARAGA T, SAITO S. Quantitation of Trace Lanthanide and Actinide Ions in Radioactive Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis-Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2021. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.70.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko HARAGA
- Nuclear Science Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
| | - Shingo SAITO
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University
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3
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Lackey H, Bottenus D, Liezers M, Shen S, Branch S, Katalenich J, Lines A. A versatile and low-cost chip-to-world interface: Enabling ICP-MS characterization of isotachophoretically separated lanthanides on a microfluidic device. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1137:11-18. [PMID: 33153594 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics offer novel and state-of-the-art pathways to process materials. Microfluidic systems drastically reduce timeframes and costs associated with traditional lab-scale efforts in the area of analytical sample preparations. The challenge arises in effectively connecting microfluidics to off-chip analysis tools to accurately characterize samples after treatment on-chip. Fabrication of a chip-to-world connection includes one end of a fused silica capillary interfaced to the outlet of a microfluidic device (MFD). The other end of the capillary is connected to a commercially available CEI-100 interface that passes samples into an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). This coupling creates an inexpensive and simple chip-to-world connection that enables on-chip and off-chip methods of analyzing the separation of rare earth elements. Specifically, this is demonstrated by utilizing isotachophoresis (ITP) on a microfluidic chip to separate up to 14 lanthanides from a homogenous sample into elementally pure bands. The separated analyte zones are successfully transferred across a 7 nL void volume at the microchip-capillary junction, such that separation resolution is maintained and even increased through the interface and into the ICP-MS, where the elemental composition of the sample is analyzed. Lanthanide samples of varying composition are detected using ICP-MS, demonstrating this versatile and cost-effective approach, which maintains the separation quality achieved on the MFD. This simple connection enables fast, low-cost sample preparation immediately prior to injection into an ICP-MS or other analytical instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Lackey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Danny Bottenus
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
| | - Martin Liezers
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Steve Shen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Shirmir Branch
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jeff Katalenich
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Amanda Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
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4
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Grodner B, Napiórkowska M. Capillary electrophoresis for the investigation of two novel aminoalkanol derivatives of 1,7-diethyl-8,9-diphenyl-4-azatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6] dec-8-ene-3,5,10-trione as potential anticancer drugs in water solution and serum. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:648-656. [PMID: 31705790 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, capillary zone electrophoresis method was developed and validated for the analysis of two novel aminoalkanol derivatives (I) and (II) of 1,7-diethyl-8,9-diphenyl-4-azatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6 ]dec-8-ene-3,5,10-trione, which were found in earlier studies as potential anticancer drugs. Samples were analyzed to demonstrate the specificity and stability indicating ability of the developed method. The samples were extracted using n-hexane-ethyl acetate mixture in the ratio of 90:10. Electrophoretic separation was performed on a eCAP fused silica capillary (37 cm length, 50 µm inside diameter) with a 50 mM tetraborate buffer as a background electrolyte adjusted to pH = 2.5. The separation time of (I) and (II) was achieved within 7 min. In addition, analysis of the two compounds in the serum was conducted. Limits of detection of (I) and (II) by UV absorbance at 200 nm were achieved in the range of 87.4-92.1 ng/mL. The sufficient recovery was observed in the range of 90.3-99.8%. The quantification limits for the compounds (I) and (II) were in the range of 279.71-291.03 ng/mL, respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of compounds (I) and (II) in serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Grodner
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomic, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariola Napiórkowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Bottenus D, Branch S, Lackey H, Ivory C, Katalenich J, Clark S, Lines A. Design and optimization of a fused-silica microfluidic device for separation of trivalent lanthanides by isotachophoresis. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2531-2540. [PMID: 31206758 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Elemental analysis of rare earth elements is essential in a variety of fields including environmental monitoring and nuclear safeguards; however, current techniques are often labor intensive, time consuming, and/or costly to perform. The difficulty arises in preparing samples, which requires separating the chemically and physically similar lanthanides. However, by transitioning these separations to the microscale, the speed, cost, and simplicity of sample preparation can be drastically improved. Here, all fourteen non-radioactive lanthanides (lanthanum through lutetium minus promethium) are separated by ITP for the first time in a serpentine fused-silica microchannel (70 µm wide × 70 µm tall × 33 cm long) in <10 min at voltages ≤8 kV with limits of detection on the order of picomoles. This time includes the 2 min electrokinetic injection time at 2 kV to load sample into the microchannel. The final leading electrolyte consisted of 10 mM ammonium acetate, 7 mM α-hydroxyisobutyric acid, 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone, and the final terminating electrolyte consisted of 10 mM acetic acid, 7 mM α-hydroxyisobutyric acid, and 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone. Electrophoretic electrodes are embedded in the microchip reservoirs so that voltages can be quickly applied and switched during operation. The limits of detection are quantified using a commercial capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C4 D) to calculate ITP zone lengths in combination with ITP theory. Optimization of experimental procedures and reproducibility based on statistical analysis of subsequent experimental results are addressed. Percent error values in band length and conductivity are ≤8.1 and 0.37%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Bottenus
