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A Pharmacokinetic Study of Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine after Oral Administration of Ojeok-San by Validated LC-MS/MS Method in Human Plasma. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226991. [PMID: 34834083 PMCID: PMC8622238 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive and reproducible liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system was developed and fully validated for the simultaneous determination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in human plasma after oral administration of the herbal prescription Ojeok-san (OJS); 2-phenylethylamine was used as the internal standard (IS). Both compounds presented a linear calibration curve (r2 ≥ 0.99) over a concentration range of 0.2–50 ng/mL. The developed method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, lower limit of quantitation, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, and stability, according to the regulatory guidelines from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. This validated method was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic assessment of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in 20 healthy Korean volunteers administered OJS.
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2
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Chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461383. [PMID: 32797856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential of Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography to achieve enantiomeric separations is reviewed in this article. The separation principles and the most frequently employed separation strategies to achieve chiral separations by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography are described. The use of chiral micellar systems alone or combined with other micellar systems or chiral selectors, as well as of mixtures of achiral micellar systems with chiral selectors is discussed together with the effect of different additives present in the separation medium. Indirect methods based on the derivatization of analytes with chiral derivatizing reagents and the use of achiral micelles are also considered. Preconcentration techniques employed to improve sensitivity and the main approaches developed to facilitate the coupling with Mass Spectrometry are included. The most recent and relevant methodologies developed by chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography and their applications in different fields are presented.
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3
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Rocco A, Donati E, Touloupakis E, Aturki Z. Miniaturized separation techniques as analytical methods to ensure quality and safety of dietary supplements. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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4
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Hyslop JS, McGettrick JR, Hall LM, Chuk H, Palmer CP. Effects of structure on the performance of latex nanoparticles as a pseudostationary phase in electrokinetic chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1000:293-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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5
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Cheng J, Chen DDY. Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry method for determining highly hydrophobic peptides. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:1216-1221. [PMID: 28990192 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (NACE-MS) method was developed to separate and determine highly hydrophobic temporin peptides. The nonaqueous background electrolyte solution was a mixture of 20% acetonitrile, 78% methanol and 2% formic acid, with 20 mM ammonium formate. The separation of six peptides was completed within 12 min. The CE system was connected to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in MRM mode using a chemical modifier solution of 2 mM ammonium formate in ethanol with the flow through microvial interface. The mass spectrometer offered a second dimension of separation for peptides having identical migration times but different structures. The new method represents the first system capable of reliably determining hydrophobic peptides without using reversed phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David D Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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6
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Lu NW, Li N, Dong YM. A Rapid Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatographic Method for Simultaneous Determination of Three Ephedrine Alkaloids in Ephedra Herb and Its Preparations. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1063509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning-wei Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Anning Branch Lanzhou General Hospital Lanzhou Command CPLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-ming Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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7
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Zhang J, Du Y, Zhang Q, Chen J, Xu G, Yu T, Hua X. Investigation of the synergistic effect with amino acid-derived chiral ionic liquids as additives for enantiomeric separation in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1316:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Dziomba S, Belka M, Kowalski P, Plenis A, Bączek T. The advances of electromigration techniques applied for alkaloid analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1312-38. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Dziomba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Piotr Kowalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
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9
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El Deeb S, Dawwas HA, Gust R. Recent methodological and instrumental development in MEKC. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1295-303. [PMID: 23417897 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The review gives an update about the methodological and instrumental developments in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography as a type of CE analytical technique. Here, the last two years development of the technique are particularly presented. Recent approaches to improve sensitivity are discussed. Newly introduced concentration techniques and experimental methods for verification of the different mechanisms and processes of micellar electrokinetic chromatography analysis are highlighted. A theoretical model to explain changes in separation and electrophoretic mobility order of fully charged analytes are demonstrated. Modern approaches for improving compatibility of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography to mass spectrometry are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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10
