1
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Franco ME, Schönenberger R, Hollender J, Schirmer K. Organ-specific biotransformation in salmonids: Insight into intrinsic enzyme activity and biotransformation of three micropollutants. Sci Total Environ 2024; 925:171769. [PMID: 38499104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems continue to be threatened by chemical pollution. To what extent organisms are able to cope with chemical exposure depends on their ability to display mechanisms of defense across different organs. Among these mechanisms, biotransformation processes represent key physiological responses that facilitate detoxification and reduce the bioaccumulation potential of chemicals. Biotransformation does not only depend on the ability of different organs to display biotransformation enzymes but also on the affinity of chemicals towards these enzymes. In the present study, we explored the ability of different organs and of two freshwater fish to support biotransformation processes through the determination of in vitro phase I and II biotransformation enzyme activity, and their role in supporting intrinsic clearance and the formation of biotransformation products. Three environmentally relevant pollutants were evaluated: the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pyrene (as recommended by the OECD 319b test guideline), the fungicide azoxystrobin, and the pharmaceutical propranolol. Comparative studies using S9 sub-cellular fractions derived from the liver, intestine, gills, and brain of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) revealed significant phase I and II enzyme activity in all organs. However, organ- and species-specific differences were found. In brown trout, significant extrahepatic biotransformation was observed for pyrene but not for azoxystrobin and propranolol. In rainbow trout, the brain appeared to biotransform azoxystrobin. In this same species, propranolol appeared to be biotransformed by the intestine and gills. Biotransformation products could be detected only from hepatic biotransformation, and their profiles and formation rates displayed species-specific patterns and occurred at different magnitudes. Altogether, our findings further contribute to the current understanding of organ-specific biotransformation capacity, beyond the expression and activity of enzymes, and its dependence on specific enzyme-chemical interactions to support mechanisms of defense against exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Franco
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - René Schönenberger
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPF Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Merbt SN, Kroll A, Sgier L, Tlili A, Schirmer K, Behra R. Fate and effects of microplastic particles in a periphyton-grazer system. Environ Pollut 2024; 347:123798. [PMID: 38492748 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
In the aquatic environment, microplastic particles (MP) can accumulate in microbial communities that cover submerged substrata, i.e. in periphyton. Despite periphyton being the essential food source for grazers in the benthic zones, MP transfer from periphyton to benthic biota and its ecotoxicological consequences are unknown. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of 1) MP on embryonal development of freshwater gastropod Physa acuta embryos, 2) MP on adult Physa acuta individuals through dietary exposure and 3) on the MP surface properties. Embryonal development tests were carried out with spherical polyethylene MP in the size of 1-4 μm (MP). Over a period of 28 days, embryonal development and hatching rate were calculated. In the feeding experiments, periphyton was grown in the presence and absence of MP and was then offered to the adult Physa acuta for 42-152 h. The snails readily ingested and subsequently egested MP, together with the periphyton as shown by MP quantification in periphyton, snail soft body tissue and feces. No selective feeding behavior upon MP exposure was detected. The ingestion of MP had no effect on mortality, feeding and defecation rate. Yet, the reproductive output of snails, measured as the number of egg clutches and numbers of eggs per clutch, decreased after the ingestion of MPs, while the hatching success of snail embryos those parents were exposed remained unaffected. In contrast, hatching rate of snail embryos was significantly reduced upon direct MP exposure. MP optical properties were changed upon the incorporation into the periphyton and the passage through the digestive tract. Our results indicate that MP incorporated in periphyton are bioavailable to aquatic grazers, facilitating the introduction of MP into the food chain and having direct adverse effects on the grazers' reproductive fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Merbt
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Ceab.CSIC Centre D'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Access a La Cala St, Francesc 14, 17300, Blanes, Spain.
| | - Alexandra Kroll
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Linn Sgier
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Tlili
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Renata Behra
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Aegetswil 4, 8492, Wila, Switzerland
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3
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Balk F, Hollender J, Schirmer K. Corrigendum to "Investigating the bioaccumulation potential of anionic organic compounds using a permanent rainbow trout liver cell line" [Environ. Int. 174 (2023) 107798. 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107798]. Environ Int 2024; 186:108624. [PMID: 38599985 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Balk
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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4
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Dudefoi W, Ferrari BJD, Breider F, Masset T, Leger G, Vermeirssen E, Bergmann AJ, Schirmer K. Evaluation of tire tread particle toxicity to fish using rainbow trout cell lines. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:168933. [PMID: 38042189 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) resulting from tire abrasion while driving raise concerns due to their potential contribution to aquatic toxicity. Our study aimed to assess cryogenically milled tire tread (CMTT) particle toxicity, used as a proxy for TRWP, and associated chemicals to fish using two Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell lines representing the gill (RTgill-W1) and the intestinal (RTgutGC) epithelium. CMTT toxicity was evaluated through several exposure pathways, including direct contact, leaching, and digestion, while also assessing the impact of particle aging. Following OECD TG249, cell viability was assessed after 24 h acute exposure using a multiple-endpoint assay indicative of cell metabolic activity, membrane integrity and lysosome integrity. In vitro EC50 values for the fish cell lines exceeded river TRWP concentrations (2.02 g/L and 4.65 g/L for RTgill-W1 and RTgutGC cell lines, respectively), and were similar to in vivo LC50 values estimated at 6 g/L. Although toxicity was mainly driven by the leaching of tire-associated chemicals, the presence of the particles contributed to the overall toxicity by inducing a continuous leaching, highlighting the importance of considering combined exposure scenarios. Aging and digestion conditions were also found to mediate CMTT toxicity. Thermooxidation resulted in a decreased chemical leaching and toxicity, while in vitro digestion under mimicked gastrointestinal conditions increased leaching and toxicity. Specific chemicals, especially Zn, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 1,3-diphenylguanidine, and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) were identified as contributors to the overall toxicity. Although 6PPD-quinone was detected in CMTT digestate, cytotoxicity assays with RTgill-W1 and RTgutGC cell lines showed no toxicity up to 6 mg/L, supporting the notion of a specific mode of action of this chemical. This study provides insights into the toxicological mechanisms induced by tire particles and their associated chemicals and can help in the evaluation of potential risks to aquatic life associated with TRWP.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dudefoi
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Environmental Toxicology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - B J D Ferrari
- Ecotox Centre - EPFL ENAC IIE, GE, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Ecotox Centre, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - F Breider
- EPFL, Central Environmental Laboratory, IIE, ENAC, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Masset
- EPFL, Central Environmental Laboratory, IIE, ENAC, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Leger
- EPFL, Central Environmental Laboratory, IIE, ENAC, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Vermeirssen
- Ecotox Centre, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - A J Bergmann
- Ecotox Centre, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - K Schirmer
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Environmental Toxicology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPFL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; ETHZ, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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5