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Shirmir Branch
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Hope Lackey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Cornelius Ivory
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Jeff Katalenich
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Sue Clark
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Amanda Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
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6
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Chen B, He M, Zhang H, Jiang Z, Hu B. Chromatographic Techniques for Rare Earth Elements Analysis. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2016-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present capability of rare earth element (REE) analysis has been achieved by the development of two instrumental techniques. The efficiency of spectroscopic methods was extraordinarily improved for the detection and determination of REE traces in various materials. On the other hand, the determination of REEs very often depends on the preconcentration and separation of REEs, and chromatographic techniques are very powerful tools for the separation of REEs. By coupling with sensitive detectors, many ambitious analytical tasks can be fulfilled.Liquid chromatography is the most widely used technique. Different combinations of stationary phases and mobile phases could be used in ion exchange chromatography, ion chromatography, ion-pair reverse-phase chromatography and some other techniques. The application of gas chromatography is limited because only volatile compounds of REEs can be separated. Thin-layer and paper chromatography are techniques that cannot be directly coupled with suitable detectors, which limit their applications. For special demands, separations can be performed by capillary electrophoresis, which has very high separation efficiency.
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7
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Yelkenci HE, Öztekin N. Separation and Sensitive Detection of Lanthanides by Capillary Electrophoresis and Contactless Conductivity Detection. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 55:465-470. [PMID: 27988487 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive capillary zone electrophoresis method for the simultaneous separation and determination of lanthanide ions, combined with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D), is reported. The influence of experimental parameters on separation was investigated. The optimal separation conditions were obtained when 4.5 mM 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid and 1 mM acetic acid (HAc) at pH 4.5 were used as buffer solution. Under these conditions, complete separation of all 14 lanthanide ions was achieved in 6 min. With the use of the C4D detector, the sensitive detection of non-UV active lanthanide ions was achieved without the need of a UV active ligand or a visualization agent. The sensitivities were further enhanced with a sample stacking procedure. The limits of detection were to be found between 2.77 and 8.26 nmol/L and the limits of quantification were between 9.29 and 27.5 nmol/L for 14 lanthanide ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ecem Yelkenci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nevin Öztekin
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
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8
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Prapatpong P, Prutthiwanasan B, Nuchtavorn N, Buranaphalin S, Suntornsuk L. Brompheniramine as a novel probe for indirect UV detection and its application for the capillary electrophoresis of adamantane drugs. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1184-1192. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pornpan Prapatpong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Brompoj Prutthiwanasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Nantana Nuchtavorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Sawanya Buranaphalin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Leena Suntornsuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
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9
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Analysis and characterization of aluminum chlorohydrate oligocations by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1492:144-150. [PMID: 28284762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum chlorohydrates (ACH) are the active ingredients used in most antiperspirant products. ACH is a water soluble aluminum complex which contains several oligomeric polycations of aluminum with degrees of polymerization up to Al13 or Al30. The characterization and quantification of ACH oligo-cations remain a challenging issue of primary interest for developing structure/antiperspirant activity correlations, and for controlling the ACH ingredients. In this work, highly repeatable capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation of Al3+, Al13 and Al30 oligomers contained in ACH samples was obtained at pH 4.8, owing to a careful choice of the background electrolyte counter-ion and chromophore, capillary I.D. and capillary coating. This is the first reported separation of Al13 and Al30 oligomers in conditions that are compatible with the aluminum speciation in ACH solution or in conditions of antiperspirant application/formulation. Al13 and Al30 effective charge numbers were also determined from the sensitivity of detection in indirect UV detection mode. The relative mass proportion of Al13 compared to Al13+Al30 could be determined in different aluminum chlorohydrate samples. Due to its simplicity, repeatability/reproducibility, minimal sample preparation and mild analytical conditions, CE appears to be a promising analytical separation technique for the characterization of ACH materials and for the study of structure/antiperspirant activity correlations.
