1
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Dos-Reis-Delgado AA, Carmona-Dominguez A, Sosa-Avalos G, Jimenez-Saaib IH, Villegas-Cantu KE, Gallo-Villanueva RC, Perez-Gonzalez VH. Recent advances and challenges in temperature monitoring and control in microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:268-297. [PMID: 36205631 PMCID: PMC10092670 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is a critical-yet sometimes overlooked-parameter in microfluidics. Microfluidic devices can experience heating inside their channels during operation due to underlying physicochemical phenomena occurring therein. Such heating, whether required or not, must be monitored to ensure adequate device operation. Therefore, different techniques have been developed to measure and control temperature in microfluidic devices. In this contribution, the operating principles and applications of these techniques are reviewed. Temperature-monitoring instruments revised herein include thermocouples, thermistors, and custom-built temperature sensors. Of these, thermocouples exhibit the widest operating range; thermistors feature the highest accuracy; and custom-built temperature sensors demonstrate the best transduction. On the other hand, temperature control methods can be classified as external- or integrated-methods. Within the external methods, microheaters are shown to be the most adequate when working with biological samples, whereas Peltier elements are most useful in applications that require the development of temperature gradients. In contrast, integrated methods are based on chemical and physical properties, structural arrangements, which are characterized by their low fabrication cost and a wide range of applications. The potential integration of these platforms with the Internet of Things technology is discussed as a potential new trend in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerardo Sosa-Avalos
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo, León, Mexico
| | - Ivan H Jimenez-Saaib
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo, León, Mexico
| | - Karen E Villegas-Cantu
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo, León, Mexico
| | | | - Víctor H Perez-Gonzalez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo, León, Mexico
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2
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Vortex of Viscoelastic Fluid Electroosmotic Flow at the Micro-nanochannel Interface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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3
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Sun W, Yang D, Luo N, Li H, Wang D. Influence of surface functionalization on the contact electrification of fabrics. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02833f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel self-powered fabric composition detection system has been developed from F-TENGs modified by different functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiang Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Di Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Qingdao Center of Resource Chemistry and New Materials, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ning Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Qingdao Center of Resource Chemistry and New Materials, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Daoai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Qingdao Center of Resource Chemistry and New Materials, Qingdao 266100, China
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4
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Yang M, Gao Y, Liu Y, Yang G, Zhao CX, Wu KJ. Integration of microfluidic systems with external fields for multiphase process intensification. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Liu W, Tao Y, Ge Z, Zhou J, Xu R, Ren Y. Pumping of electrolyte with mobile liquid metal droplets driven by continuous electrowetting: A full-scaled simulation study considering surface-coupled electrocapillary two-phase flow. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:950-966. [PMID: 33119900 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With the excellent merits of both solid conductors and rheological fluids, liquid metal (LM) provides new opportunities to serve as flexible building blocks of miniaturized electronic and fluidic devices. The phenomenon of continuous electrowetting (CEW) has been long utilized for actuating LM contents in buffer medium, wherein an externally imposed voltage difference is responsible of manipulating the interfacial tension of deformable LM droplets. CEW effectively lowers the surface tension at the LM/electrolyte interface by driving bipolar counterions to the surface of conducting droplet. Since surface tension coefficient relies sensitively on the local voltage drop across the induced double layer, an electric-analogy Marangoni effect occurs even under a rather weak electric field in the presence of a surface gradient of the interfacial tension. CEW of LM routinely induces unidirectional pumping of electrolyte in the direction of applied electric field, with LM droplet translating oppositely within the device channel. Although this subject has received great attention from the microfluidic society in the past decade, previous reports concerned either the individual delivery of the suspension medium or the transport of LM droplet. Starting from this point, we offer herein a fully coupled physical description of two-phase flow dynamics occurring in CEW. The proposed simulation model successfully incorporates the synergy of the interfacial electrokinetic momentum transfer, surface tension on a curved surface, contact angle at the three-phase contact line as well as the gravity force density. The spatial-temporal motion of the contact interface is traced instantly with a moving mesh approach. By direct numerical simulation, the importance of the direct-current bias, additional alternating-current forcing, droplet size, initial ion adsorption in the process of CEW is addressed. Additionally, it is discovered that increasing the number of LM droplet is more cost-effective than enhancing the volume of a single drop in terms of achieving an improvement of the resulted electrocapillary pump performance, while the translational speed of the discrete droplet carrier does not make an observable change in response to a variation in the drop number. These results prove invaluable in terms of an elaborate design of smart on-chip electrokinetic frameworks embedding flexible LM contents in modern micro-total-analytical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an, 710064, P. R. China
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyou Ge
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Ruibo Xu
- College of Art, Heilongjiang University, No. 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-Zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P. R. China