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Balk F, Hüsser B, Hollender J, Schirmer K. Bioconcentration Assessment of Three Cationic Surfactants in Permanent Fish Cell Lines. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:1452-1461. [PMID: 38214086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Cationic surfactants are used in many industrial processes and in consumer products with concurrent release into the aquatic environment, where they may accumulate in aquatic organisms to regulatoryly relevant thresholds. Here, we aimed to better understand the bioconcentration behavior of three selected cationic surfactants, namely N,N-dimethyldecylamine (T10), N-methyldodecylamine (S12), and N,N,N-trimethyltetradecylammonium cation (Q14), in the cells of fish liver (RTL-W1) and gill (RTgill-W1) cell lines. We conducted full mass balances for bioconcentration tests with the cell cultures, in which the medium, the cell surface, the cells themselves, and the plastic compartment were sampled and quantified for each surfactant by HPLC MS/MS. Accumulation in/to cells correlated with the surfactants' alkyl chain lengths and their membrane lipid-water partitioning coefficient, DMLW. Cell-derived bioconcentration factors (BCF) of T10 and S12 were within a factor of 3.5 to in vivo BCF obtained from the literature, while the cell-derived BCF values for Q14 were >100 times higher than the in vivo BCF. From our experiments, rainbow trout cell lines appear as a suitable conservative in vitro screening method for bioconcentration assessment of cationic surfactants and are promising for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Balk
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Hüsser
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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Schür C, Gasser L, Perez-Cruz F, Schirmer K, Baity-Jesi M. A benchmark dataset for machine learning in ecotoxicology. Sci Data 2023; 10:718. [PMID: 37853023 PMCID: PMC10584858 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of machine learning for predicting ecotoxicological outcomes is promising, but underutilized. The curation of data with informative features requires both expertise in machine learning as well as a strong biological and ecotoxicological background, which we consider a barrier of entry for this kind of research. Additionally, model performances can only be compared across studies when the same dataset, cleaning, and splittings were used. Therefore, we provide ADORE, an extensive and well-described dataset on acute aquatic toxicity in three relevant taxonomic groups (fish, crustaceans, and algae). The core dataset describes ecotoxicological experiments and is expanded with phylogenetic and species-specific data on the species as well as chemical properties and molecular representations. Apart from challenging other researchers to try and achieve the best model performances across the whole dataset, we propose specific relevant challenges on subsets of the data and include datasets and splittings corresponding to each of these challenge as well as in-depth characterization and discussion of train-test splitting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schür
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Lilian Gasser
- Swiss Data Science Center (SDSC), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Perez-Cruz
- Swiss Data Science Center (SDSC), Zürich, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich: Department of Computer Science, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich: Department of Environmental Systems Science, Zürich, Switzerland
- EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Baity-Jesi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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7
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Sigmund G, Ågerstrand M, Antonelli A, Backhaus T, Brodin T, Diamond ML, Erdelen WR, Evers DC, Hofmann T, Hueffer T, Lai A, Torres JPM, Mueller L, Perrigo AL, Rillig MC, Schaeffer A, Scheringer M, Schirmer K, Tlili A, Soehl A, Triebskorn R, Vlahos P, Vom Berg C, Wang Z, Groh KJ. Addressing chemical pollution in biodiversity research. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:3240-3255. [PMID: 36943240 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change, biodiversity loss, and chemical pollution are planetary-scale emergencies requiring urgent mitigation actions. As these "triple crises" are deeply interlinked, they need to be tackled in an integrative manner. However, while climate change and biodiversity are often studied together, chemical pollution as a global change factor contributing to worldwide biodiversity loss has received much less attention in biodiversity research so far. Here, we review evidence showing that the multifaceted effects of anthropogenic chemicals in the environment are posing a growing threat to biodiversity and ecosystems. Therefore, failure to account for pollution effects may significantly undermine the success of biodiversity protection efforts. We argue that progress in understanding and counteracting the negative impact of chemical pollution on biodiversity requires collective efforts of scientists from different disciplines, including but not limited to ecology, ecotoxicology, and environmental chemistry. Importantly, recent developments in these fields have now enabled comprehensive studies that could efficiently address the manifold interactions between chemicals and ecosystems. Based on their experience with intricate studies of biodiversity, ecologists are well equipped to embrace the additional challenge of chemical complexity through interdisciplinary collaborations. This offers a unique opportunity to jointly advance a seminal frontier in pollution ecology and facilitate the development of innovative solutions for environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Sigmund
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Marlene Ågerstrand
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences and School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada
| | | | - David C Evers
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Portland, Maine, 04103, USA
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Thorsten Hueffer
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Adelene Lai
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University, Lessing Strasse 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Joao P M Torres
- Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonie Mueller
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Allison L Perrigo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Lund University Botanical Garden, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaeffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- School of the Environment, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, 210023, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Chongqing University, 400045, Chongqing, China
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPF Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Tlili
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Anna Soehl
- International Panel on Chemical Pollution, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Transfer Center Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology, Blumenstr. 13, D-72108, Rottenburg, Germany
| | - Penny Vlahos
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Colette Vom Berg
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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8
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Balk F, Hollender J, Schirmer K. Investigating the bioaccumulation potential of anionic organic compounds using a permanent rainbow trout liver cell line. Environ Int 2023; 174:107798. [PMID: 36965398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Permanent rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell lines represent potential in vitro alternatives to experiments with fish. We here developed a method to assess the bioaccumulation potential of anionic organic compounds in fish, using the rainbow trout liver-derived RTL-W1 cell line. Based on the availability of high quality in vivo bioconcentration (BCF) and biomagnification (BMF) data and the substances' charge state at physiological pH, four anionic compounds were selected: pentachlorophenol (PCP), diclofenac (DCF), tecloftalam (TT) and benzotriazol-tert-butyl-hydroxyl-phenyl propanoic acid (BHPP). The fish cell line acute toxicity assay (OECD TG249) was used to derive effective concentrations 50 % and non-toxic exposure concentrations to determine exposure concentrations for bioaccumulation experiments. Bioaccumulation experiments were performed over 48 h with a total of six time points, at which cell, medium and plastic fractions were sampled and measured using high resolution tandem mass spectrometry after online solid phase extraction. Observed cell internal concentrations were over-predicted by KOW-derived predictions while pH-dependent octanol-water partitioning (DOW) and membrane lipid-water partitioning (DMLW) gave better predictions of cell internal concentrations. Measured medium and cell internal concentrations at steady state were used to calculate RTL-W1-based BCF, which were compared to DOW- or DMLW-based model approaches and in vivo data. With the exception of PCP, the cell-derived BCF best compared to DOW-based model predictions, which were higher than predictions based on DMLW. All methods predicted the in vivo BCF for diclofenac well. For PCP, the cell-derived BCF was lowest although all BCF predictions underestimated the in vivo BCF by ≥ 1 order of magnitude. The RTL-W1 cells, and all other prediction methods, largely overestimated in vivo BMF, which were available for PCP, TT and BHPP. We conclude that the RTL-W1 cell line can supplement BCF predictions for anionic compounds. For BMF estimations, however, in vitro-in vivo extrapolations need adaptation or a multiple cell line approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Balk
