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Abstract
Background:
Herbal drugs play a significant role to maintain the human healthiness
and to treat the ailments since the dawn of civilization. Moreover, these plants have
provided many lead compounds that culminated in modern medicine. A single herb is regarded
as mini-combinatorial library of phytoconstituents hence the quality control of herbal
drugs in an herbal formulation is not an easy task because a number of factors impact their
pharmacological efficiency and consistent therapeutic effects. Hence, to provide consistent
beneficial therapeutic effects, standardized herbal products of consistent quality and purity
are required.
Methods:
This review is based on publications obtained by a selective search in PubMed
using the keywords “Standardized herbal products”, “fingerprinting”, “authentication”,
“chemometric, hyphenated techniques”, “quality control of herbal drugs”, “identification”.
Results:
In the era of modernization, chromatographic techniques coupled with sophisticated
spectroscopic analytical methods are used in estimating the authenticity, identity and characteristic
of herbal products. Further, with the advancement of computer technology, chemometrics
methods have become a leading tool with an unsupervised pattern recognition technique
for handling multivariate data without prior knowledge about the studied samples and
mines more beneficial and valuable information about the chemical entities from the raw data.
Conclusion:
Standardization of HDs chromatographic fingerprint is not always a perfect
way to present all compounds. To assess the quality of medicinal plants, new ways are regularly
being explored such as combination chemical fingerprint with biological methods, biofingerprint
and metabolic fingerprint quality metrology, pharmacodynamics and export system
of medicinal plants have been researched in some groups but still a significant amount
of work is required to achieve a perfect system for quality evaluation of herbal drugs. Further,
novel chemometric techniques have been unfolded that mines more beneficial and valuable
information about the chemical entities from the raw data. So this review emphasis
mainly on hyphenated techniques associated with chemometric method used in herbal drugs
for identifying more valuable information and various methods for providing data, among
which most commonly used techniques are chemometric resolution method and Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjoo Kamboj
- Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Landran, Mohali, Punjab-140307, India
| | - Ishtdeep Kaur
- Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Landran, Mohali, Punjab-140307, India
| | - Narinder Kaur
- Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Landran, Mohali, Punjab-140307, India
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2
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Szarka M, Szigeti M, Guttman A. Imaging Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection at the Taylor Cone of Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7738-7743. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Máte Szarka
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Márton Szigeti
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
- Translational Glycomics Laboratory, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, 10 Egyetem Street, Veszprem 8200, Hungary
| | - András Guttman
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
- Translational Glycomics Laboratory, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, 10 Egyetem Street, Veszprem 8200, Hungary
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3
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Antitumor aporphine alkaloids from Thalictrum wangii. Fitoterapia 2018; 128:204-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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4
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In vitro and in vivo antimutagenic effects of DIG, a herbal preparation of Berberis vulgaris, Taraxacum officinale and Arctium lappa, against mitomycin C. J Nat Med 2015; 69:267-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-015-0886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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5
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Grosso C, Ferreres F, Gil-Izquierdo A, Valentão P, Sampaio M, Lima J, Andrade PB. Box–Behnken factorial design to obtain a phenolic-rich extract from the aerial parts of Chelidonium majus L. Talanta 2014; 130:128-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Seger C, Sturm S, Stuppner H. Mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy: modern high-end detectors for high resolution separation techniques--state of the art in natural product HPLC-MS, HPLC-NMR, and CE-MS hyphenations. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:970-87. [PMID: 23739842 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current natural product research is unthinkable without the use of high resolution separation techniques as high performance liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis (HPLC or CE respectively) combined with mass spectrometers (MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers. These hyphenated instrumental analysis platforms (CE-MS, HPLC-MS or HPLC-NMR) are valuable tools for natural product de novo identification, as well as the authentication, distribution, and quantification of constituents in biogenic raw materials, natural medicines and biological materials obtained from model organisms, animals and humans. Moreover, metabolic profiling and metabolic fingerprinting applications can be addressed as well as pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic issues. This review provides an overview of latest technological developments, discusses the assets and drawbacks of the available hyphenation techniques, and describes typical analytical workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Seger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, CCB-Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Microwave-assisted extraction in combination with capillary electrophoresis for rapid determination of isoquinoline alkaloids in Chelidonium majus L. Talanta 2012; 99:932-8. [PMID: 22967645 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) followed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) was developed for the quantification of eight isoquinoline alkaloids in Chelidonium majus L. (Ch. majus). The key parameters affecting CE separation and MAE extraction were investigated and optimized. Complete separation of eight alkaloids was achieved within only 9 min using a 500 mM Tris-H(3)PO(4) buffer (pH 2.5) containing 50% (v/v) methanol and 2mM HP-β-cyclodextrin. The optimal MAE extraction was performed at 60 °C for 5 min with methanol-water-HCl (90:10:0.5, v/v/v) as the extracting solvent, which gave much higher extraction efficiency in significantly shorter time than conventional heat reflux extraction (HRE) and ultrasonic extraction (USE) methods. Good linearities were obtained for all the alkaloids investigated with correlation coefficients above 0.9994. The repeatability and intermediate precision were less than 4.11% and the recoveries ranged from 98.0% to 103.9%. The developed method was successfully applied to 14 Ch. majus samples obtained from different regions of China. Compared with previously reported methods, the present method offers a dramatic savings in overall analysis time and considerable reduction in solvent consumption.