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6
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Ding G, Wang J, Wang L, Zou J, Tian P, Zhang Y, Pan X, Li D. Quantitative viability detection for a single microalgae cell by two-level photoexcitation. Analyst 2020; 145:3931-3938. [PMID: 32314762 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00450b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for quantitative detection of the viability of a single microalgae cell by two-level photoexcitation is proposed in this paper. This method overcomes the difficulty of traditional methods in determining the cell viability by a fixed standard under a single photoexcitation. It is experimentally confirmed that this method is not limited by the species, morphology, size and structure of microalgae cells. An evaluation criterion of universal applicability is presented for the assessment of cell viability based on the large amount of experimental data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the relative fluorescence yield ratio Fr has been used to characterize the viability of single microalgae cells during cell migration. By using the relative fluorescence yield ratio, this method does not require the intensity of the excitation light to be very low for the assessment of the fluorescence yield of a dark-adapted microalgae cell, nor to be very strong to reach the saturated light level to assess the maximum fluorescence yield. Therefore, this method greatly reduces the technical difficulties of developing a sensor device. Well balanced portability, accuracy and universal applicability make it suitable for on-site real-time detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gege Ding
- Center of Microfluidic Optoelectronic Sensing, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
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7
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Frey C, Göpfrich K, Pashapour S, Platzman I, Spatz JP. Electrocoalescence of Water-in-Oil Droplets with a Continuous Aqueous Phase: Implementation of Controlled Content Release. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7529-7536. [PMID: 32280896 PMCID: PMC7144163 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidics have emerged as an important tool for diverse biomedical and biological applications including, but not limited to, drug screening, cellular analysis, and bottom-up synthetic biology. Each microfluidic water-in-oil droplet contains a well-defined biocontent that, following its manipulation/maturation, has to be released into a physiological environment toward possible end-user investigations. Despite the progress made in recent years, considerable challenges still loom at achieving a precise control over the content release with sufficient speed and sensitivity. Here, we present a quantitative study in which we compare the effectiveness and biocompatibility of chemical and physical microfluidic release methods. We show the advantages of electrocoalescence of water-in-oil droplets in terms of high-throughput release applications. Moreover, we apply programmable DNA nanotechnology to achieve a segregation of the biochemical content within the droplets for the controlled filtration of the encapsulated materials. We envision that the developed bifunctional microfluidic approach, capable of content segregation and selective release, will expand the microfluidic toolbox for cell biology, synthetic biology, and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Frey
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Göpfrich
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Biophysical
Engineering of Life Group, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sadaf Pashapour
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max
Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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A tool for designing tree-like concentration gradient generators for lab-on-a-chip applications. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Zhang K, Ren Y, Tao Y, Deng X, Liu W, Jiang T, Jiang H. Efficient particle and droplet manipulation utilizing the combined thermal buoyancy convection and temperature-enhanced rotating induced-charge electroosmotic flow. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1096:108-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Liu W, Ren Y, Xue R, Song C, Wu Q. On ion transport regulation with field‐effect nonlinear electroosmosis control in microfluidics embedding an ion‐selective medium. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:778-792. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control EngineeringChang'an University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin P. R. China
| | - Rui Xue
- School of Mechatronics EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Song
- School of Mechatronics EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin P. R. China
| | - Qisheng Wu
- School of Electronics and Control EngineeringChang'an University Xi'an P. R. China
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11
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Chen Q, Cao Z, Yuan YJ. Study on non-bioparticles and Staphylococcus aureus by dielectrophoresis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:2598-2614. [PMID: 35496126 PMCID: PMC9048846 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05886a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This article demonstrated a chip device with alternating current (AC) dielectrophoresis (DEP) for separation of non-biological micro-particle and bacteria mixtures. The DEP separation was achieved by a pair of metal electrodes with the shape of radal-interdigital to generate a localized non-uniform AC electric field. The electric field and DEP force were firstly investigated by finite element methods (FEM). The mixed microparticles such as different scaled polystyrene (PS) beads, PS beads with inorganic micro-particles (e.g., ZnO and silica beads) and non-bioparticles with bacterial Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were successfully separated at DEP-on-a-chip by an AC electric field of 20 kHz, 10 kHz and 1 MHz, respectively. The results indicated that DEP trapping can be considered as a potential candidate method for investigating the separation of biological mixtures, and may well prove to have a great impact on in situ monitoring of environmental and/or biological samples by DEP-on-a-chip. This article demonstrated a chip device with alternating current (AC) dielectrophoresis (DEP) for separation of non-biological micro-particle and bacteria mixtures.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoying Chen
- Laboratory of Biosensing and MicroMechatronics
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Zhongqing Cao
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yong J. Yuan
- Laboratory of Biosensing and MicroMechatronics