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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9
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Masset T, Ferrari BJD, Dudefoi W, Schirmer K, Bergmann A, Vermeirssen E, Grandjean D, Harris LC, Breider F. Bioaccessibility of Organic Compounds Associated with Tire Particles Using a Fish In Vitro Digestive Model: Solubilization Kinetics and Effects of Food Coingestion. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:15607-15616. [PMID: 36315940 PMCID: PMC9670851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) account for an important part of the polymer particles released into the environment. There are scientific knowledge gaps as to the potential bioaccessibility of chemicals associated with TRWP to aquatic organisms. This study investigated the solubilization and bioaccessibility of seven of the most widely used tire-associated organic chemicals and four of their degradation products from cryogenically milled tire tread (CMTT) into fish digestive fluids using an in vitro digestion model based on Oncorhynchus mykiss. Our results showed that 0.06-44.1% of the selected compounds were rapidly solubilized into simulated gastric and intestinal fluids within a typical gut transit time for fish (3 h in gastric and 24 h in intestinal fluids). The environmentally realistic scenario of coingestion of CMTT and fish prey was explored using ground Gammarus pulex. Coingestion caused compound-specific changes in solubilization, either increasing or decreasing the compounds' bioaccessibility in simulated gut fluids compared to CMTT alone. Our results emphasize that tire-associated compounds become accessible in a digestive milieu and should be studied further with respect to their bioaccumulation and toxicological effects upon passage of intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Masset
- Central Environmental
Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ENAC, EPFL—Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoit J. D. Ferrari
- Ecotox Centre—EPFL
ENAC IIE, GE, Station
2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ecotox Centre, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - William Dudefoi
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag—Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag—Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering,
ENAC, EPFL—Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Station
2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant
Dynamics, ETHZ, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alan Bergmann
- Ecotox Centre, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominique Grandjean
- Central Environmental
Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ENAC, EPFL—Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luke Christopher Harris
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering,
SB, EPFL—Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Station
6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian Breider
- Central Environmental
Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ENAC, EPFL—Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Wang T, Marle P, Slaveykova VI, Schirmer K, Liu W. Comparative study of the sensitivity of two freshwater gastropods, Lymnaea stagnalis and Planorbarius corneus, to silver nanoparticles: bioaccumulation and toxicity. Environ Pollut 2022; 312:119999. [PMID: 36030959 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) are considered detrimental to aquatic organisms due to their potential accumulation. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying these effects and their species-specificity. Here we used stable silver (Ag) NPs (20 nm, from 10 to 500 μg/L) with a low dissolution rate (≤2.4%) to study the bioaccumulation and biological impacts in two freshwater gastropods: Lymnaea stagnalis and Planorbarius corneus. No mortality was detected during the experiments. Ag bioaccumulation showed a dose-related increase with an enhanced concentration in both species after 7d exposure. L. stagnalis displayed a higher accumulation for AgNPs than P. corneus (e.g., up to 18- and 15-fold in hepatopancreas and hemolymph, respectively) which could be due to the more active L. stagnalis having greater contact with suspended AgNPs. Furthermore, the hepatopancreas and stomach were preferred organs for bioaccumulation compared to the kidney, mantle and foot. Regarding biological responses, the hemolymph rather than hepatopancreas appeared more susceptible to oxidative stress elicited by AgNPs, as shown by significantly increasing lipid peroxidation (i.e., formation of malondialdehyde). Neurotoxicity was detected in L. stagnalis when exposed to high concentrations (500 μg/L). Comparison with impacts elicited by dissolved Ag revealed that the effects observed on AgNPs exposure were mainly attributable to NPs. These results highlighted the relationship between the physiological traits, bioaccumulation, and toxicity responses of these two species to AgNPs and demonstrated the necessity of species-specificity considerations when assessing the toxicity of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environment Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Environmenatal Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, CH-1211Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Marle
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environment Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Environmenatal Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, CH-1211Geneva, Switzerland; University of Lyon, CNRS UMR5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne Cedex 69622, France
| | - Vera I Slaveykova
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environment Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Environmenatal Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, CH-1211Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wei Liu
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environment Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Environmenatal Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, CH-1211Geneva, Switzerland.
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11
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Carles L, Wullschleger S, Joss A, Eggen RIL, Schirmer K, Schuwirth N, Stamm C, Tlili A. Wastewater microorganisms impact microbial diversity and important ecological functions of stream periphyton. Water Res 2022; 225:119119. [PMID: 36170769 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Effluents of wastewater treatment plants can impact microbial communities in the receiving streams. However, little is known about the role of microorganisms in wastewater as opposed to other wastewater constituents, such as nutrients and micropollutants. We aimed therefore at determining the impact of wastewater microorganisms on the microbial diversity and function of periphyton, key microbial communities in streams. We used a flow-through channel system to grow periphyton upon exposure to a mixture of stream water and unfiltered or ultra-filtered wastewater. Impacts were assessed on periphyton biomass, activities and tolerance to micropollutants, as well as on microbial diversity. Our results showed that wastewater microorganisms colonized periphyton and modified its community composition, resulting for instance in an increased abundance of Chloroflexi and a decreased abundance of diatoms and green algae. This led to shifts towards heterotrophy, as suggested by the changes in nutrient stoichiometry and the increased mineralization potential of carbon substrates. An increased tolerance towards micropollutants was only found for periphyton exposed to unfiltered wastewater but not to ultra-filtered wastewater, suggesting that wastewater microorganisms were responsible for this increased tolerance. Overall, our results highlight the need to consider the role of wastewater microorganisms when studying potential impacts of wastewater on the receiving water body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Carles
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon Wullschleger
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Joss
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rik I L Eggen
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nele Schuwirth
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Stamm
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Tlili
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland.
