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Malacarne IT, Alpire MES, Malinverni ACDM, Ribeiro DA. The use of micronucleus assay in oral mucosa cells as a suitable biomarker in children exposed to environmental mutagens: theoretical concepts, guidelines and future directions. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 39:191-197. [PMID: 36367315 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the micronucleus assay has been recognized as a suitable biomarker for monitoring populations exposed to many different occupational factors, lifestyle, environmental conditions, radiation exposure, and deleterious effects of pesticides. The objective of this work is to direct the design of future field studies in the assessment of the risk of children exposed to environmental mutagens, radiation, and pesticides. This review sought available information on the analysis of micronuclei in oral cells in children. A literature search for papers investigating DNA damage, genetic damage, oral cells, buccal cells, genotoxicity, mutagenicity and micronucleus was begun in 2000 and is scheduled to be concluded in May, 2022. Briefly, a search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar for a variety of articles was performed. The results showed that there are still few studies that addressed micronuclei of oral cells in children exposed to the most diverse environmental conditions. Only environmental pollution was associated with damage to the genome of oral cells in children. Therefore, researchers need to be calibrated in cell analysis, standardization of field study protocols and the development of new research in the evaluation of children using the micronucleus test as a tool in child biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingra Tais Malacarne
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Esther Suarez Alpire
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
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Arnaoutoglou C, Keivanidou A, Dragoutsos G, Tentas I, Meditskou S, Zarogoulidis P, Matthaios D, Sardeli C, Ioannidis A, Perdikouri EI, Giannopoulos A. Factors Affecting the Nuclei in Newborn and Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074226. [PMID: 35409906 PMCID: PMC8998771 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is known that children are more sensitive to the effects of medical treatments and environment than adults. Today there is limited information regarding the differences in genotoxic effects in children. The micronucleus assay is a method that is used to monitor genotoxicity, and it was validated several years before. Today there is international interest for exfoliated buccal cells. Most of the micronuclei studies in children have been performed with the analyses of lymphocytes. However, there is vast interest in using exfoliated cells from the oral cavity. The reason is that other type of cells are acquired non-invasively, this is an important issue in paediatric cohorts. Unfortunately a limitation of measuring micronuclei frequency is that it has been observed to be low in newborns and on the other hand there are a large number of patients and cell sample counts. It has been observed that radiation exposure and environmental pollutants increase the micronuclei frequency in newborn and children. Regarding the medical treatments, there is little data and several studies are needed to optimise the doses. There is the need to observe if there is a relationship between micronuclei in lymphocytes and exfoliated cells and to identify the baseline of the micronuclei levels. Moreover, we evaluate the changes in response to the toxic agents. Prospective cohorts studies will clarify the predictive value of micronuclei for cancer and chronic diseases for both children and adults. Novel molecular technologies will assist in the elucidation of different biological pathways and molecular mechanisms connected with the micronulcei levels in newborn and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Arnaoutoglou
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Anastasia Keivanidou
- Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA General Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Georgios Dragoutsos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 69132 Komotini, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Tentas
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, General Hospital of Giannitsa, 58100 Giannitsa, Greece;
| | - Soultana Meditskou
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department, General Clinic Euromedica, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Chrysanthi Sardeli
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Aris Ioannidis
- Department of Surgery, “Genesis” Private Clinic, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | | - Andreas Giannopoulos
- Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA General Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.K.); (A.G.)
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Sánchez-Alarcón J, Milić M, Bustamante-Montes LP, Isaac-Olivé K, Valencia-Quintana R, Ramírez-Durán N. Genotoxicity of Mercury and Its Derivatives Demonstrated In Vitro and In Vivo in Human Populations Studies. Systematic Review. TOXICS 2021; 9:326. [PMID: 34941760 PMCID: PMC8704886 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Beside partial coverage in three reviews so far (1994, 2009, 2019), there is no review on genotoxic studies dealing with mercury (Hg) and human exposure using the most usual genotoxic assays: sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), chromosomal aberrations (CA), cytochalasin B blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN), and single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE or alkaline comet assay). Fifty years from the first Hg genotoxicity study and with the Minamata Convention in force, the genotoxic potential of Hg and its derivatives is still controversial. Considering these antecedents, we present this first systematic literature overview of genotoxic studies dealing with Hg and human exposure that used the standard genotoxic assays. To date, there is not sufficient evidence for Hg human carcinogen classification, so the new data collections can be of great help. A review was made of the studies available (those published before the end of October 2021 on PubMed or Web of Science in English or Spanish language) in the scientific literature dealing with genotoxic assays and human sample exposure ex vivo, in vivo, and in vitro. Results from a total of 66 articles selected are presented. Organic (o)Hg compounds were more toxic than inorganic and/or elemental ones, without ruling out that all represent a risk. The most studied inorganic (i)Hg compounds in populations exposed accidentally, occupationally, or iatrogenically, and/or in human cells, were Hg chloride and Hg nitrate and of the organic compounds, were methylmercury, thimerosal, methylmercury chloride, phenylmercuric acetate, and methylmercury hydroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Sánchez-Alarcón
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50180, Estado de México, Mexico;
- Cuerpo Académico Ambiente y Genética UATLX-CA-223, Laboratorio “Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini” de Toxicología Genómica y Química Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Santa María Acuitlapilco 90120, Tlaxcala, Mexico;
| | - Mirta Milić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; or
