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Katsiadaki I, Ellis T, Andersen L, Antczak P, Blaker E, Burden N, Fisher T, Green C, Labram B, Pearson A, Petersen K, Pickford D, Ramsden C, Rønneseth A, Ryder K, Sacker D, Stevens C, Watanabe H, Yamamoto H, Sewell F, Hawkins P, Rufli H, Handy RD, Maynard SK, Jacobs MN. Dying for change: A roadmap to refine the fish acute toxicity test after 40 years of applying a lethal endpoint. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 223:112585. [PMID: 34365212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The fish acute toxicity test (TG203; OECD, 2019) is frequently used and highly embedded in hazard and risk assessment globally. The test estimates the concentration of a chemical that kills 50% of the fish (LC50) over a 96 h exposure and is considered one of the most severe scientific procedures undertaken. Over the years, discussions at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have resulted in changes to the test which reduce the number of fish used, as well as the development of a (potential) replacement test (TG236, OECD, 2013). However, refinement of the mortality endpoint with an earlier (moribundity) endpoint was not considered feasible during the Test Guideline's (TG) last update in 2019. Several stakeholders met at a UK-based workshop to discuss how TG203 can be refined, and identified two key opportunities to reduce fish suffering: (1) application of clinical signs that predict mortality and (2) shortening the test duration. However, several aspects need to be addressed before these refinements can be adopted. TG203 has required recording of major categories of sublethal clinical signs since its conception, with the option to record more detailed signs introduced in the 2019 update. However, in the absence of guidance, differences in identification, recording and reporting of clinical signs between technicians and laboratories is likely to have generated piecemeal data of varying quality. Harmonisation of reporting templates, and training in clinical sign recognition and recording are needed to standardise clinical sign data. This is critical to enable robust data-driven detection of clinical signs that predict mortality. Discussions suggested that the 96 h duration of TG203 cannot stand up to scientific scrutiny. Feedback and data from UK contract research organisations (CROs) conducting the test were that a substantial proportion of mortalities occur in the first 24 h. Refinement of TG203 by shortening the test duration would reduce suffering (and test failure rate) but requires a mechanism to correct new results to previous 96 h LC50 data. The actions needed to implement both refinement opportunities are summarised here within a roadmap. A shift in regulatory assessment, where the 96 h LC50 is a familiar base for decisions, will also be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack road, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Tim Ellis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack road, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | | | - Philipp Antczak
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ellen Blaker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack road, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Natalie Burden
- NC3Rs, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Tom Fisher
- Chemical Regulation Division, Mallard House, 3 Peasholme Green, York YO1 7PX, UK
| | | | | | - Audrey Pearson
- Environment Agency, Chemical Assessment Unit, Red Kite House, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BD, UK
| | | | - Dan Pickford
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Station, Bracknell RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Chris Ramsden
- AgroChemex Environmental, Aldhams Research Farm, Dead Lane, Lawford, Manningtree, Essex CO11 2NF, UK
| | - Anita Rønneseth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kathy Ryder
- Northern Ireland Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (ASPA) Inspectorate, Room C4.3, Castle Buildings, Stormont Estate, Belfast BT4 3SQ, UK
| | - Dominic Sacker
- Covance CRS Research Limited, Shardlow Business Park, London Road, Shardlow DE72 2GD, UK
| | | | - Haruna Watanabe
- National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba-City, Ibaraki 305-8506 Japan
| | | | | | - Penny Hawkins
- Animals in Science Department, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Wilberforce Way, Southwater, Horsham, West Sussex RH13 9RS, UK
| | - Hans Rufli
- ecotoxsolutions, Unterer Rheinweg 114, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard D Handy
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Samuel K Maynard
- AstraZeneca, Global Sustainability, Eastbrook House, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8DU, UK
| | - Miriam N Jacobs
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental, Hazards Public Health England, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK
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Jose J, Sandra Pinto J, Kotian B, Mathew Thomas A, Narayana Charyulu R. Comparison of the regulatory outline of ecopharmacovigilance of pharmaceuticals in Europe, USA, Japan and Australia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:134815. [PMID: 31887508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are known to improve the quality of life by curing and preventing diseases. However, these pharmaceutical products, when it diffuses through the environment by various routes, can cause severe harmful effects to the living organisms. During the last several years, the coping with the impact of pharmaceuticals on the environment was one of the challenging tasks for the pharmaceutical industries. These concerns about the environmental health and safety risks paved the way in developing a proper regulatory framework for environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical products. In the US, EU, and Canada, most improvements have been made in the regulation of Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) for pharmaceuticals. Many countries and organizations like the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), had adapted these ERA procedures to fulfil the purpose. At present, there are no specific guidelines for ERA of pharmaceuticals in Japan, Australia and many other countries. Nevertheless, it is expected that they will have strict regulations and legal requirements in the future. The purpose of this study is to understand and compare the ERA regulation in Europe, USA, Japan and Australia. In this review, we have summarized the knowledge on ERA of pharmaceuticals and its consequences on the environment. It is therefore necessary to establish an eco-pharmacovigilance system for monitoring and collection of data, which would eradicate the risk of pharmaceuticals entering into the surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Jose
- Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NITTE Deemed to be University, Paneer, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Jean Sandra Pinto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NITTE Deemed to be University, Paneer, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhashini Kotian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NITTE Deemed to be University, Paneer, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Aaron Mathew Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NITTE Deemed to be University, Paneer, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - R Narayana Charyulu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NITTE Deemed to be University, Paneer, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
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Edwards PJ, Leopold A, Beavers JB, Springer TA, Chapman P, Maynard SK, Hubbard P. More for less: Analysis of the performance of avian acute oral guideline OECD 223 from empirical data. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:906-914. [PMID: 28316137 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the publication of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) avian acute oral guideline, OECD 223, empirical data have become available to compare the performance of OECD 223 with statistical simulations used to validate this guideline and with empirical data for US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (USEPA OCSPP) guideline OCSPP 850.2100. Empirical studies comprised 244 for Northern bobwhite, of which 73 were dose-response tests and 171 were limit tests. Of the dose-response tests, 26 were conducted to OECD 223 (using 3-4 stages) and 33 to OCSPP 850.2100 (using the single 50-bird design). Data were collected from 5 avian testing laboratories from studies performed between 2006 and 2013. The success with which the LD50 and slope could be determined was 100% and 96% for OECD 223 (mean 26 birds per test) and 100% and 51% for OCSPP 850.2100 (mean 50 birds per test). This was consistent with the statistical simulations. Control mortality across all species and designs amounted to 0.26% (n = 2655) with only single mortalities occurring in any 1 study and <1% for any 1 species. The simulations used to validate the OECD 223 design showed that control mortality up to 1% will have no observable impact on the performance. The distribution of time to death for Northern bobwhite, zebra finch, and canary were obtained from 90, 29, and 17 studies, and mortalities appeared within 3 d for 71%, 95%, and 91% of birds tested, respectively. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:906-914. © 2017 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Edwards
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Annegaaike Leopold
- Wildlife International, EAG, Easton, Maryland, USA
- Present address: Calidris Environment BV, Warnsveld, The Netherlands
| | - Joann B Beavers
- Wildlife International, EAG, Easton, Maryland, USA
- Present address: Private address
| | | | - Peter Chapman
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
- Present address: Private address
| | - Samuel K Maynard
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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Lillicrap A, Belanger S, Burden N, Pasquier DD, Embry MR, Halder M, Lampi MA, Lee L, Norberg-King T, Rattner BA, Schirmer K, Thomas P. Alternative approaches to vertebrate ecotoxicity tests in the 21st century: A review of developments over the last 2 decades and current status. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2637-2646. [PMID: 27779828 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The need for alternative approaches to the use of vertebrate animals for hazard assessment of chemicals and pollutants has become of increasing importance. It is now the first consideration when initiating a vertebrate ecotoxicity test, to ensure that unnecessary use of vertebrate organisms is minimized wherever possible. For some regulatory purposes, the use of vertebrate organisms for environmental risk assessments has been banned; in other situations, the number of organisms tested has been dramatically reduced or the severity of the procedure refined. However, there is still a long way to go to achieve a complete replacement of vertebrate organisms to generate environmental hazard data. The development of animal alternatives is based not just on ethical considerations but also on reducing the cost of performing vertebrate ecotoxicity tests and in some cases on providing better information aimed at improving environmental risk assessments. The present Focus article provides an overview of the considerable advances that have been made toward alternative approaches for ecotoxicity assessments over the last few decades. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2637-2646. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lillicrap
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
| | - Scott Belanger
- Environmental Safety and Sustainability, Global Product Stewardship, Procter & Gamble, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - Natalie Burden
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michelle R Embry
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Mark A Lampi
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lucy Lee
- Faculty of Science, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Teresa Norberg-King
- National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Mid-Continent Ecology Division-Duluth, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Barnett A Rattner
- Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, US Geological Survey, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag-Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPF Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Thomas
- Consultancy for Environmental & Human Toxicology & Risk Assessment (Lyon Agency), L'Isle d'Abeau, France
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Basant N, Gupta S, Singh KP. Predicting Toxicities of Diverse Chemical Pesticides in Multiple Avian Species Using Tree-Based QSAR Approaches for Regulatory Purposes. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:1337-48. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Basant
- Kan Ban Systems
Pvt. Ltd., Laxmi Nagar, Delhi 110092, India
| | - Shikha Gupta
- Environmental
Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001, India
| | - Kunwar P. Singh
- Environmental
Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001, India
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