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12
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Wu J, D'Ambrosi S, Ammann L, Stadnicka-Michalak J, Schirmer K, Baity-Jesi M. Predicting chemical hazard across taxa through machine learning. Environ Int 2022; 163:107184. [PMID: 35306252 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We applied machine learning methods to predict chemical hazards focusing on fish acute toxicity across taxa. We analyzed the relevance of taxonomy and experimental setup, showing that taking them into account can lead to considerable improvements in the classification performance. We quantified the gain obtained throught the introduction of taxonomic and experimental information, compared to classification based on chemical information alone. We used our approach with standard machine learning models (K-nearest neighbors, random forests and deep neural networks), as well as the recently proposed Read-Across Structure Activity Relationship (RASAR) models, which were very successful in predicting chemical hazards to mammals based on chemical similarity. We were able to obtain accuracies of over 93% on datasets where, due to noise in the data, the maximum achievable accuracy was expected to be below 96%. The best performances were obtained by random forests and RASAR models. We analyzed metrics to compare our results with animal test reproducibility, and despite most of our models "outperform animal test reproducibility" as measured through recently proposed metrics, we showed that the comparison between machine learning performance and animal test reproducibility should be addressed with particular care. While we focused on fish mortality, our approach, provided that the right data is available, is valid for any combination of chemicals, effects and taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimeng Wu
- Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Engineering, ETHZ, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Simone D'Ambrosi
- Department of Statistics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Lorenz Ammann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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13
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Groh K, Vom Berg C, Schirmer K, Tlili A. Anthropogenic Chemicals As Underestimated Drivers of Biodiversity Loss: Scientific and Societal Implications. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:707-710. [PMID: 34974706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Colette Vom Berg
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Tlili
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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14
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Masset T, Ferrari BJD, Oldham D, Dudefoi W, Minghetti M, Schirmer K, Bergmann A, Vermeirssen E, Breider F. In Vitro Digestion of Tire Particles in a Fish Model ( Oncorhynchus mykiss): Solubilization Kinetics of Heavy Metals and Effects of Food Coingestion. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:15788-15796. [PMID: 34807574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) have been shown to represent a large part of anthropogenic particles released into the environment. Nevertheless, the potential ecological risk of TRWP in the different environmental compartments and their potential toxic impacts on terrestrial and aquatic organisms remain largely underinvestigated. Several heavy metals compose TRWP, including Zn, which is used as a catalyst during the vulcanization process of rubber. This study investigated the solubilization potential of metals from cryogenically milled tire tread (CMTT) and TRWP in simulated gastric fluids (SFGASTRIC) and simulated intestinal fluids (SFINTESTINAL) designed to mimic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gastrointestinal conditions. Our results indicate that the solubilization of heavy metals was greatly enhanced by gastrointestinal fluids compared to that by mineral water. After a 26 h in vitro digestion, 9.6 and 23.0% of total Zn content of CMTT and TRWP, respectively, were solubilized into the simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Coingestion of tire particles (performed with CMTT only) and surrogate prey items (Gammarus pulex) demonstrated that the animal organic matter reduced the amount of bioavailable Zn solubilized from CMTT. Contrastingly, in the coingestion scenario with vegetal organic matter (Lemna minor), high quantities of Zn were solubilized from L. minor and cumulated with Zn solubilized from CMTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Masset
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne─EPFL, Central Environmental Laboratory, IIE, ENAC, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoit J D Ferrari
- Ecotox Centre─EPFL ENAC IIE, GE, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ecotox Centre, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dean Oldham
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Science West, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - William Dudefoi
- Department Environmental Toxicology, Eawag─Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Minghetti
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Science West, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department Environmental Toxicology, Eawag─Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETHZ, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Alan Bergmann
- Ecotox Centre, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Breider
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne─EPFL, Central Environmental Laboratory, IIE, ENAC, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Stanic B, Petrovic J, Basica B, Kaisarevic S, Schirmer K, Andric N. Characterization of the ERK1/2 phosphorylation profile in human and fish liver cells upon exposure to chemicals of environmental concern. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 88:103749. [PMID: 34547448 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We developed phospho-ERK1/2 ELISA for human and rainbow trout liver cells, employing HepG2 and RTL-W1 cell lines as models. The assay was applied to detect changes in ERK1/2 activity for nine chemicals, added over a wide concentration range and time points. Cell viability was measured to separate ERK1/2 regulation from cytotoxicity. Perfluorooctane sulfonate and carbendazim did not change ERK1/2 activity; influence on ERK1/2 due to cytotoxicity was indicated for tributyltin and cypermethrin. Mancozeb, benzo[a]pyrene, and bisphenol A stimulated ERK1/2 up to ∼2- (HepG2) and 1.5 (RTL-W1)-fold, though the kinetics differed between chemicals and cell lines. Bisphenol A and benzo[a]pyrene were the most potent concentration-wise, altering ERK1/2 activity in pM (HepG2) to nM (RTL-W1) range. While atrazine and ibuprofen increased ERK1/2 activity by ∼2-fold in HepG2, they did not initiate an appreciable response in RTL-W1. This assay proved to be a sensitive, medium- to high-throughput tool for detecting unrecognized ERK1/2-disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Stanic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia
| | - Jelena Petrovic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia
| | - Branka Basica
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia
| | - Sonja Kaisarevic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nebojsa Andric
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia.
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16
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Carles L, Wullschleger S, Joss A, Eggen RIL, Schirmer K, Schuwirth N, Stamm C, Tlili A. Impact of wastewater on the microbial diversity of periphyton and its tolerance to micropollutants in an engineered flow-through channel system. Water Res 2021; 203:117486. [PMID: 34412020 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play an important role in retaining organic matter and nutrients but to a lesser extent micropollutants. Therefore, treated wastewater is recognized as a major source of multiple stressors, including complex mixtures of micropollutants. These can potentially affect microbial communities in the receiving water bodies and the ecological functions they provide. In this study, we evaluated in flow-through channels the consequences of an exposure to a mixture of stream water and different percentages of urban WWTP effluent, ranging from 0% to 80%, on the microbial diversity and function of periphyton communities. Assuming that micropollutants exert a selective pressure for tolerant microorganisms within communities, we further examined the periphyton sensitivity to a micropollutant mixture extracted from passive samplers that were immersed in the wastewater effluent. As well, micropollutants in water and in periphyton were comprehensively quantified. Our results show that micropollutants detected in periphyton differed from those found in water, both in term of concentration and composition. Especially photosystem II inhibitors accumulated in periphyton more than other pesticides. Although effects of other substances cannot be excluded, this accumulation may have contributed to the observed higher tolerance of phototrophic communities to micropollutants upon exposure to 30% and 80% of wastewater. On the contrary, no difference in tolerance was observed for heterotrophic communities. Exposure to the gradient of wastewater led to structural differences in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities. For instance, the relative abundance of cyanobacteria was higher with increasing percentage of wastewater effluent, whereas the opposite was observed for diatoms. Such results could indicate that differences in community structure do not necessarily lead to higher tolerance. This highlights the need to consider other wastewater constituents such as nutrients and wastewater-derived microorganisms that can modulate community structure and tolerance. By using engineered flow-through channels that mimic to some extent the required field conditions for the development of tolerance in periphyton, our study constitutes a base to investigate the mechanisms underlying the increased tolerance, such as the potential role of microorganisms originating from wastewater effluents, and different treatment options to reduce the micropollutant load in effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Carles
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon Wullschleger
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Joss
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rik I L Eggen
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nele Schuwirth
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Stamm
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Tlili