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Huhn C, Ruhaak LR, Mannhardt J, Wuhrer M, Neusüß C, Deelder AM, Meyer H. Alignment of laser-induced fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection traces using electrophoretic mobility scaling in CE-LIF-MS of labeled N-glycans. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:563-6. [PMID: 22451048 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The combination of optical detection techniques like photometry (UV) or laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) with mass spectrometry for capillary electrophoresis offers advantages, both for later use of stand-alone CE-UV or CE-LIF systems and for combined CE-UV-MS or CE-LIF-MS analysis. Faster method development is enabled, the identification of analytes is facilitated, and it allows christian the optical detection scheme to be used for more precise quantification. However, shortcomings of current methodology and equipment hindered the broader use of such detection combinations mainly due to the long distance between the detection points (at least 20 cm). Large shifts in migration times and changes in resolution are visible between the detection traces hindering their straightforward comparison. We present here novel equipment for a robust coupling of CE-LIF-MS with the shortest possible distance between detection points (12 cm) determined by the length of the electrospray needle. In addition, we encourage the use of a normalization of detection traces using a scale of effective electrophoretic mobility to obtain the same x-scale for both detection traces. As an example, the proposed methodology is applied to a mixture of labeled as well as non-labeled N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Huhn
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Central Division of Analytical Chemistry, Jülich, Germany.
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9
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Takemura T, Ikezawa N, Iwasa K, Sato F. Metabolic diversification of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis through the introduction of a branch pathway in Eschscholzia californica. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:949-959. [PMID: 20427510 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites. These chemicals are synthesized from simple precursors through multistep reactions. To understand how plant cells developed such a complicated metabolism, we examined the plasticity of benzyl isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in transgenic Eschscholzia californica cells with the ectopic expression of Coptis japonica scoulerine-9-O-methyltransferase (CjSMT). CjSMT catalyzes the O-methylation of scoulerine to produce tetrahydrocolumbamine (THC) in berberine biosynthesis and is not involved in benzophenanthridine alkaloid biosynthesis in E. californica. While a preliminary characterization confirmed that columbamine (oxidized product of THC) was produced in transgenic E. californica cells, many newly found peaks were not identified. Here, we report the identification of novel products, including allocryptopine and 10-hydroxychelerythrine. This result indicates that CjSMT reaction products were further converted by endogenous enzymes to produce double O-methylated compounds instead of a methylenedioxy ring at the 7,8-position of the original benzophenanthridine alkaloids. Further metabolite profiling revealed the enhanced diversification of the alkaloid profile in transgenic cells. Metabolic plasticity and the enzymes involved in metabolic diversity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Takemura
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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10
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Li P, Li SP, Wang YT. Optimization of CZE for analysis of phytochemical bioactive compounds. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4808-19. [PMID: 17136720 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Advantages of CZE such as high efficiency, low cost, short analysis time, and easy implementation result in its wide applications for analysis of phytochemical bioactive compounds (e.g. flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic acid, saponins, anthraquinones and coumarins). However, several aspects, including sample preparation, separation, and detection have significant effects on CZE analysis. Therefore, optimization of these procedures is necessary for development of the method. In this review, sample preparation such as extraction method and preconcentration, separation factors including buffer type, concentration and pH, additives, voltage and temperature, as well as detection, e.g. direct and indirect UV detection, LIF and MS were discussed for optimization of CZE analysis on phytochemical bioactive compounds. The optimized strategies were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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11
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Wahby I, Arráez-Román D, Segura-Carretero A, Ligero F, Caba JM, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. Analysis of choline and atropine in hairy root cultures ofCannabis sativa L. by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2208-15. [PMID: 16637019 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We describe a capillary zone electrophoresis method coupled to electrospray ionization (ion trap) mass spectrometry (CZE-ESI-MS) for the identification and determination of choline and atropine compounds in hairy root extracts from Cannabis sativa L. Fused-silica capillary and an alkaline solution of 20 mM ammonium acetate at pH 8.5 are used being the most suitable for the analysis of choline and atropine in less than 10 min. Under the optimized conditions, including CE and ESI-MS parameters, the method resolved both compounds with very high sensitivity. The system exhibited good linear response in the range of 25-500 mg/L and 500-1000 microg/L for choline and atropine, respectively. The detection limit of choline was 18 mg/L and 320 microg/L for atropine. Finally, the developed method was applied to the analysis of these compounds in transgenic root cultures of Cannabis sativa L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Wahby