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis has recently attracted considerable attention as a promising analytical technique for metal ion separations. Significant advances that open new application areas for capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of metal species occurred based on various auxiliary separation principles. These are mainly due to complexation, ion pairing, solvation, and micellization interactions between metal analytes and electrolyte additives, which alter the separation selectivity in a broad range. Likewise, many separation studies for metal ions have been concentrated on the use of preelectrophoresis derivatization methodology. Approaches suitable for manipulation of selectivity for different metal species including metal cations, metal complexes, metal oxoanions, and organometallic compounds, are discussed, with special attention paid to the related electrophoretic system variables using illustrative examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147 002, India.
| | | | - Varinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Patiala, 160014, India
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11
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Separation and direct UV detection of complexed lanthanides, thorium and uranyl ions with 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone by using capillary zone electrophoresis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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HARAGA T, SAITO S, SATO Y, ASAI S, HANZAWA Y, HOSHINO H, SHIBUKAWA M, ISHIMORI KI, TAKAHASHI K. Application of Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-induced Fluorescence Detection for the Determination of Trace Neodymium in Spent Nuclear Fuel Using Complexation with an Emissive Macrocyclic Polyaminocarboxylate Probe. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:773-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko HARAGA
- Nuclear Cycle Backend Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
| | - Shingo SAITO
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University
| | - Yoshiyuki SATO
- Nuclear Cycle Backend Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
| | - Shiho ASAI
- Nuclear Cycle Backend Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
| | - Yukiko HANZAWA
- Nuclear Cycle Backend Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
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13
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Separation and analysis of lanthanides by isotachophoresis coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 99:586-93. [PMID: 22967598 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study is a large project initiated by the French Nuclear Agency, and concerns the development of a new electrolyte system for the separation of lanthanides by isotachophoresis. This new system is based on a leading electrolyte that incorporates 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid as complexing agent. The optimization of separation conditions (complexing agent concentration, pH, capillary dimensions, injection conditions, and current intensity) performed by experiments on a commercial capillary instrument with contactless conductivity detection, which allows to improve the separation of 13 lanthanides (La to Lu, except Pm and Ho). We have also directly coupled the isotachophoresis to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to visualize the mono-elementary elution bands and demonstrate the potentiality of the method for isotope ratio measurements. The application to a simulated solution representative of a fraction of fission products present in a MOX spent fuel is presented in this paper to demonstrate the possible application in future on nuclear fuel samples.
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14
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Picou RA, Kheterpal I, Wellman AD, Minnamreddy M, Ku G, Gilman SD. Analysis of Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42) monomer and fibrils by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:627-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Applications of capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D) in pharmaceutical and biological analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:1038-44. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Klepárník K, Boček P. Electrophoresis today and tomorrow: Helping biologists' dreams come true. Bioessays 2010; 32:218-226. [PMID: 20127703 DOI: 10.1002/bies.200900152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Intensive research and development of electrophoresis methodology and instrumentation during past decades has resulted in unique methods widely implemented in bioanalysis. While two-dimensional electrophoresis and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate are still the most frequently used electrophoretic methods applied to analyses of proteins, new miniaturized capillary and microfluidic versions of electromigrational methods have been developed. High-throughput electrophoretic instruments with hundreds of capillaries for parallel separations and laser-induced fluorescence detection of labeled DNA strands have been of key importance for the scientific and commercial success of the Human Genome Project. Another powerful method, capillary isoelectric focusing with pressurized and pH-driven mobilization, provides efficient separations and on-line sensitive detection of proteins, bacteria and viruses. Electrophoretic microfluidic devices can integrate single-cell injection, cell lysis, separation of its components and fluorescence or mass spectrometry detection. These miniaturized devices also proved the capability of single-molecule detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Klepárník
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Boček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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17
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Xuejuan L, Zhefeng F. Liquid–Liquid–Liquid Micro Extraction Combined with CE for the Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Water Samples. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Foret F. Capillary electrophoresis of small ions using complex formation and indirect detection. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S34-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Malik AK. Metal analysis with capillary zone electrophoresis. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 384:21-42. [PMID: 18392564 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-376-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis has recently attracted considerable attention as a promising analytical technique for metal ion separations. Significant advances in various auxiliary separation principles have opened new application areas for capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of metal species. These advances are mainly due to complexation, ion pairing, solvation and micellization interactions between metal analytes and electrolyte additives, which alter the separation selectivity in a broad range. Likewise, many separation studies on metal ions have been concentrated on the use of pre-electrophoresis derivatization methodology. Approaches suitable for improvement of selectivity for different metal species including metal cations, metal complexes, metal oxoanions and organometallic compounds are discussed, with special attention paid to the related electrophoretic system variables using illustrative examples.