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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17
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Tentscher PR, Escher BI, Schlichting R, König M, Bramaz N, Schirmer K, von Gunten U. Toxic effects of substituted p-benzoquinones and hydroquinones in in vitro bioassays are altered by reactions with the cell assay medium. Water Res 2021; 202:117415. [PMID: 34348209 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Substituted para-benzoquinones and hydroquinones are ubiquitous transformation products that arise during oxidative water treatment of phenolic precursors, for example through ozonation or chlorination. The benzoquinone structural motive is associated with mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, and also with induction of the oxidative stress response through the Nrf2 pathway. For either endpoint, toxicological data for differently substituted compounds are scarce. In this study, oxidative stress response, as indicated by the AREc32 in vitro bioassay, was induced by differently substituted para-benzoquinones, but also by the corresponding hydroquinones. Bioassays that indicate defense against genotoxicity (p53RE-bla) and DNA repair activity (UmuC) were not activated by these compounds. Stability tests conducted under incubation conditions, but in the absence of cell lines, showed that tested para-benzoquinones reacted rapidly with constituents of the incubation medium. Compounds were abated already in phosphate buffer, but even faster in biological media, with reactions attributed to amino- and thiol-groups of peptides, proteins, and free amino acids. The products of these reactions were often the corresponding substituted hydroquinones. Conversely, differently substituted hydroquinones were quantitatively oxidized to p-benzoquinones over the course of the incubation. The observed induction of the oxidative stress response was attributed to hydroquinones that are presumably oxidized to benzoquinones inside the cells. Despite the instability of the tested compounds in the incubation medium, the AREc32 in vitro bioassay could be used as an unspecific sum parameter to detect para-benzoquinones and hydroquinones in oxidatively treated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Tentscher
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany; Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Rita Schlichting
- Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Maria König
- Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Nadine Bramaz
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland; Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), School of Architecture, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), School of Architecture, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
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18
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Tierbach A, Groh KJ, Schönenberger R, Schirmer K, Suter MJF. Biotransformation Capacity of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Early Life Stages: Functionality of the Mercapturic Acid Pathway. Toxicol Sci 2021; 176:355-365. [PMID: 32428239 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages offer a versatile model system to study the efficacy and safety of drugs or other chemicals with regard to human and environmental health. This is because, aside from the well-characterized genome of zebrafish and the availability of a broad range of experimental and computational research tools, they are exceptionally well suited for high-throughput approaches. Yet, one important pharmacokinetic aspect is thus far only poorly understood in zebrafish embryo and early larvae: their biotransformation capacity. Especially, biotransformation of electrophilic compounds is a critical pathway because they easily react with nucleophile molecules, such as DNA or proteins, potentially inducing adverse health effects. To combat such adverse effects, conjugation reactions with glutathione and further processing within the mercapturic acid pathway have evolved. We here explore the functionality of this pathway in zebrafish early life stages using a reference substrate (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, CDNB). With this work, we show that zebrafish embryos can biotransform CDNB to the respective glutathione conjugate as early as 4 h postfertilization. At all examined life stages, the glutathione conjugate is further biotransformed to the last metabolite of the mercapturic acid pathway, the mercapturate, which is slowly excreted. Being able to biotransform electrophiles within the mercapturic acid pathway shows that zebrafish early life stages possess the potential to process xenobiotic compounds through glutathione conjugation and the formation of mercapturates. The presence of this chemical biotransformation and clearance route in zebrafish early life stages supports the application of this model in toxicology and chemical hazard assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Tierbach
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, 8045 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - René Schönenberger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Opršal J, Knotek P, Zickler GA, Sigg L, Schirmer K, Pouzar M, Geppert M. Cytotoxicity, Accumulation and Translocation of Silver and Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles in contact with Rainbow Trout Intestinal Cells. Aquat Toxicol 2021; 237:105869. [PMID: 34082272 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are widely used in consumer products especially because of their antimicrobial properties. However, this wide usage of Ag NPs is accompanied by their release into the environment where they will be rapidly transformed to other silver species - especially silver sulfide (Ag2S). In the present study, we synthesized Ag NPs and sulfidized them to obtain a core-shell system Ag@Ag2S NPs. Both types of particles form stable dispersions with hydrodynamic diameters of less than 100 nm when diluted in water, but tend to form micrometer-sized agglomerates in biological exposure media. Application of Ag and Ag@Ag2S NPs to rainbow trout intestinal cells (RTgutGC) resulted in a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity for both types of particles, as assessed by a three-endpoint assay for metabolic activity, membrane integrity and lysosomal integrity. The Ag NPs were shown to be slightly more toxic than the Ag@Ag2S NPs. Adding Ag or Ag@Ag2S NPs to RTgutGC cells, grown on a permeable membrane to mimic the intestinal barrier, revealed considerable accumulation of silver for both types of particles. Indeed, the cells significantly attenuated the NP translocation, allowing only a fraction of the metal to translocate across the intestinal epithelium. These findings support the notion that the intestine constitutes an important sink for Ag NPs and that, despite the reduced cytotoxicity of a sulfidized NP form, the particles can enter fish where they may constitute a long-term source for silver ion release and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Opršal
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic; Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Petr Knotek
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Gregor A Zickler
- University of Salzburg, Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Laura Sigg
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Miloslav Pouzar
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic; Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Geppert
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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20
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Zoppo M, Okoniewski N, Pantelyushin S, Vom Berg J, Schirmer K. A ribonucleoprotein transfection strategy for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing and single cell cloning in rainbow trout cells. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:103. [PMID: 34082820 PMCID: PMC8176604 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology marked the beginning of a new era in the field of molecular biology, allowing the efficient and precise creation of targeted mutations in the genome of every living cell. Since its discovery, different gene editing approaches based on the CRISPR/Cas9 technology have been widely established in mammalian cell lines, while limited knowledge is available on genetic manipulation in fish cell lines. In this work, we developed a strategy to CRISPR/Cas9 gene edit rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell lines and to generate single cell clone-derived knock-out cell lines, focusing on the phase I biotransformation enzyme encoding gene, cyp1a1, and on the intestinal cell line, RTgutGC, as example. RESULTS Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, consisting of the Cas9 protein and a fluorescently labeled crRNA/tracrRNA duplex targeting the cyp1a1 gene, were delivered via electroporation. A T7 endonuclease I (T7EI) assay was performed on flow cytometry enriched transfected cells in order to detect CRISPR-mediated targeted mutations in the cyp1a1 locus, revealing an overall gene editing efficiency of 39%. Sanger sequencing coupled with bioinformatic analysis led to the detection of multiple insertions and deletions of variable lengths in the cyp1a1 region directed by CRISPR/Cas9 machinery. Clonal isolation based on the use of cloning cylinders was applied, allowing to overcome the genetic heterogeneity created by the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Using this method, two monoclonal CRISPR edited rainbow trout cell lines were established for the first time. Sequencing analysis of the mutant clones confirmed the disruption of the cyp1a1 gene open reading frame through the insertion of 101 or 1 base pair, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The designed RNP-based CRISPR/Cas9 approach, starting from overcoming limitations of transfection to achieving a clonal cell line, sets the stage for exploiting permanent gene editing in rainbow trout, and potentially other fish cells, for unprecedented exploration of gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Zoppo
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Nicole Okoniewski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stanislav Pantelyushin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Vom Berg
