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Simões A, Veiga F, Vitorino C. Question-based review for pharmaceutical development: An enhanced quality approach. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 195:114174. [PMID: 38160986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.114174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the last years, the pharmaceutical industry has faced real challenges regarding quality assurance. In this context, the establishment of more holistic approaches to the pharmaceutical development has been encouraged. The emergence of the Quality by Design (QbD) paradigm as systematic, scientific and risk-based methodology introduced a new concept of pharmaceutical quality. In essence, QbD can be interpreted as a strategy to maximize time and cost savings. An in-depth understanding of the formulation and manufacturing process is demanded to optimize the safety, efficacy and quality of a drug product at all stages of development. This innovative approach streamlines the pharmaceutical Research and Development (R&D) process, provides greater manufacturing flexibility and reduces regulatory burden. To assist in QbD implementation, International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) organized and launched QbD principles in their guidance for industry, identifying key concepts and tools to design and develop a high-quality drug product. Despite the undeniable advantages of the QbD approach, and the widespread information on QbD regulatory expectations, its full implementation in the pharmaceutical field is still limited. The present review aims to establish a crosswise overview on the current application status of QbD within the framework of the ICH guidelines (ICH Q8(R2) - Q14 and ICH Q2(R2)). Moreover, it outlines the way information gathered from the QbD methodology is being harmonized in Marketing Authorization Applications (MAAs) for European market approval. This work also highlights the challenges that hinder the deployment of the QbD strategy as a standard practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Simões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV/REQUIMTE), Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV/REQUIMTE), Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Ibrahim AE, El Gohary NA, Aboushady D, Samir L, Karim SEA, Herz M, Salman BI, Al-Harrasi A, Hanafi R, El Deeb S. Recent advances in chiral selectors immobilization and chiral mobile phase additives in liquid chromatographic enantio-separations: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464214. [PMID: 37506464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, the separation of chiral enantiomers of drugs has been gaining the interest and attention of researchers. In 1991, the first guidelines for development of chiral drugs were firstly released by the US-FDA. Since then, the development in chromatographic enantioseparation tools has been fast and variable, aiming at creating a suitable environment where the physically and chemically identical enantiomers can be separated. Among those tools, the immobilization of chiral selectors (CS) on different stationary phases and the chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA) which have been progressed and studied extensively. This review article highlights the major advances in immobilization of CS together with their different recognition mechanisms as well as CMPA as a cheaper and successful alternative for chiral stationary phases. Moreover, the role of molecular modeling tool as a pre-step in the choice of CS for evaluating possible interactions with different ligands has been pointed up. Illustrations of reported methods and updates for immobilized CS and CMPA have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42511, Egypt; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nesrine Abdelrehim El Gohary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Dina Aboushady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Liza Samir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shereen Ekram Abdel Karim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Magy Herz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Baher I Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38092, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Single isomer cyclodextrins as chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461375. [PMID: 32823120 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since decades, cyclodextrins are one of the most powerful selectors in chiral capillary electrophoresis for the enantioseparation of diverse organic compounds. This review concerns papers published over the last decade (from 2009 until nowadays), dealing with the capillary electrophoretic application of single isomer cyclodextrin derivatives in chiral separations. Following a brief overview of their synthetic approaches, the inventory of the neutral, negatively and positively charged (including both permanently ionic and pH-tunable ionizable substituents) and zwitterionic CD derivatives is presented, with insights to underlying structural aspects by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling. CE represents an ideal tool to study the weak, non-covalent supramolecular interactions. The published methods are reviewed in the light of enantioselectivity, enantiomer migration order and the fine-tuning of enantiodiscrimination by the substitution pattern of the single entity selector molecules, which is hardly possible for their randomly substituted counterparts. All the reviewed publications herein support that cyclodextrin-based chiral capillary electrophoresis seems to remain a popular choice in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.