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20
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Separation and quantification of lanthanides in synthetic standards by capillary electrophoresis: A new experimental evidence of the systematic “odd–even” pattern observed in sensitivities and detection limits. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1149:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 02/24/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Sniehotta M, Schiffer E, Zürbig P, Novak J, Mischak H. CE – a multifunctional application for clinical diagnosis. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1407-17. [PMID: 17427258 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CE has been used widely as an analytical tool with high separation power taking advantage of size, charge-to-size ratio, or isoelectric point of various analytes. In combination with detection methods, such as UV absorption, electrochemical detection, fluorescence, or mass spectrometry (MS), it allows the separation and detection of inorganic and organic ions, as well as complex compounds, such as polypeptides, nucleic acids, including PCR amplicons from viruses or bacteria. Recent interest in identification of biomarkers of diseases using body fluids leads to development of CE-MS techniques. These applications allowed identification of new potential biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutic interventions. In this report, we present a technical overview of various CE techniques and discuss their applications in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Sniehotta
- Mosaiques Diagnostics and Therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Negro A, Paz E, Rabanal B. New Electrolyte Composition for Determination of Anions by Capillary Electrophoresis with Indirect UV Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120018416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Negro
- a Área Química Analítica, Facultad de C.C. Biológicas y Ambientales , Universidad de León , E‐24071, León , Spain
| | - E. Paz
- a Área Química Analítica, Facultad de C.C. Biológicas y Ambientales , Universidad de León , E‐24071, León , Spain
| | - B. Rabanal
- a Área Química Analítica, Facultad de C.C. Biológicas y Ambientales , Universidad de León , E‐24071, León , Spain
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23
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Zhang Y, Shamsi SA, Sánchez Peña M, Thibodeaux S, Warner IM. Separation of Lanthanides and Quantification of Hydronium ION by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079608014582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zhang
- a Department of Chemistry Louisiana State , University Baton Rouge , LA, 70803
| | - S. A. Shamsi
- a Department of Chemistry Louisiana State , University Baton Rouge , LA, 70803
| | - M. Sánchez Peña
- a Department of Chemistry Louisiana State , University Baton Rouge , LA, 70803
| | - S. Thibodeaux
- a Department of Chemistry Louisiana State , University Baton Rouge , LA, 70803
| | - I M. Warner
- a Department of Chemistry Louisiana State , University Baton Rouge , LA, 70803
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24
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Wang T, Kee Lee H, Yau Li SF. Determination of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium in Seawater by Capillary Electrophoresis with Indirect Photometric Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079808003593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianlin Wang
- a Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore, 119260, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- a Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore, 119260, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- a Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore, 119260, Republic of Singapore
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25
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Muse JO, Dabas PC, Carducci CN. CAPILLARY ION ELECTROPHORESIS OF INORGANIC CATIONS IN STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS FROM VEGETABLE SOURCE. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. O. Muse
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physicochemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires , Junin, Buenos Aires , 956 (1113) , Argentina
| | - P. C. Dabas
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physicochemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires , Junin, Buenos Aires , 956 (1113) , Argentina
| | - C. N. Carducci
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physicochemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires , Junin, Buenos Aires , 956 (1113) , Argentina
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26
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Jia L, Zhang H, Hu Z. Separation and Determination of Chromium(VI), Molybdenum(VI) and Vanadium(V) in Steel Using Capillary Ion Electrophoresis with Direct UV Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079608005520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Jia
- a Department of Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, 730000
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- a Department of Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, 730000
| | - Zhide Hu
- a Department of Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, 730000
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27