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,ENAC, EPF Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Tierbach A, Groh KJ, Schoenenberger R, Schirmer K, Suter MJF. Characterization of the Mercapturic Acid Pathway, an Important Phase II Biotransformation Route, in a Zebrafish Embryo Cell Line. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2863-2871. [PMID: 32990429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In view of the steadily increasing number of chemical compounds used in various products and applications, high-throughput toxicity screening techniques can help meeting the needs of 21st century risk assessment. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), especially its early life stages, are increasingly used in such screening efforts. In contrast, cell lines derived from this model organism have received less attention so far. A conceivable reason is the limited knowledge about their overall capacity to biotransform chemicals and the spectrum of expressed biotransformation pathways. One important biotransformation route is the mercapturic acid pathway, which protects organisms from harmful electrophilic compounds. The fully functional pathway involves a succession of several enzymatic reactions. To investigate the mercapturic acid pathway performance in the zebrafish embryonic cell line, PAC2, we analyzed the biotransformation products of the reactions comprising this pathway in the cells exposed to a nontoxic concentration of the reference substrate, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). Additionally, we used targeted proteomics to measure the expression of cytosolic glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), the enzyme family catalyzing the first reaction in this pathway. Our results reveal that the PAC2 cell line expresses a fully functional mercapturic acid pathway. All but one of the intermediate CDNB biotransformation products were identified. The presence of the active mercapturic acid pathway in this cell line was further supported by the expression of a large palette of GST enzyme classes. Although the enzymes of the class alpha, one of the dominant GST classes in the zebrafish embryo, were not detected, this did not seem to affect the capacity of the PAC2 cells to biotransform CDNB. Our data provide an important contribution toward using zebrafish cell lines, specifically PAC2, for animal-free high- throughput screening in toxicology and chemical hazard assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Tierbach
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, 8045 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - René Schoenenberger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Paparella M, Scholz S, Belanger S, Braunbeck T, Bicherel P, Connors K, Faßbender C, Halder M, Lillicrap A, Liska R, Schirmer K, Stoddart G, Thomas P, Walter-Rohde S. Limitations and uncertainties of acute fish toxicity assessments can be reduced using alternative methods. ALTEX 2020; 38:20-32. [PMID: 32970822 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2006051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Information about acute fish toxicity is routinely required in many jurisdictions for environmental risk assessment of chemicals. This information is typically obtained using a 96-hour juvenile fish test for lethality according to OECD test guideline (TG) 203 or equivalent regional guidelines. However, TG 203 has never been validated using the criteria currently required for new test methods including alternative methods. Characterization of the practicality and validity of TG 203 is important to provide a benchmark for alternative methods. This contribution systematically summarizes the available knowledge on limitations and uncertainties of TG 203, based on methodological, statistical, and biological considerations. Uncertainties stem from the historic flexibility (e.g., use of a broad range of species) and constraints of the basic test design (e.g., no replication). Other sources of uncertainty arise from environmental safety extrapolation based on TG 203 data. Environmental extrapolation models, combined with data from alternative methods, including mechanistic indicators of toxicity, may provide at least the same level of environmental protection. Yet, most importantly, the 3R advantages of alternative methods allow a better standardization, characterization, and an improved basic study design. This can enhance data reliability and thus facilitate the comparison of chemical toxicity, as well as the environmental classifications and prediction of no-effect concentrations of chemicals. Combined with the 3R gains and the potential for higher throughput, a reliable assessment of more chemicals can be achieved, leading to improved environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Paparella
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Scholz
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, University of Heidelberg, INF 504, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pascal Bicherel
- Knowledge & Research in Environment and Toxicology in Silico (KREATiS), L'Isle d'Abeau, France
| | | | | | - Marlies Halder
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Adam Lillicrap
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | - Roman Liska
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland.,ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gilly Stoddart
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Thomas
- Knowledge & Research in Environment and Toxicology in Silico (KREATiS), L'Isle d'Abeau, France
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23
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Tierbach A, Groh KJ, Schönenberger R, Schirmer K, Suter MJF. LC-APCI(-)-MS Determination of 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, a Model Substrate for Glutathione S-Transferases. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2020; 31:467-472. [PMID: 31994384 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) is widely used as a model substrate for measuring the enzyme activity of glutathione S-transferases in toxicity studies and in studies focusing on the metabolic capacity of different test systems. To allow the quantification of CDNB at low, nontoxic concentrations, we developed a sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique, which is based on electron capture ionization using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in negative ion mode. Gas-phase reactions occurring under atmospheric pressure produce specific ions that allow direct CDNB quantification down to 17 ng/mL in water. Using the new technique, we were able to verify CDNB exposure concentrations applied in two typical toxicity studies with early life stages of the common model organisms, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and a zebrafish embryonic cell line (PAC2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Tierbach
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, 8045 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - René Schönenberger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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24
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Burkard M, Betz A, Schirmer K, Zupanic A. Common Gene Expression Patterns in Environmental Model Organisms Exposed to Engineered Nanomaterials: A Meta-Analysis. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:335-344. [PMID: 31752483 PMCID: PMC6950232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of omics is gaining importance in the field of nanoecotoxicology; an increasing number of studies are aiming to investigate the effects and modes of action of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in this way. However, a systematic synthesis of the outcome of such studies regarding common responses and toxicity pathways is currently lacking. We developed an R-scripted computational pipeline to perform reanalysis and functional analysis of relevant transcriptomic data sets using a common approach, independent from the ENM type, and across different organisms, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Danio rerio. Using the pipeline that can semiautomatically process data from different microarray technologies, we were able to determine the most common molecular mechanisms of nanotoxicity across extremely variable data sets. As expected, we found known mechanisms, such as interference with energy generation, oxidative stress, disruption of DNA synthesis, and activation of DNA-repair but also discovered that some less-described molecular responses to ENMs, such as DNA/RNA methylation, protein folding, and interference with neurological functions, are present across the different studies. Results were visualized in radar charts to assess toxicological response patterns allowing the comparison of different organisms and ENM types. This can be helpful to retrieve ENM-related hazard information and thus fill knowledge gaps in a comprehensive way in regard to the molecular underpinnings and mechanistic understanding of nanotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Burkard
- Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Betz
- Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anze Zupanic
- Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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25
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Schirmer K, Stadnicka-Michalak J, Belanger SE, Blaha L, Bols NC, Dyer SD, Embry MR, Fischer M, Halder M, Hermens J, Hultman MT, Kramer N, Laue H, Lee LE, Lillicrap A, Natsch A, Segner H, Tanneberger K, Tollefsen KE, Werner I, Witters H, Zupanic A. Cell-based data to predict the toxicity of chemicals to fish. Commentary on the manuscript by Rodrigues et al., 2019. Cell-based assays seem not to accurately predict fish short-term toxicity of pesticides. Environmental Pollution 252:476-482. Environ Pollut 2019; 254:113060. [PMID: 31540601 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 133, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Julita Stadnicka-Michalak
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 133, Switzerland; University of Bern, P.O. Box, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Scott E Belanger
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Global Product Stewardship, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Ludek Blaha
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Niels C Bols
- University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Scott D Dyer
- LeTourneau University, 2100 S Mobberly Ave, Longview, TX 75602, USA
| | - Michelle R Embry
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, 740 15th Street, NW, Suite 600 Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Melanie Fischer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 133, Switzerland
| | - Marlies Halder
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra VA, Italy
| | - Joop Hermens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria T Hultman
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadallèen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nynke Kramer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Heike Laue