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He J, Shamsi SA. Application of polymeric surfactants in chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CMEKC) and CMEKC coupled to mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 970:319-348. [PMID: 23283788 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-263-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of amino acid-based polymeric surfactants (a.k.a. molecular micelles) in chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CMEKC) has been shown to be a successful separation mode for capillary electrophoresis (CE). In this mode, chiral compounds can be enantioseparated with high efficiency, high chiral selectivity, and versatility. This chapter describes the state-of-the art studies published in the past 5 years in CMEKC using polymeric surfactants. Recent trends in the compatibility of chiral polymeric surfactants with mass spectrometric (MS) detection suggest that this type of chiral selector may be the most promising ones for chiral CE-MS applications. The synthesis of new anionic and cationic MS-compatible polymeric surfactants and their utility in CMEKC and CMEKC-MS are demonstrated. Examples of how to run a typical CMEKC-MS experiment using univariate and multivariate optimization of CMEKC and MS parameters are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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11
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Cao J, Li P, Chen J, Tan T, Dai HB. Enhanced separation of Compound Xueshuantong capsule using functionalized carbon nanotubes with cationic surfactant solutions in MEEKC. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:324-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou; P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing; P. R. China
| | - Jue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing; P. R. China
| | - Ting Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing; P. R. China
| | - Han-Bin Dai
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou; P. R. China
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12
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Lomsadze K, Vega ED, Salgado A, Crego AL, Scriba GK, Marina ML, Chankvetadze B. Separation of enantiomers of norephedrine by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrins as chiral selectors: Comparative CE and NMR studies. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1637-47. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ketevan Lomsadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry; School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi; Georgia
| | - Elena Domínguez Vega
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid; Spain
| | - Antonio Salgado
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO); Madrid; Spain
| | - Antonio L. Crego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid; Spain
| | - Gerhard K.E. Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Jena; Germany
| | - Maria Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid; Spain
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry; School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi; Georgia
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13
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Stanley B, Lucy CA. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography with acid labile surfactant. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1226:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Rabanes HR, Guidote AM, Quirino JP. Capillary electrophoresis of natural products: Highlights of the last five years (2006-2010). Electrophoresis 2011; 33:180-95. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Chen XJ, Zhao J, Wang YT, Huang LQ, Li SP. CE and CEC analysis of phytochemicals in herbal medicines. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:168-79. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Pi K, Li Z, Wan D, Gao L. Cleaner production of ephedrine from Ephedra sinica Stapf by membrane separation technology. Chem Eng Res Des 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Gotti R. Capillary electrophoresis of phytochemical substances in herbal drugs and medicinal plants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:775-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Lu H, Chen G. Recent advances of enantioseparations in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2011; 3:488-508. [PMID: 32938063 DOI: 10.1039/c0ay00489h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of capillary electromigration techniques for enantioseparations from January 2006 to June 2010 is presented. The techniques include capillary electrophoresis, chip capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. The separation principles and the chiral recognition mechanisms are discussed. Additionally, on-line preconcentrations in chiral capillary electrophoresis are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Guonan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
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19
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Palmer CP, Keeffer A, Hilder EF, Haddad PR. Retention behavior and selectivity of a latex nanoparticle pseudostationary phase for electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:588-94. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Liu YM, Peng LF, Mei L, Liu LJ. Determination of diastereoisomeric alkaloids in urine by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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El Deeb S, Iriban MA, Gust R. MEKC as a powerful growing analytical technique. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:166-83. [PMID: 21171121 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the principle and the developments in MEKC in terms of separation power, sensitivity, and detection approaches more than 25 years after its appearance. Newly used surfactants are mentioned. Classical and new sample concentration techniques in MEKC are described. The different detection approaches in MEKC with advantages, limitations, and future prospects are also discussed. This review highlights the wider application of MEKC in different analytical fields. Various recent selected applications of this technique in different analytical fields are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Palmer CP, Hilder EF, Quirino JP, Haddad PR. Electrokinetic chromatography and mass spectrometric detection using latex nanoparticles as a pseudostationary phase. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4046-54. [PMID: 20402470 DOI: 10.1021/ac902922u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The utility of novel latex nanoparticles as pseudostationary phases for electrokinetic chromatography with UV and mass spectrometric detection is demonstrated. The nanoparticles are synthesized using ab initio RAFT (reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer) in emulsion polymerization, which yields small (63 nm) particles with a narrow size distribution, a hydrophobic core, and an ionic shell. The nanoparticles are shown to provide efficient and selective separations, with retention and separation selectivity dominated by hydrophobic interactions. The nanoparticles are highly retentive, such that they are effective at relatively low concentrations. Addition of the nanoparticles to the background electrolyte at these concentrations has a minor effect on the noise with UV detection, no measurable effect on the separation current, and minor effects on analyte ionization efficiency during electrospray ionization. The nanoparticles do not cause fouling or degradation of the electrospray-mass spectrometer interface even after several weeks of use. The combination of online sample preconcentration via sweeping and selective mass spectrometric detection yields low detection limits (10-16 ppb), particularly for more hydrophobic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59803, USA.