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Servais AC, Fillet M. Enantioseparations in Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis Using Charged Cyclodextrins. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:373-381. [PMID: 31069746 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The enantioseparation of acidic and basic compounds can be successfully achieved in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) using single-isomer charged β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivatives of opposite charge to that of the analytes. This chapter describes how to separate the enantiomers of three basic substances selected as model compounds, i.e., alprenolol, bupranolol, and terbutaline, using the negatively charged heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)-β-CD (HDAS-β-CD). The enantiomers of three acidic drugs (tiaprofenic acid, suprofen, and flurbiprofen) are resolved using a monosubstituted amino β-CD derivative, namely 6-monodeoxy-6-mono(3-hydroxy)propylamino-β-CD (PA-β-CD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Servais
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CIRM, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Marianne Fillet
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CIRM, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Farcaş E, Bouckaert C, Servais AC, Hanson J, Pochet L, Fillet M. Partial filling affinity capillary electrophoresis as a useful tool for fragment-based drug discovery: A proof of concept on thrombin. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 984:211-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Landagaray E, Vaccher C, Yous S, Lipka E. Design of experiments for enantiomeric separation in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 120:297-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nowak P, Garnysz M, Mitoraj MP, Sagan F, Woźniakiewicz M, Kościelniak P. Analytical aspects of achiral and cyclodextrin-mediated capillary electrophoresis of warfarin and its two main derivatives assisted by theoretical modeling. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1377:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nowak P, Garnysz M, Woźniakiewicz M, Kościelniak P. Fast separation of warfarin and 7-hydroxywarfarin enantiomers by cyclodextrin-assisted capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2625-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Nowak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University in Kraków; Kraków Poland
| | - Magdalena Garnysz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University in Kraków; Kraków Poland
| | - Michał Woźniakiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University in Kraków; Kraków Poland
| | - Paweł Kościelniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University in Kraków; Kraków Poland
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Rogez-Florent T, Foulon C, Six P, Goossens L, Danel C, Goossens JF. Optimization of the enantioseparation of a diaryl-pyrazole sulfonamide derivative by capillary electrophoresis in a dual CD mode using experimental design. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2765-71. [PMID: 24723380 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A CE method using dual cationic and neutral cyclodextrins (CD) was optimized for the enantiomeric separation of a compound presenting a diaryl sulfonamide group. Preliminary studies were made to select the optimal CDs and pH of the BGE. Two CDs (amino-β-CD and β-CD) were selected to separate the enantiomers in a 67 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. However, the repeatability of the analyses obtained on bare-fused silica capillary was not acceptable owing to the adsorption of the amino-β-CD to the capillary. To prevent this, a dynamic coating of the capillary was used employing five layers of ionic-polymer (poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDADMAC) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). The efficiency of the coating was assessed by measuring the EOF stability. Repeatability of the injections was obtained when intermediate coating with PDADMAC was performed between each run. Secondly, this enantioseparation method was optimized using a central composite circumscribed design including three factors: amino-β-CD and β-CD concentrations and the percentage of methanol. Under the optimal conditions (i.e. 16.6 mM of amino-β-CD, 2.6 mM of β-CD, 0% MeOH in 67 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) as BGE, cathodic injection 0.5 psi, 5 s, separation voltage 15 kV and a temperature of 15°C), complete enantioresolution of the analyte was obtained. It is worth mentioning that the design of experiments (DOE) protocol employed showed a significant interaction between CDs, highlighting the utility of DOE in method development. Finally, small variations in the ionic-polymer concentrations did not significantly influence the EOF, confirming the robustness of the coating method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Rogez-Florent
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; UDSL, Analytics chemistry laboratory, Lille, France
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Fenyvesi É, Szemán J, Csabai K, Malanga M, Szente L. Methyl-Beta-Cyclodextrins: The Role of Number and Types of Substituents in Solubilizing Power. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1443-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ali I, Sanagi MM, Aboul-Enein HY. Advances in chiral separations by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:926-36. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia; (Central University) Jamia Nagar; New Delhi India
| | - Mohd Marsin Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division; National Research Centre; Dokki Cairo Egypt
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12
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Servais AC, Fillet M. Enantioseparations in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis using charged cyclodextrins. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 970:297-305. [PMID: 23283786 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-263-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The enantioseparation of acidic and basic compounds can be successfully achieved in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis using single-isomer charged β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivatives of opposite charge to that of the analytes. This chapter describes how to separate the enantiomers of three basic substances selected as model compounds, i.e., alprenolol, bupranolol, and terbutaline, using the negatively charged heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)-β-CD. The enantiomers of three acidic drugs (tiaprofenic acid, suprofen, and flurbiprofen) are resolved using a monosubstituted amino β-CD derivative, namely, 6-monodeoxy-6-mono(3-hydroxy)propylamino-β-CD.