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
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12
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Discharging behavior of confined bipolar electrodes: Coupled electrokinetic and electrochemical dynamics. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Park S, Yossifon G. Electrothermal Active Control of Preconcentrated Biomolecule Plugs. Anal Chem 2019; 92:2476-2482. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinwook Park
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel
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14
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Li L, Wang H, Huang L, Michael SA, Huang W, Wu H. A Controllable, Centrifugal-Based Hydrodynamic Microfluidic Chip for Cell-Pairing and Studying Long-Term Communications between Single Cells. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15908-15914. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water
Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huirong Wang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water
Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sean Alan Michael
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water
Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongkai Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water
Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Perera A, Pudasaini S, Ahmed SSU, Phan D, Liu Y, Yang C. Rapid pre‐concentration of
Escherichia coli
in a microfluidic paper‐based device using ion concentration polarization. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:867-874. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.T.K. Perera
- Interdisciplinary Graduate ProgrammeNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Sanam Pudasaini
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | | | - Dinh‐Tuan Phan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore
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16
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Highly Sensitive Micropatterned Interdigitated Electrodes for Enhancing the Concentration Effect Based on Dielectrophoresis. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19194152. [PMID: 31557904 PMCID: PMC6806168 DOI: 10.3390/s19194152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The concentration effect of dielectrophoresis (DEP) enables detection of biomolecules with high sensitivity. In this study, microstructures were patterned between the interdigitated microelectrodes (IMEs) to increase the concentration effect of DEP. The microstructures increased the electric field gradient (∇|E2|) between the IMEs to approximately 6.61-fold higher than in the bare IMEs with a gap of 10 μm, resulting in a decreased optimal voltage to concentrate amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42, from 0.8 Vpp to 0.5 Vpp) and tau-441 (from 0.9 Vpp to 0.6 Vpp) between the IMEs. Due to the concentration effect of DEP, the impedance change in the optimal condition was higher than the values in the reference condition at 2.64-fold in Aβ42 detection and at 1.59-fold in tau-441 detection. This concentration effect of DEP was also verified by counting the number of gold (Au) particles which conjugated with the secondary antibody. Finally, an enhanced concentration effect in the patterned IMEs was verified by measuring the impedance change depending on the concentration of Aβ42 and tau-441. Our results suggest that microstructures increase the concentration effect of DEP, leading to enhanced sensitivity of the IMEs.
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17
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Koklu A, El Helou A, Raad PE, Beskok A. Characterization of Temperature Rise in Alternating Current Electrothermal Flow Using Thermoreflectance Method. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12492-12500. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
| | - Assaad El Helou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
| | - Peter E. Raad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
| | - Ali Beskok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
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18
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Feng X, Ren Y, Hou L, Tao Y, Jiang T, Li W, Jiang H. Tri-fluid mixing in a microchannel for nanoparticle synthesis. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2936-2946. [PMID: 31380864 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00425d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming more difficult to use bulk mixing and bi-fluid micromixing in multi-step continuous-flow reactions, multicomponent reactions, and nanoparticle synthesis because they typically involve multiple reactants. To date, most micromixing studies, both passive and active, have focused on how to efficiently mix two fluids, while micromixing of three or more fluids together (multi-fluid mixing) has been rarely explored. This study is the first on tri-fluid mixing in microchannels. We investigated tri-fluid mixing in three microchannel models: a straight channel, a classical staggered herringbone mixing (SHM) channel, and a three-dimensional (3D) X-crossing microchannel. Numerical simulations and experiments were jointly conducted. A two-step experimental process was performed to determine the tri-fluid mixing efficiencies of these microchannels. We found that the SHM cannot significantly enhance mixing of three streams especially for a Reynolds number (Re) higher than 10. However, the 3D X-crossing channel based on splitting-and-recombination (SAR) showed effective tri-mixing performance over a wide Re range up to 275 (with a corresponding flow rate of 1972.5 μL min-1), thereby enabling high microchannel throughput. Furthermore, this tri-fluid micromixing process was used to synthesize a kind of Si-based nanoparticle. This achieved a narrower particle size distribution than traditional bulk mixing. Therefore, SAR-based tri-fluid mixing is an alternative for chemical and biochemical reactions where three reactants need to be mixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsong Feng
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, P. R. China.
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, P. R. China. and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Physics, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, USA
| | - Likai Hou
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, P. R. China.
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, P. R. China. and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Physics, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, USA
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, P. R. China.
| | - Wenying Li
- Research Center of Applied Solid State Chemistry, Chemistry Institute for Synthesis and Green Application, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
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