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Abstract
This review article addresses the developments and applications of capillary electromigration methods coupled on-line with MS for chiral analysis. The multiple enantiomeric applications of this hyphenated technology are covered including chiral analysis of drugs, food compounds, pesticides, natural metabolites, etc. in different matrices such as plasma, urine, medicines, foods, etc. This work intends to provide an updated overview (including works published till September 2009) on the principal chiral applications carried out by CZE-MS, CEC-MS and MEKC-MS, discussing their main advantages and drawbacks in all their different areas of application as well as their foreseeable development in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simó
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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24
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Gu C, Shamsi SA. CEC-atmospheric pressure ionization MS of pesticides using a surfactant-bound monolithic column. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1162-1174. [PMID: 20349511 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A surfactant bound poly (11-acrylaminoundecanoic acid-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic column was simply prepared by in situ co-polymerization of 11-acrylaminoundecanoic acid and ethylene dimethacrylate with 1-propanol, 1,4-butanediol and water as porogens in 100 microm id fused-silica capillary in one step. This column was used in CEC-atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI)-MS system for separation and detection of N-methylcarbamates pesticides. Numerous parameters are optimized for CEC-APPI-MS. After evaluation of the mobile phase composition, sheath liquid composition and the monolithic capillary outlet position, a fractional factorial design was selected as a screening procedure to identify factors of ionization source parameters, such as sheath liquid flow rate, drying gas flow rate, drying gas temperature, nebulizing gas pressure, vaporizer temperature and capillary voltage, which significantly influence APPI-MS sensitivity. A face-centered central composite design was further utilized to optimize the most significant parameters and predict the best sensitivity. Under optimized conditions, S/Ns around 78 were achieved for an injection of 100 ng/mL of each pesticide. Finally, this CEC-APPI-MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of nine N-methylcarbamates in spiked apple juice sample after solid phase extraction with recoveries in the range of 65-109%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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25
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Krizevski R, Bar E, Shalit O, Sitrit Y, Ben-Shabat S, Lewinsohn E. Composition and stereochemistry of ephedrine alkaloids accumulation in Ephedra sinica Stapf. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:895-903. [PMID: 20417943 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ephedra sinica Stapf (Ephedraceae) is a widely used Chinese medicinal plant (Chinese name: Ma Huang). The main active constituents of E. sinica are the unique and taxonomically restricted adrenergic agonists phenylpropylamino alkaloids, also known as ephedrine alkaloids: (1R,2S)-norephedrine (1S,2S)-norpseudoephedrine, (1R,2S)-ephedrine, (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, (1R,2S)-N-methylephedrine and (1S,2S)-N-methylpseudoephedrine. GC-MS analysis of freshly picked young E. sinica stems enabled the detection of 1-phenylpropane-1,2-dione and (S)-cathinone, the first two putative committed biosynthetic precursors to the ephedrine alkaloids. These metabolites are only present in young E. sinica stems and not in mature stems or roots. The related Ephedra foemina and Ephedra foliata also lack ephedrine alkaloids and their metabolic precursors in their aerial parts. A marked diversity in the ephedrine alkaloids content and stereochemical composition in 16 different E. sinica accessions growing under the same environmental conditions was revealed, indicating genetic control of these traits. The accessions can be classified into two groups according to the stereochemistry of the products accumulated: a group that displayed only 1R stereoisomers, and a group that displayed both 1S and 1R stereoisomers. (S)-cathinone reductase activities were detected in E. sinica stems capable of reducing (S)-cathinone to (1R,2S)-norephedrine and (1S,2S)-norpseudoephedrine in the presence of NADH. The proportion of the diastereoisomers formed varied according to the accession tested. A (1R,2S)-norephedrine N-methyltransferase capable of converting (1R,2S)-norephedrine to (1R,2S)-ephedrine in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) was also detected in E. sinica stems. Our studies further support the notion that 1-phenylpropane-1,2-dione and (S)-cathinone are biosynthetic precursors of the ephedrine alkaloids in E. sinica stems and that the activity of (S)-cathinone reductases directs and determines the stereochemical branching of the pathway. Further methylations are likely due to N-methyltransferase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raz Krizevski
- Department of Aromatic, Medicinal and Spice Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
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26
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Somsen GW, Mol R, de Jong GJ. On-line coupling of electrokinetic chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3978-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Sánchez-Hernández L, GarcÃa-Ruiz C, Luisa Marina M, Luis Crego A. Recent approaches for enhancing sensitivity in enantioseparations by CE. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:28-43. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratory University Park, Wright State University, Fairborn, Ohio 45324-2031, USA