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Li W, Fries D, Malik A. Negatively charged sol-gel column with stable electroosmotic flow for online preconcentration of zwitterionic biomolecules in capillary electromigration separations. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2153-64. [PMID: 16318212 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A negatively charged sol-gel coating was developed for on-line preconcentration of zwitterionic biomolecules in capillary electrophoresis (CE), using asparagine and myoglobin as representative zwitterionic bioanalytes. The sol-gel coating was created by using a solution containing three precursors: mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS), tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), and n-octadecyltriethoxysilane (C18-TEOS). The resulting sol-gel coating contained chemically bonded mercaptopropyl functional groups that were further oxidized by hydrogen peroxide to the corresponding sulfonic acid moieties. Such a surface-bonded sol-gel coating can carry a negative charge over a wide range of pH due to the presence of deprotonated sulfonic acid groups. Under favorable pH conditions, the negatively charged sol-gel coating can facilitate the extraction of positively charged analytes from a zwitterionic sample through electrostatic interaction. This principle was employed to extract myoglobin and asparagine by passing aqueous samples of these zwitterionic analytes through a negatively charged sol-gel column. The extracted analytes were then desorbed and focused via local pH change and stacking. The local pH change was accomplished by passing a buffer solution with a pH above the solute p/ value, while a dynamic pH junction between the sample solution and the background electrolyte was utilized to facilitate solute focusing. The sorption/desorption phenomena could, perhaps, also be explained on the basis of ion-exchange and local pH junction effects. On-line preconcentration and analysis results obtained on sulfonated sol-gel columns were compared with those obtained on an uncoated fused silica capillary of identical dimensions using conventional sample injections. Using UV detection, the presented sample preconcentration technique provided a sensitivity enhancement factor (SEF) on the order of 3 x 10(3) for myoglobin, and 7 x 10(3) for asparagine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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28
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Gong XY, Kubán P, Tanyanyiwa J, Hauser PC. Separation of enantiomers in capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1082:230-4. [PMID: 16035366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Contactless conductivity detection is successfully demonstrated for the enantiomeric separation of basic drugs and amino acids in capillary electrophoresis (CE). Derivatization of the compounds or the addition of a visualization agent as for indirect optical detection schemes were not needed. Non-charged chiral selectors were employed, hydroxypropylated cyclodextrin (CD) for the more lipophilic basic drugs and 18-crown-6-tetracarboxylic acid (18C6H4) for the amino acids. Acidic buffer solutions based on lactic or citric acid were used. The detection limits were determined as 0.3 microM for pseudoephedrine as an example of a basic drug and were in the range from 2.5 to 20 microM for the amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, 4004 Basel, Switzerland
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29
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Qu F, Lin JM. Separation of transition metals in nonaqueous media with capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1068:169-74. [PMID: 15844555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The separation of transition metal Ni2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Fe3+ in methanol was investigated by using different types of organic acids as complexing agents. In pure methanol, the weaker and simpler acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids could enhance metal ions selectivity by increasing acid concentration and metal ions could be separated with high efficiency. However, hydroxycarboxylic acids obviously made separation efficiency worse. The effect of mixed organic acids, mixture solvent (methanol-acetonitrile, methanol-water) on metal ions separation was discussed further. The advantages of using nonaqueous solvent over aqueous for metal ions separation were shown finally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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30
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Yücel Y, Demir C. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis for the characterisation of marbles by capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2004; 63:451-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2003.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Revised: 11/04/2003] [Accepted: 11/07/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Janos P. Analytical separations of lanthanides and actinides by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2003; 24:1982-1992. [PMID: 12858369 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The separation of lanthanide and actinide elements belongs to one of the most challenging tasks of the separation science, due to a great similarity in their physical and chemical properties. The electrophoretic separation can be accomplished in the presence of suitable complex-forming agents, from which alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) has been used most often. In the most effective capillary electrophoretic mode--capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)--a complete separation of lanthanide ions can be accomplished within a few minutes. Various electrophoretic methods can be relatively easily adopted for the determinations of individual lanthanide elements in certain kinds of technical materials, concentrates, precursors, etc., where the high speed and low costs of analysis characteristics of capillary electrophoresis (CE) may be advantageously exploited. Electrophoretic techniques may also be employed for speciation studies, especially for examinations of the behavior of actinides in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Janos
- Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Jan Evangelista Purkyne, Ustí nad Labem, Czech Republic.