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain
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12
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Simó C, Barbas C, Cifuentes A. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry in food analysis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1306-18. [PMID: 15761921 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This work provides an updated overview (including works published till June 2004) on the principal applications of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) together with their main advantages and drawbacks in food science. Thus, analysis of amino acids, peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, or polyphenols by CE-MS in different foods is reviewed. Also, other natural compounds (e.g., alkaloids) and toxins analyzed by CE-MS in foods are revised. Moreover, exogenous substances with a potential risk for human health (e.g., pesticides, drugs) detected in foods by CE-MS are included in this work. The usefulness of CE-MS for food analysis and the information that this coupling can provide in terms of processing, composition, authenticity, quality, or safety of foods is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simó
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
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13
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Vespalec R, Vlcková M, Kubán V. Effects of the limited analyte solubility on its mobility and zone shape: Electrophoretic behavior of sanguinarine and chelerythrine around pH 7. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3265-72. [PMID: 16143979 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoretic mobilities and shapes of zones of sanguinarine and chelerythrine in aqueous media around pH 7 are affected by limited solubility of their uncharged forms and by the pH-dependent chemical equilibrium between cationic and uncharged forms of these alkaloids. The sanguinarine solubility in sodium MOPS of pH 7.4 was estimated at 50 micromol x L(-1). Sanguinarine zones in this buffer have the shape of tailed peak with concentration-independent mobility if the injected sanguinarine concentration exceeds this solubility limit only slightly. The chelerythrine solubility is higher because of lower dissociation constants of its cations. Precipitation of sanguinarine and chelerythrine with the phosphate anions decelerates their electrophoretic transport in phosphate buffer. Sanguinarine solubility is 5 micromol x L(-1) at the most in 13 mmol x L(-1) sodium phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. Acidifying of the sample up to pH 3 decreases the tailing of the peaks of sanguinarine and chelerythrine and contributes to the rise of sharp maxima of their migrating zones. Any capillary coating deteriorates the peak shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Vespalec
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
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14
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Huhn C, Neusüss C, Pelzing M, Pyell U, Mannhardt J, Pütz M. Capillary electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry: A case study. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1389-97. [PMID: 15765475 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) as a novel combined detection system for CE is presented. beta-Carbolines were chosen as model analytes with a forensic background. Nonaqueous CE as well as conventional CE with an aqueous buffer system are compared concerning efficiency and obtainable detection limits. The distance between the optical detection window and the sprayer tip was minimized by placing the optical cell directly in front of the electrospray interface. Similar separation efficiencies for both detection modes could thus be obtained. No significant peak-broadening induced by the MS interface was observed. The high fluorescence quantum yield and the high proton affinity of the model analytes investigated resulted in limits of detection in the fg (nmol/L) range for both detection methods. The analysis of confiscated ayahuasca samples and ethanolic plant extracts revealed complementary selectivities for LIF and MS detection. Thus, it is possible to improve peak identification of the solutes investigated by the use of these two detection principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Huhn
- Philipps-University Marburg, Analytical Chemistry, Marburg, Germany.
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15
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Schmidt J, Raith K, Boettcher C, Zenk MH. Analysis of benzylisoquinoline-type alkaloids by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and atmospheric pressure photoionization. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2005; 11:325-33. [PMID: 16107747 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids found in the Papaveraceae family play a major role in pharmaceutical biology. This is the first systematic study dealing with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) of all benzylisoquinolines found as biogenetic precursors of morphinan alkaloids. Tandem mass spectral data are presented for norlaudanosoline, laudanosoline, 4'-O-methyl-norlaudanosoline, 6-O-methyl-norlaudanosoline, norcoclaurine, coclaurine, N-methylcoclaurine, N-methyl-3'-hydroxycoclaurine, N-methyl-3'-O-methylcoclaurine, norreticuline and reticuline. This study compares results obtained using an ion trap mass spectrometer with those obtained using a triple quadrupole one. The results highlight the differences of the tandem-in-time versus the tandem-in-space principle, often hampering the development of ESI-MS/MS libraries. Additionally, the use of the atmospheric pressure photoionisation technique for the analysis of such substances is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Schmidt
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle/S., Germany.