- In Vitro Molecular Screening, Givaudan Schweiz AG, 8310 Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Lucy Ej Lee
- Faculty of Science, University of the Fraser Valley, 33844 King Rd, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8, Canada
| | - Adam Lillicrap
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadallèen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Natsch
- In Vitro Molecular Screening, Givaudan Schweiz AG, 8310 Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Segner
- University of Bern, P.O. Box, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Inge Werner
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, 8600 Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 133, Switzerland
| | - Hilda Witters
- VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Anze Zupanic
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 133, Switzerland; National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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26
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Schug H, Maner J, Begnaud F, Berthaud F, Gimeno S, Schirmer K, Županič A. Intestinal Fish Cell Barrier Model to Assess Transfer of Organic Chemicals in Vitro: An Experimental and Computational Study. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:12062-12070. [PMID: 31553583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We studied the role of the fish intestine as a barrier for organic chemicals using the epithelial barrier model built on the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal cell line, RTgutGC and the newly developed exposure chamber, TransFEr, specifically designed to work with hydrophobic and volatile chemicals. Testing 11 chemicals with a range of physicochemical properties (logKOW: 2.2 to 6.3, logHLC: 6.1 to 2.3) and combining the data with a mechanistic kinetic model enabled the determination of dominant processes underlying the transfer experiments and the derivation of robust transfer rates. Against the current assumption in chemical uptake modeling, chemical transfer did not strictly depend on the logKOW but resulted from chemical-specific intracellular accumulation and biotransformation combined with paracellular and active transport. Modeling also identified that conducting elaborate measurements of the plastic parts, including the polystyrene insert and the PET filter, is unnecessary and that stirring in the TransFEr chamber reduced the stagnant water layers compared to theoretical predictions. Aside from providing insights into chemical uptake via the intestinal epithelium, this system can easily be transferred to other cell-based barrier systems, such as the fish gill or mammalian intestinal models and may improve in vitro-in vivo extrapolation and prediction of chemical bioaccumulation into organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schug
- Eawag , Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- EPF Lausanne , School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Jenny Maner
- Eawag , Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sylvia Gimeno
- Firmenich Belgium SA , 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve , Belgium
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag , Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- EPF Lausanne , School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
- ETH Zürich , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Anže Županič
- Eawag , Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
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27
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Drieschner C, Könemann S, Renaud P, Schirmer K. Fish-gut-on-chip: development of a microfluidic bioreactor to study the role of the fish intestine in vitro. Lab Chip 2019; 19:3268-3276. [PMID: 31482163 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00415g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study we present the first fish-gut-on-chip model. This model is based on the reconstruction of the intestinal barrier by culturing two intestinal cell lines from rainbow trout, namely epithelial RTgutGC and fibroblastic RTgutF, in an artificial microenvironment. For a realistic mimicry of the interface between the intestinal lumen and the interior of the organism we i) developed ultrathin and highly porous silicon nitride membranes that serve as basement membrane analogues and provide a culture interface for the fish cells; ii) constructed a unique micro-well plate-based microfluidic bioreactor that enables parallelization of experiments and creates realistic fluid flow exposure scenarios for the cells; iii) integrated electrodes in the reactor for non-invasive impedance sensing of cellular well-being. In a first approach, we used this reactor to investigate the response of epithelial fish cells to in vivo-like shear stress rates of 0.002-0.06 dyne per cm2, resulting from fluid flow within the intestinal lumen. Moreover, we investigated the interplay of epithelial and fibroblast cells under optimal flow conditions to carefully evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of the more complex reconstruction of the intestinal architecture. With our fish-gut-on-chip model we open up new strategies for a better understanding of basic fish physiology, for the refinement of fish feed in aquaculture and for predicting chemical uptake and bioaccumulation in fish for environmental risk assessment. The basic principles of our reactor prototype, including the use of ultrathin membranes, an open microfluidic circuit for perfusion and the micro-well plate-based format for simplified handling and avoidance of air-bubbles, will as well be of great value for other barrier-on-chip models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Drieschner
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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28
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Schug H, Maner J, Hülskamp M, Begnaud F, Debonneville C, Berthaud F, Gimeno S, Schirmer K. Extending the concept of predicting fish acute toxicity in vitro to the intestinal cell line RTgutGC. ALTEX 2019; 37:37-46. [PMID: 31295352 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1905032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Testing chemicals for fish acute toxicity is a legal requirement in many countries as part of environmental risk assessment. To reduce the numbers of fish used, substantial efforts have been focussed on alternative approaches. Prominently, the cell viability assay with the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill cell line, RTgill-W1, has been recognized, owing to its high predictive power and robustness. Like gills, the intestine is considered a major site of chemical uptake and biotransformation but, in contrast to gills, is expected to be exposed to rather hydrophobic chemicals, which enter the fish via food. In the present study, we therefore aimed to extend the cell bioassay to the rainbow trout epithelial cell line from intestine, RTgutGC. Using 16 hydrophobic and volatile chemicals from the fragrance palette, we showed that also the RTgutGC cell line can be used to predict fish acute toxicity of chemicals and yields intra-laboratory variability in line with other bioassays. By comparing the RTgutGC toxicity to a study employing the RTgill-W1 assay on the same group of chemicals, a fragrance specific relationship was established which reflects an almost perfect 1:1 relationship between in vitro and in vivo toxicity results. Thus, both cell lines can be used to predict fish acute toxicity, either by using the obtained in vivo-in vitro relationship or by taking the in vitro results at face value. We moreover demonstrate the derivation of non-toxic concentrations for downstream applications which rely on a healthy cell state, such as the assessment of biotransformation or chemical transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schug
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jenny Maner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maren Hülskamp
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland.,ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Zürich, Switzerland
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29
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Drieschner C, Vo NTK, Schug H, Burkard M, Bols NC, Renaud P, Schirmer K. Improving a fish intestinal barrier model by combining two rainbow trout cell lines: epithelial RTgutGC and fibroblastic RTgutF. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:835-848. [PMID: 31256301 PMCID: PMC6663964 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An in vitro model of the fish intestine is of interest for research and application in diverse fields such as fish physiology, aquaculture and chemical risk assessment. The recently developed epithelial barrier model of the fish intestine relies on the RTgutGC cell line from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), cultured in inserts on permeable membranes. Our aim was to extend the current system by introducing intestinal fibroblasts as supportive layer in order to reconstruct the epithelial-mesenchymal interface as found in vivo. We therefore initiated and characterized the first fibroblast cell line from the intestine of rainbow trout, which has been termed RTgutF. Co-culture studies of RTgutGC and RTgutF were performed on commercially available electric cell substrate for impedance sensing (ECIS) and on newly developed ultrathin, highly porous alumina membranes to imitate the cellular interaction with the basement membrane. Cellular events were examined with non-invasive impedance spectroscopy to distinguish between barrier tightness and cell density in the ECIS system and to determine transepithelial electrical resistance for cells cultured on the alumina membranes. We highlight the relevance of the piscine intestinal fibroblasts for an advanced intestinal barrier model, particularly on ultrathin alumina membranes. These membranes enable rapid crosstalk of cells cultured on opposite sides, which led to increased barrier tightening in the fish cell line-based epithelial-mesenchymal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Drieschner
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Microsystems Laboratory 4, School of Engineering, EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hannah Schug
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Burkard
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Microsystems Laboratory 4, School of Engineering, EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Dübendorf, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETHZ (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland.