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32
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Johns C, Macka M, Haddad PR. Enhancement of detection sensitivity for indirect photometric detection of anions and cations in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2003; 24:2150-2167. [PMID: 12858388 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the indirect photometric detection of anions and cations by capillary electrophoresis. Special emphasis has been placed on the sensitivity of the technique and approaches taken to enhance detection limits. Theoretical considerations and requirements have been discussed, including buffering, detection sensitivity, separation of cations, and detector linearity. A series of tables detailing highly absorbing probes and the conditions of their use for indirect photometric detection are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Johns
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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33
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Naujalis E, Padarauskas A. Development of capillary electrophoresis for the determination of metal ions using mixed partial and complete complexation techniques. J Chromatogr A 2002; 977:135-42. [PMID: 12456103 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new capillary electrophoretic (CE) method was developed for the selective and sensitive determination of common metal ions. The proposed method is based on conventional CE separation of metal cations followed by complete complexation of separated analytes with 1,10-phenanthroline using the zone-passing technique. This approach combines both partial and complete complexation modes and, thus, enables rapid, selective, efficient separation together with sensitive direct UV detection of metal species. The optimal conditions for the separation and derivatization reaction were established by varying type of electrolyte, electrolyte pH, introduction time and concentration of 1,10-phenanthroline. The optimized separations were carried out in 50 mmol l(-1) glycolic acid electrolyte (pH 6.0 with imidazole) using direct UV detection at 254 nm. Five common metal cations (Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) were separated in less than 4 min. The proposed system was applied to the determination of Fe(II) and Zn(II) in snow samples. The recovery tests established for snow samples were within the range 100+/-12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaldas Naujalis
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, UNESCO Trace Element Institute Satellite Center, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-2006 Vilnius, Lithuania
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34
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Kubán P, Kubán P, Kubán V. Simultaneous determination of inorganic and organic anions, alkali, alkaline earth and transition metal cations by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductometric detection. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:3725-34. [PMID: 12432535 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200211)23:21<3725::aid-elps3725>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous separation of up to 22 inorganic and organic anions, alkali, alkaline earth and transition metal cations was achieved in less than 3 min in the capillary electrophoresis system with contactless conductometric detector. The sample was injected from both capillary ends (dual opposite end injection) and anionic and cationic species were detected in the center of the separation capillary. The parameters of the separation electrolyte, such as pH, concentration of the electrolyte, concentration of complexing agents and concentration of 18-crown-6 were studied. Best results were achieved with electrolytes consisting of 8 mM L-histidine, 2.8 mM 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid, 0.32 mM 18-crown-6 at pH 4.25 or 9 mM L-histidine, 4.6 mM lactic acid, 0.38 mM 18-crown-6 at pH 4.25. Other electrolytes containing complexing agents such as malic or tartaric acid at various concentrations could also be used. The detection limits achieved for most cations and anions were 7.5 - 62 micro gL(-1) except for Ba2+ (90 micro gL(-1)), Cd 2+, Cr 3+ and F- (125 micro gL(-1)), and fumarate (250 micro gL(-1)). The repeatability of migration times and peak areas was better than 0.4% and 5.9%, respectively. The developed method was applied for analysis of real samples, such as tap, rain, drainage and surface water samples, plant exudates, plant extracts and ore leachates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kubán
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Brno, Czech Republic
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35
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Enhanced UV-Visible Absorbance Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis Using Modified T-Shaped Post-Column Flow Cell. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2002. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2002.23.2.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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IKI N. System design of kinetic differentiation mode capillary electrophoresis for separation and determination of ultratrace metal chelates. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2002. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.51.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko IKI
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
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37
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Oztekin N, Erim FB. Separation and direct UV detection of lanthanides complexed with pyridine-2-carboxylic acid by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2001; 924:541-6. [PMID: 11521908 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Separation and detection of lanthanides by capillary zone electrophoresis in the presence of pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (picolinic acid) as UV-absorbing complexing agent were investigated. The resolution of partially complexed positively charged complexes is improved by using two buffer ligands competing with picolinic acid for metal ions. When hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) and formic acid are used together as competing ligands, this provides complete separation of all 14 lanthanides with good peak shapes. An on-column separation of 14 lanthanides was achieved in only 9 min using 0.8 mmol/l picolinic acid, 10 mmol/l HIBA and 25 mmol/l formic acid at pH 4.7. Determination of lanthanide complexes was performed by direct detection at 210 nm. Detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio=3) are ca. 0.53-0.96 microg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Oztekin