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16
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Weber HA, Zart MK, Hodges AE, Molloy HM, O'Brien BM, Moody LA, Clark AP, Harris RK, Overstreet JD, Smith CS. Chemical comparison of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) root powder from three commercial suppliers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:7352-7358. [PMID: 14640583 DOI: 10.1021/jf034339r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of herbal materials is a significant challenge to analytical chemists. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.), which has been chosen for toxicity evaluation by NIEHS, is among the top 15 herbal supplements currently on the market and contains a complex mixture of indigenous components ranging from carbohydrates and amino acids to isoquinoline alkaloids. One key component of herbal supplement production is botanical authentication, which is also recommended prior to initiation of efficacy or toxicological studies. To evaluate material available to consumers, goldenseal root powder was obtained from three commercial suppliers and a strategy was developed for characterization and comparison that included Soxhlet extraction, HPLC, GC-MS, and LC-MS analyses. HPLC was used to determine the weight percentages of the goldenseal alkaloids berberine, hydrastine, and canadine in the various extract residues. Palmatine, an isoquinoline alkaloid native to Coptis spp. and other common goldenseal adulterants, was also quantitated using HPLC. GC-MS was used to identify non-alkaloid constituents in goldenseal root powder, whereas LC-MS was used to identify alkaloid components. After review of the characterization data, it was determined that alkaloid content was the best biomarker for goldenseal. A 20-min ambient extraction method for the determination of alkaloid content was also developed and used to analyze the commercial material. All three lots of purchased material contained goldenseal alkaloids hydrastinine, berberastine, tetrahydroberberastine, canadaline, berberine, hydrastine, and canadine. Material from a single supplier also contained palmatine, coptisine, and jatrorrhizine, thus indicating that the material was not pure goldenseal. Comparative data for three commercial sources of goldenseal root powder are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Weber
- Midwest Research Institute, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, Missouri 64110.
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17
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Feng HT, Yuan LL, Li SFY. Analysis of Chinese medicine preparations by capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1014:83-91. [PMID: 14558614 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In Chinese medicines, herbs are usually prepared before use by patients. Since the preparation procedures convert the original component into one or more products, study of the procedures is usually complex and involves several compounds. On-line coupling of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to mass spectrometry (MS) allows both the efficient separation of CE and the specific and sensitive detection of MS to be achieved. In this study, CE-MS was applied to the determination of alkaloids in Maqianzi (the seed of Strychnos pierrian) and Wutou (aconite root, Radix aconiti praeparata) during the preparation procedure. With optimal CE-MS conditions, alkaloids in both prepared and unprepared Maqianzi were determined successfully in the total ion current (TIC) mode. However, single ion monitoring (SIM) had to be applied for the separation of aconitum alkaloids and their hydrolysis products. Quantification data indicated that MS detection under SIM mode is more sensitive than UV detection. Based on the CE-MS method developed, the hydrolysis of aconitum alkaloids in water and methanol was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Tao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore
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18
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Stöckigt J, Sheludk Y, Unger M, Gerasimenko I, Warzecha H, Stöckigt D. High-performance liquid chromatographic, capillary electrophoretic and capillary electrophoretic-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric analysis of selected alkaloid groups. J Chromatogr A 2002; 967:85-113. [PMID: 12219932 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Systems for efficient separation of selected alkaloid groups by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) are described. The optimized HPLC system was applied for the separation of 23 standard indole alkaloids as well as for qualitative and quantitative analyses of crude alkaloid extracts of Rauvolfia serpentina X Rhazya stricta hybrid cell cultures. The developed conditions for CE analysis proved to be efficient for separation of mixtures of standard indole and beta-carboline alkaloids. The described buffer system is also applicable in the combination of CE with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. This analytical technique allowed the separation and identification of components of standard indole alkaloid mixture as well as crude extracts of R. serpentina roots, R. serpentina cell suspension cultures and cortex of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco. The influence of buffer composition and analyte structures on separation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Stöckigt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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19
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Simultaneous analysis of polyhydroxylated alkaloids by capillary electrophoresis using borate complexation and evaluation of sweeping technique for sensitivity improvement. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Applications of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for analysis of phytochemical substances (e.g. flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic acid, quinones and coumarins) are reviewed. For example, CE analysis of sixteen tea ingredients were achieved within 10 min with the good precision (RSDs% <1% for intra-day and 2% for inter-day) and linearity (R(2)>0.990). Quantitation of sanguinarine and chelerythrine, alkaloids from Sanguinaria canadensis L. or Macleaya cordata (Wild) Br. R. by CE showed excellent linearity (R(2)>0.998), precision (RSD%=1.8%) and detection limit (2.4-3.0 microM). Determination of antraquinone-1-sulphonate was also obtained by this technique with good linearity (R(2)>0.9999), precision (RSD%=2%) and detection limit (0.7 microg/ml). Results of CE analysis from several studies are comparable to those of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but the former is more useful for complex mixture samples where the analysis demands higher resolving power. Advantages of CE are high efficiency, low cost, short analysis time and simplicity, whereas disadvantages include low sensitivity comparing to HPLC and limitation of the preparative scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Suntornsuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Road, Rajathevee, Bangkok, Thailand.