| | | | - Keila Isaac-Olivé
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50180, Estado de México, Mexico;
| | - Rafael Valencia-Quintana
- Cuerpo Académico Ambiente y Genética UATLX-CA-223, Laboratorio “Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini” de Toxicología Genómica y Química Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Santa María Acuitlapilco 90120, Tlaxcala, Mexico;
| | - Ninfa Ramírez-Durán
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50180, Estado de México, Mexico;
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Martínez-Valenzuela C, Huichapan J, Ortega LD, Irineo AB, Zenteno E, Ruiz-Ramos R. Nuclear abnormalities in umbilical cord blood lymphocytes of newborns from the Ahome and Guasave municipalities in Sinaloa, Mexico. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020; 47:968-977. [PMID: 33372370 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM We measured the frequency of nuclear abnormalities of 210 blood samples from the umbilical cord, since human fetuses are exposed to environmental mixtures of pesticides that induce DNA damage. METHODS The determinations were made through the micronucleus assay test in lymphocytes from the umbilical cord blood of newborns whose mothers live in Ahome (n = 105) and Guasave (n = 105), Sinaloa, Mexico. RESULTS The average frequency of anomalies in 1000 cells were, respectively: micronucleus 0.4 vs. 2.9, pyknotic cells 18.3 vs. 109.2, chromatin condensation 7.7 vs. 150.1, karyolitic cells 1.8 vs. 24.4, and binucleated cells 4.9 vs. 74.6. The calculated Pearson correlation factors of nuclear abnormality frequencies between both municipalities were low and negative, suggesting that they did not correlate between the Ahome and Guasave newborns and indicating a higher number of mothers exposed in Guasave. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that monitoring nuclear abnormalities in umbilical cord blood samples could be a useful tool to identify transplacental mutagens perfusion that is being discharged into the local environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez-Valenzuela
- Institute for Research in Environment and Health, Autonomous University of Occident, Bulevar Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - José Huichapan
- Institute for Research in Environment and Health, Autonomous University of Occident, Bulevar Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Luis Daniel Ortega
- Department of Biological Sciences, Popular Autonomous University of the State of Puebla, 13 Poniente 1927 Colonia Barrio de Santiago, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ana Bertha Irineo
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Occident, Bulevar Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México City, Mexico
| | - Rubén Ruiz-Ramos
- Faculty of Medicine, Veracruz University, Agustín de Iturbide S/N, Zona Centro, Veracruz, Mexico
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Maternal diet during pregnancy and micronuclei frequency in peripheral blood T lymphocytes in mothers and newborns (Rhea cohort, Crete). Eur J Nutr 2016; 57:209-218. [PMID: 27655526 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study assessed whether diet and adherence to cancer prevention guidelines during pregnancy were associated with micronucleus (MN) frequency in mothers and newborns. MN is biomarkers of early genetic effects that have been associated with cancer risk in adults. METHODS A total of 188 mothers and 200 newborns from the Rhea cohort (Greece) were included in the study. At early-mid pregnancy, we conducted personal interviews and a validated food frequency questionnaire was completed. With this information, we constructed a score reflecting adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research cancer prevention guidelines on diet, physical activity and body fatness. At delivery, maternal and/or cord blood was collected to measure DNA and hemoglobin adducts of dietary origin and frequencies of MN in binucleated and mononucleated T lymphocytes (MNBN and MNMONO). RESULTS In mothers, higher levels of red meat consumption were associated with increased MNBN frequency [2nd tertile IRR = 1.34 (1.00, 1.80), 3rd tertile IRR = 1.33 (0.96, 1.85)] and MNMONO frequency [2nd tertile IRR = 1.53 (0.84, 2.77), 3rd tertile IRR = 2.69 (1.44, 5.05)]. The opposite trend was observed for MNBN in newborns [2nd tertile IRR = 0.64 (0.44, 0.94), 3rd tertile IRR = 0.68 (0.46, 1.01)], and no association was observed with MNMONO. Increased MN frequency in pregnant women with high red meat consumption is consistent with previous knowledge. CONCLUSIONS Our results also suggest exposure to genotoxics during pregnancy might affect differently mothers and newborns. The predictive value of MN as biomarker for childhood cancer, rather than adulthood, remains unclear. With few exceptions, the association between maternal carcinogenic exposures during pregnancy and childhood cancer or early biologic effect biomarkers remains poorly understood.
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Holland N, Fucic A, Merlo DF, Sram R, Kirsch-Volders M. Micronuclei in neonates and children: effects of environmental, genetic, demographic and disease variables. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:51-6. [PMID: 21164182 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Children may be more susceptible to the effects of the environmental exposure and medical treatments than adults; however, limited information is available about the differences in genotoxic effects in children by age, sex and health status. Micronucleus (MN) assay is a well established method of monitoring genotoxicity, and this approach is thoroughly validated for adult lymphocytes by the Human Micronucleus Biomonitoring project (HUMN.org). Similar international undertaking is in progress for exfoliated buccal cells. Most of the MN studies in children are focused on analyses of lymphocytes but in the recent years, more investigators are interested in using exfoliated cells from the oral cavity and other cell types that can be collected non-invasively, which is particularly important in paediatric cohorts. The baseline MN frequency is relatively low in newborns and its assessment requires large cohorts and cell sample counts. Available results are mostly consistent in conclusion that environmental pollutants and radiation exposures lead to the increase in the MN frequency in children. Effects of medical treatments are less clear, and more studies are needed to optimise the doses and minimise genotoxicity without compromising therapy outcomes. Despite the recent progress in MN assay in children, more studies are warranted to establish the relationship between MN in lymphocytes and exfoliated cells, to clarify sex, age and genotype differences in baseline MN levels and the changes in response to genotoxicants. One of the most important types of MN studies in children are prospective cohorts that will help to clarify the predictive value of MN and other cytome end points for cancer and other chronic diseases of childhood and adulthood. Emerging 'omic' and other novel molecular technologies may shed light on the molecular mechanisms and biological pathways associated with the MN levels in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Holland
- School of Public Health, 733 University Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA.
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