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Dejaegher B, Vander Heyden Y. Experimental designs and their recent advances in set-up, data interpretation, and analytical applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:141-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Coupling of acetonitrile deproteinization and salting-out extraction with acetonitrile stacking in chiral capillary electrophoresis for the determination of warfarin enantiomers. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4045-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Rousseau A, Gillotin F, Chiap P, Crommen J, Fillet M, Servais AC. Association of two single-isomer anionic CD in NACE for the chiral and achiral separation of fenbendazole, its sulphoxide and sulphone metabolites: application to their determination after in vitro metabolism. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1482-7. [PMID: 20376816 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A NACE method was developed for the separation of fenbendazole (FBZ), a prochiral drug giving rise to chiral (oxfendazole or OFZ) and nonchiral (FBZ sulphone or FBZSO(2)) metabolites. First, the effect of the nature and the concentration of CD as well as that of the acidic BGE on the enantiomeric separation of OFZ were studied. OFZ enantiomers were completely resolved using a BGE made up of 10 mM ammonium formate and 0.5 M TFA in methanol containing 10 mM heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)-beta-CD and 10 mM heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-sulfo)-beta-CD. Moreover, the NACE method was found to be particularly well suited to the simultaneous determination of FBZ, OFZ enantiomers, and FBZSO(2). Thiabendazole was selected as an internal standard. The CD-NACE potential was then evaluated for in vitro metabolism studies using FBZ as a model case. The OFZ enantiomers and FBZSO(2) could be detected after incubation of FBZ in the phenobarbital-induced male rat liver microsomes systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rousseau
- Department of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Application of charged single isomer derivatives of cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis for chiral analysis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:953-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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18
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Varenne A, Descroix S. Recent strategies to improve resolution in capillary electrophoresis—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Scriba GKEV. Cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis enantioseparations--recent developments and applications. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1991-2011. [PMID: 18491357 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Capillary EKC has been established as a versatile and robust CE method for the separation of enantiomers. Within the chiral selectors added to the BGE CDs continue as the most widely used selectors due to their structural variety and commercial availability. This is reflected in the large number of practical applications of CDs to analytical enantioseparations that have been reported between January 2006 and January 2008, the period of time covered by this review. Most of these applications cover aspects of life sciences such as drug analysis, bioanalysis, environmental analysis, or food analysis. Moreover, new CD derivatives have been developed in an attempt to achieve altered enantioselectivities and to further broaden the application range. Finally, efforts will be summarized that aim at an understanding of the molecular level of the chiral recognition between CDs and the analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E V Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Chiral separation by capillary electromigration techniques. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1204:140-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Validation of a nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic method for the enantiomeric purity determination of R-flurbiprofen using a single-isomer amino cyclodextrin derivative. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1204:219-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Mol R, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Cyclodextrin-based nonaqueous electrokinetic chromatography with UV and mass spectrometric detection: Application to the impurity profiling of amiodarone. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3575-81. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Ghanem A, Aboul‐Enein MN, El‐Azzouny A, El‐Behairy MF, Al‐Humaidi E, Alaidan AA, Amin K, Al‐Ahdal MN. Direct enantioselective HPLC monitoring of lipase‐catalyzed kinetic resolution of tiaprofenic acid in nonstandard HPLC organic solvents. Chirality 2008; 20:871-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rousseau A, Pedrini M, Chiap P, Ivanyi R, Crommen J, Fillet M, Servais AC. Determination of flurbiprofen enantiomers in plasma using a single-isomer amino cyclodextrin derivative in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3641-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mol R, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Coupling of non-aqueous electrokinetic chromatography using cationic cyclodextrins with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:790-796. [PMID: 18275093 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Non-aqueous electrokinetic chromatography (NAEKC) using cationic cyclodextrins (CDs) was coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). A methanolic background electrolyte (BGE) was used which contained the hydrochloride salts of the single-isomer derivative cyclodextrins 6-monodeoxy-6-mono(2-hydroxy)propylamino-beta-cyclodextrin (IPA-beta-CD) or 6-monodeoxy-6-mono(3-hydroxy)propylamino-beta-cyclodextrin (PA-beta-CD). Applying a reversed capillary electrophoresis (CE) polarity (-30 kV), efficient separation of negatively charged compounds was achieved with plate numbers of up to 190,000. PA-beta-CD appeared to be the most suitable for the separation of various acidic drugs while also providing a high chiral selectivity. Analyte detection was achieved by ESI-MS in the negative-ion mode using a sheath-liquid interface. In order to prevent current drops caused by the cathodic electroosmotic flow, a pressure of 15 mbar was applied on the inlet vial during NAEKC/MS analysis. The effect of the cationic CDs on the MS signal intensities of acidic test drugs was thoroughly studied. When a voltage is applied across the CE capillary, the overall mobility of the cationic CDs is towards the inlet vial so that no CD molecules enter the ion source. The chloride counter ions of the CDs, which migrated towards the capillary outlet, were found to cause ionization suppression, although significant analyte signals could still be detected. Depending on the CD concentration in the BGE, limits of detection for acidic drugs were in the 50-400 ng/mL range in full-scan mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelof Mol
- Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratory, University Park, Wright State University, Fairborn, Ohio 45324-2031, USA
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