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Istanbul, Turkey
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38
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Abstract
A new analytical procedure is developed using a strong complexing agent, 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen), for direct UV detection of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, Cd, and Fe at microg/L concentrations in environmental water samples. The metal chelates formed showed different electrophoretic mobilities and solved the comigration problem for capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation of free metal ions. To obtain stable metal-Phen chelates during the capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) run, both pre-column and on-column complexation are required and threefold excess of Phen over metal ions should be added to the sample. The optimized background electrolyte (BGE) consists of 30 mM hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 0.1% methanol at pH 3.6. Under hydrodynamic sampling, CE run at + 20 kV in 65 cm x 0.05 mm ID fused-silica column with detection at 265 nm, baseline separation, satisfactory working ranges (10 microg/L to 5.5 mg/L), sensitive detection limits (1-3 microg/L), good repeatability for migration times (relative standard deviation, RSD 0.36-0.81%, n = 5), peak area (RSD 3.2-4.2%, n = 5) and peak height (RSD 3.2-4.5%, n = 5) were obtained for the metal cations investigated. The reliability of the method was established by parallel determination using the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) method giving results within statistical variation. The procedure developed is shown to provide a quick, sensitive, precise, and economic method for simultaneous determination of metal cations that can form stable chelates with Phen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Fung
- Centre of Applied Spectroscopy and Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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39
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40
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Determination of accuracy characteristics, modeling and optimization of capillary electrophoresis for the separation of inorganic cations. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Juang RS, Wu WL. A simple electrolyte for determination of small cations in natural waters by capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2001; 36:935-946. [PMID: 11501316 DOI: 10.1081/ese-100104122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three simple electrolyte systems were tested for determination of four alkali and alkaline earth cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) in aqueous sulfate solutions. The separation was achieved in a system of 5 mM 4-aminopyridine and 5% v/v methanol with indirect UV detection at 214 nm, in which the electrolyte pH was adjusted to be 4.30 by adding 1 M glycolic acid. Four cations were well separated within 5 min at an applied voltage of 15 kV. Linear relationships of the calibration curves were obtained up to 50 ppm for all four cations. To evaluate this electrolyte system, the determination of these cations was also conducted for real rain waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Juang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li 320, Taiwan.
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42
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Hauman I, Boden J, Mainka A, Jegle U. Simultaneous determination of inorganic anions and cations by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection. J Chromatogr A 2000; 895:269-77. [PMID: 11105871 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of a separation system for the simultaneous determination of inorganic anions and cations, low-molecular-mass organic acids and aliphatic amines by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection using new electrolyte systems is described. Different principles of the experimental enforcement are compared. The principle of both-side injection was investigated using two different electrolyte systems. In order to avoid system peaks caused by the presence of different electrolyte co-ions, the selection of useful electrolyte components is more difficult than the choice of electrolytes for separate anion or cation analysis and special preparation procedures are necessary. The applicability of the method is shown by investigations of reproducibility, linearity of the calibration and by the analysis of drinking water including a comparison with results of measurements carried out with atomic absorption spectrometry for the cation determination, and ion chromatography for the anion determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hauman
- Ingenieurgemeinschaft für Chemische Analytik, ICA, Neu-Isenburg, Germany
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43
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Oztekin N, Erim FB. Separation and direct UV detection of lanthanides complexed with cupferron by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 895:263-8. [PMID: 11105870 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Separation and detection of lanthanides by capillary zone electrophoresis in the presence of cupferron (N-nitroso-N-phenylhydroxylamine) as UV absorbing complexing agent were investigated. The resolution of partially complexed positively charged cupferron complexes is improved by using a buffer ligand competing with cupferron for metal ions. When hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) is used as buffer and competing ligand, it provides complete separation of all 14 lanthanides with good peak shapes. An on-column separation of 14 lanthanides was achieved in only 7 min using 0.1 mmol/l cupferron, 15 mmol/1 HIBA at pH 4.9. The separation efficiencies for the optimum separation condition are between 77,000 and 208,000 theoretical plates. Determination of lanthanide complexes was performed by direct UV detection at 210 nm. Detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio=3) are ca. 0.24-0.47 microg/ml for lanthanides. Under optimum conditions, the complete separation of thorium and uranium from mixed lanthanides was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Oztekin