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29
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He J, Shamsi SA. Multivariate approach for the enantioselective analysis in micellar electrokinetic chromatography-mass spectrometry. I. Simultaneous optimization of binaphthyl derivatives in negative ion mode. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:845-56. [PMID: 19110258 PMCID: PMC2861921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mixture of two molecular micelles polysodium N-undecenoxy carbonyl-L-leucinate, (poly-L-SUCL) and polysodium N-undecanoyl leucylvalinate, (poly-L-SULV) was utilized in micellar electrokinetic chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (MEKC-ESI-MS) to simultaneously separate and detect enantiomers of binaphthyl derivatives. Separation parameters such as background buffer composition, voltage, temperature, and nebulizer pressure were optimized using a multivariate central composite design (CCD). Baseline enantioseparation for both analytes was achieved. The CCD was also used in the optimization of sheath liquid and spray chamber parameters to achieve optimum ESI-MS response. The results demonstrate that CCD is a powerful tool for the optimization of MEKC-MS parameters and the response surface model analysis can provide in-depth statistical understandings of the significant factors required to achieve maximum enantioresolution and ESI-MS sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shahab A. Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Silva M. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography: Methodological and instrumental advances focused on practical aspects. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:50-64. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Palmer CP. Recent progress in the use of ionic polymers as pseudostationary phases for electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:163-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Castro-Puyana M, García-Ruiz C, Crego AL, Marina ML. Development of a CE-MS2method for the enantiomeric separation of L/D-carnitine: Application to the analysis of infant formulas. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:337-48. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Preinerstorfer B, Lämmerhofer M, Lindner W. Advances in enantioselective separations using electromigration capillary techniques. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:100-32. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Varenne A, Descroix S. Recent strategies to improve resolution in capillary electrophoresis—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chiral separation by capillary electromigration techniques. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1204:140-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Recent research and development efforts concerning polymeric pseudostationary phases (PSPs) for electrokinetic chromatography are reviewed. The introduction of new materials, characterization of structural effects on performance and selectivity, applications, and the use of polymeric PSPs with mass spectrometric detection are considered. Very interesting results concerning the effects of polymer structure have been reported. Significant developments have also been reported in the development of novel applications of polymeric PSPs, particularly for sample preconcentration using micellar affinity gradient focusing. The use of mass spectrometric detection with electrokinetic chromatography has seen significant development, and recent reports indicate that this is a robust and sensitive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Palmer
- Australian Centre for Research, on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Ward
- Millsaps College 1701 North State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210, USA.
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Amundsen LK, Kokkonen JT, Sirén H. Comparison of partial filling MEKC analyses of steroids with use of ESI-MS and UV spectrophotometry. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:803-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hou J, Zheng J, Shamsi SA. Separation and determination of warfarin enantiomers in human plasma using a novel polymeric surfactant for micellar electrokinetic chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1159:208-16. [PMID: 17499757 PMCID: PMC2748864 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Warfarin is a widely used oral anticoagulant which is mostly administrated as a racemic mixture containing equal amount of R- and S-enantiomers. The two enantiomers are shown to exhibit significant differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. In this study, a new chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography-mass spectrometry (MEKC-MS) method has been developed using a polymeric chiral surfactant, polysodium N-undecenoyl-L,L-leucyl-valinate (poly-L,L-SULV), as a pseudostationary phase for the chiral separation of (+/-)-warfarin (WAR) and (+/-)-coumachlor (COU, internal standard). Under optimum MEKC-MS conditions, the enantio-separation of both (+/-)-WAR and (+/-)-COU was achieved within 23 min. Calibration curves were linear (R=0.995 for (R)-WAR and R=0.989 for (S)-WAR) over the concentration range 0.25-5.0 microg/mL. The MS detection was found to be superior over the commonly used UV detection in terms of selectivity and sensitivity with LOD as low as 0.1 microg/mL in human plasma. The method was successfully applied to determine WAR enantiomeric ratio in patients' plasma undergoing warfarin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shahab A. Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
- Corresponding Author: Professor Shahab A. Shamsi, Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA, Phone: 404-651-1297; Fax: 404-651-2751,
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