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21
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Tsai PL, Tsai TH. HPLC DETERMINATION OF BERBERINE IN MEDICINAL HERBS AND A RELATED TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE. ANAL LETT 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120016537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Abourashed EA, Khan IA. High-performance liquid chromatography determination of hydrastine and berberine in dietary supplements containing goldenseal. J Pharm Sci 2001; 90:817-22. [PMID: 11458331 DOI: 10.1002/jps.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L., Ranunculaceae) is an ingredient of various dietary supplements intended for enhancing general body immunity. Many goldenseal products are currently available in the United States, either alone or in combination with echinacea. In most products, the content of the main active alkaloids of goldenseal, hydrastine and berberine, is not indicated on the label. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the detection and quantification of hydrastine and berberine in a number of products obtained from the United States market. The method uses a Phenomenex Luna C(18) column, a mobile phase consisting of solvent A (100 mM sodium acetate/acetic acid, pH 4.0) and solvent B (acetonitrile/methanol; 90/10, v/v). Elution was run at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, with a linear gradient of 80- 40% A in B over 20 min and ultraviolet detection at 290 nm. A wide range of content variation was observed for both alkaloids in the tested samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Abourashed
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
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Abstract
In this review, the progress in hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) since the article of Banks (Banks, J. F., Electrophoresis 1997, 18, 2255-2266) is reported. In all capillary-based electromigration techniques, such as capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), capillary isotachophoresis (CITP), capillary isoelectric focussing (CIEF), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE), as well as in the hybrid techniques capillary electrochromatography (CEC), and pressurized capillary electrochromatography (pCEC) progress has been made in experimental setups, and for many groups of analytes, such as peptides, proteins, nucleotides, saccharides, drugs and their metabolites, CE/ESI-MS has been successfully applied. Electromigration is further miniaturized. New preconcentration methods allow the investigation of compounds, which are not sensitively detected with ESI-MS. Coordination ion spray (CIS) MS is another method for sensitivity enhancement by on-line formation of charged coordination compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A von Brocke
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Germany
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Sevcík J, Vicar J, Ulrichová J, Válka I, Lemr K, Simánek V. Capillary electrophoretic determination of sanguinarine and chelerythrine in plant extracts and pharmaceutical preparations. J Chromatogr A 2000; 866:293-8. [PMID: 10670819 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis was employed to determine the principal quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids, sanguinarine and chelerythrine, in two plant extracts and one oral hygiene product. Phosphate-Tris buffer of pH 2.5 was used as a background electrolyte, limits of detection were 3 micromol/l(-1) (sanguinarine) and 2.4 micromol,l(-1) (chelerythrine) using UV detection at 270 nm. The method, which correlated well with HPLC, is suitable for serial determination of sanguinarine and chelerythrine in plant products and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sevcík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Mateus L, Cherkaoui S, Christen P, Veuthey JL. Capillary electrophoresis-diode array detection--electrospray mass spectrometry for the analysis of selected tropane alkaloids in plant extracts. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:3402-9. [PMID: 10608707 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19991101)20:17<3402::aid-elps3402>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis, coupled to UV and interfaced with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), is described for the simultaneous analysis of hyoscyamine and scopolamine. On-line UV detection occurred at 22 cm from the inlet of the capillary and ESI-MS monitoring was performed along the entire length of the capillary (85 cm). An alkaline solution of 40 mM ammonium acetate at pH 8.5 was suitable for the analysis of the alkaloids under consideration. Under the optimized conditions, including CE and ESI-MS parameters, the two alkaloids were resolved within a short time and with very high sensitivity. The differentiation of hyoscyamine and its positional isomer littorine, commonly encountered in plant material, is also presented using up-front collision-induced dissociation. Finally, the developed method was applied to the analysis of these alkaloids in Belladonna leaf extract and in Datura candida x D. aurea hairy root extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mateus
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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