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Istanbul, Maslak, Turkey
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44
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Shakulashvili N, Faller T, Engelhardt H. Simultaneous determination of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metal ions by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection. J Chromatogr A 2000; 895:205-12. [PMID: 11105863 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Determination of metal ions in aqueous samples using capillary electrophoresis can be accomplished with indirect UV detection. For optimal determination of alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metal ions, several electrolyte systems were studied. Detection at 214 nm was performed with a background electrolyte containing reagents with inherent absorbance in the UV range: imidazole, 4-methylbenzylamine and 4-aminopyridine. Glycolic acid and alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid were used as complexing reagents. A mixture of 16 metal ions was successfully separated. The detection limits were between 92 ppb for Ca and 454 ppb for Cu with hydrostatic injection. All peaks were completely resolved and well separated. A separation efficiency of about 650,000 theoretical plates per meter was achieved for the Mg ion. The described methods can be used successfully in routine analysis of real samples. One of the methods was applied to an environmental water sample from the Georgian river Kasretula.
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45
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Xu J, Chen Z, Yu JC, Tang C. Separation and Detection of Metal Ions in Ecological Samples by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Indirect UV Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4168(20000801)23:7/8<511::aid-jhrc511>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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46
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Verma SP, García R, Santoyo E, Aparicio A. Improved capillary electrophoresis method for measuring rare-earth elements in synthetic geochemical standards. J Chromatogr A 2000; 884:317-28. [PMID: 10917450 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An improved capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for quantifying rare-earth elements (REEs) in synthetic geochemical standards was developed. Synthetic standard solutions were obtained from high purity metal oxides. The separation of REE total group (lanthanum to lutetium) was defined as a primary objective. Special attention was also focused on the optimized separation of europium (Eu) and gadolinium (Gd) because in earlier applications they presented overlapping problems. Their separation and quantitative determinations are essential for geological applications. For the rapid separation of REEs in synthetic geochemical standards, the temperature of the separation device was optimized. An analysis temperature of 15 degrees C enabled both the rapid separation of REEs within 2 min and the overlapping problem of Eu-Gd to be resolved. The detection limits (<0.1 ng) and precision estimates (generally better than 5%) were found to be satisfactory for most geological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Verma
- Centro de Investigación en Energía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Mor, Mexico.
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47
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Abstract
A review of the four major, on-line, capillary electrophoresis (CE) detection modalities is presented. It is shown that each detection method, fluorescence, absorbance (conventional and nonconventional), electrochemical and refractive index, have distinct advantages and limitations when applied to analysis in a CE format. Various aspects of CE detection are considered and a perspective regarding the applicability of the technique is provided. It is shown that because of widely varying detection limits (ranging from single molecule to 10(-5) M) and detection scheme complexity, the particular application should dictate the selection of detection methodology in CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Swinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA
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48
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Quantitative capillary electrophoretic analysis for calcium and magnesium in sodium–matrix waters. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Haddad PR, Doble P, Macka M. Developments in sample preparation and separation techniques for the determination of inorganic ions by ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1999; 856:145-77. [PMID: 10526787 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A review is presented of sample preparation and separation techniques for the determination of inorganic ions by ion chromatography (IC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Emphasis has been placed on those sample treatment methods which are specific to inorganic analysis, and the developments in separation methods which are discussed are those which enhance the capabilities of IC and CE to handle complex sample matrices. Topics discussed include solid-phase extraction for sample clean-up and preconcentration, dialytic methods, combustion methods, matrix-elimination IC, electrostatic IC, electrically polarised ion-exchange resins, electromigration sample preparation in CE, chromatographic sample preparation for CE, use of high-ionic strength background electrolytes, buffering of background electrolytes in CE, use of capillary electrochromatography for inorganic determinations, and methods for the manipulation of separation selectivity in both IC and CE. Finally, some possible future trends are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Haddad
- School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
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50
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Metal ion interferences in reverse polarity capillary zone electrophoretic analysis of Hanford Defense Waste for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and n-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA). Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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