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30
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Vignet C, Cappello T, Fu Q, Lajoie K, De Marco G, Clérandeau C, Mottaz H, Maisano M, Hollender J, Schirmer K, Cachot J. Imidacloprid induces adverse effects on fish early life stages that are more severe in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) than in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere 2019; 225:470-478. [PMID: 30897470 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are widely used insecticides that have frequently been found in freshwater with concentrations ranging from ng to μg/L. It is known that these compounds impact non-target invertebrates, such as bees and gammaridae, in terms of toxicity and behavior, but impacts and species differences on vertebrates such as fish are little explored. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of one widely used neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, on development and behavior of two fish model species: Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Fish were exposed for 5 (zebrafish) and 14 (medaka) days from 0.2 to 2000 μg/L imidacloprid by aqueous exposure. Survival, development, behavior and histological features were monitored and organism-internal concentrations and biotransformation products measured. Imidacloprid caused sublethal effects in both species but the effects were much stronger in medaka with deformities, lesions and reduced growth being the most prominent impacts. Due to the overall longer time of development, time-integrated exposure of medaka was about 2-fold higher compared to zebrafish, potentially accounting for parts of the sensitivity differences. Our results underline the importance of taking species sensitivity differences into account especially when considering that medaka responded at imidacloprid concentrations that have been measured in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Vignet
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kévin Lajoie
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire EPOC, UMR CNRS 5805, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Giuseppe De Marco
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Christelle Clérandeau
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire EPOC, UMR CNRS 5805, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Mottaz
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maria Maisano
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire EPOC, UMR CNRS 5805, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
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31
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Fischer M, Belanger SE, Berckmans P, Bernhard MJ, Bláha L, Coman Schmid DE, Dyer SD, Haupt T, Hermens JLM, Hultman MT, Laue H, Lillicrap A, Mlnaříková M, Natsch A, Novák J, Sinnige TL, Tollefsen KE, von Niederhäusern V, Witters H, Županič A, Schirmer K. Repeatability and Reproducibility of the RTgill-W1 Cell Line Assay for Predicting Fish Acute Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2019; 169:353-364. [PMID: 30825313 PMCID: PMC6542334 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting fish acute toxicity of chemicals in vitro is an attractive alternative method to the conventional approach using juvenile and adult fish. The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell line assay with RTgill-W1 cells has been designed for this purpose. It quantifies cell viability using fluorescent measurements for metabolic activity, cell- and lysosomal-membrane integrity on the same set of cells. Results from over 70 organic chemicals attest to the high predictive capacity of this test. We here report on the repeatability (intralaboratory variability) and reproducibility (interlaboratory variability) of the RTgill-W1 cell line assay in a round-robin study focusing on 6 test chemicals involving 6 laboratories from the industrial and academic sector. All participating laboratories were able to establish the assay according to preset quality criteria even though, apart from the lead laboratory, none had previously worked with the RTgill-W1 cell line. Concentration-response modeling, based on either nominal or geometric mean-derived measured concentrations, yielded effect concentrations (EC50) that spanned approximately 4 orders of magnitude over the chemical range, covering all fish acute toxicity categories. Coefficients of variation for intralaboratory and interlaboratory variability for the average of the 3 fluorescent cell viability measurements were 15.5% and 30.8%, respectively, which is comparable to other fish-derived, small-scale bioassays. This study therefore underlines the robustness of the RTgill-W1 cell line assay and its accurate performance when carried out by operators in different laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Fischer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Scott E Belanger
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Global Product Stewardship, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Pascale Berckmans
- VITO-ABS team, Department of Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Mary J Bernhard
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Global Product Stewardship, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Ludek Bláha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno-Bohunice, Czech Republic
| | - Diana E Coman Schmid
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Scott D Dyer
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Global Product Stewardship, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Tina Haupt
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Department of In vitro Molecular Screening, 8310 Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Joop L M Hermens
- IRAS, The Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Toxicology Division, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria T Hultman
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section for ecotoxicology, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Heike Laue
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Department of In vitro Molecular Screening, 8310 Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Adam Lillicrap
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section for ecotoxicology, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie Mlnaříková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno-Bohunice, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Natsch
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Department of In vitro Molecular Screening, 8310 Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Novák
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno-Bohunice, Czech Republic
| | - Theo L Sinnige
- IRAS, The Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Toxicology Division, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section for ecotoxicology, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Hilda Witters
- VITO-ABS team, Department of Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Anze Županič
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Bussolaro D, Wright SL, Schnell S, Schirmer K, Bury NR, Arlt VM. Co-exposure to polystyrene plastic beads and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants in fish gill (RTgill-W1) and intestinal (RTgutGC) epithelial cells derived from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Pollut 2019; 248:706-714. [PMID: 30849588 PMCID: PMC6794159 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic plastic (MP) particles are a ubiquitous contaminant in aquatic environments, which may bind hydrophobic chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), altering their environmental fate and interactions with biota. Using rainbow trout gill (RTgill-W1) and intestinal (RTgutGC) epithelial cells we investigated the effects of polystyrene microbeads (PS-MBs; 220 nm) on the cyto- and genotoxicity of the environmental pollutants benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) over 48 h (0, 0.1, 1 and 10 μM). The Alamar Blue bioassay, used to assess cytotoxicity, showed that both pollutants significantly decreased cell viability by 10-20% at 10 μM in both cell lines after 48 h whereas PS-MBs (5 or 50 μg mL-1) were non-toxic. Cytotoxicity in cells treated with PS-MBs together with BaP or 3-NBA were similar to those observed after exposure to BaP or 3-NBA alone. Using the formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG)-modified comet assay 3-NBA, but not BaP, induced DNA damage in RTgutGC cells at 10 μM (∼10% tail DNA in the absence and ∼15% tail DNA in the presence of FPG versus ∼1% in controls), whereas PS-MBs alone showed no detrimental effects. Interestingly, comet formation was substantially increased (∼4-fold) when RTgutGC cells were exposed to PS-MBs (50 μg mL-1) and 10 μM 3-NBA compared to cells treated with 3-NBA alone. Further, using 32P-postlabelling we observed strong DNA adduct formation in 3-NBA-exposed RTgutGC cells (∼900 adducts/108 nucleotides). 3-NBA-derived DNA adduct formation was significantly decreased (∼20%) when RTgutGC cells were exposed to MB and 3-NBA compared to cells treated with 3-NBA alone. Our results show that PS-MBs impact on the genotoxicity of 3-NBA, causing a significant increase in DNA damage as measured by the comet assay in the intestinal cell line, providing proof of principle that MPs may alter the genotoxic potential of PAHs in fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bussolaro
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraná, Curitiba Campus, CEP: 80.230 - 150., Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Stephanie L Wright
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Schnell
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas R Bury
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of Suffolk, James Hehir Building, Neptune Quay, Ipswich, IP4 1QJ, Suffolk, United Kingdom.
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London in partnership with Public Health England and Imperial College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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33
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Schug H, Yue Y, Krese R, Fischer S, Kortner TM, Schirmer K. Time- and concentration-dependent expression of immune and barrier genes in the RTgutGC fish intestinal model following immune stimulation. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 88:308-317. [PMID: 30844464 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fish intestine comprises an important environment-organism interface that is vital to fish growth, health and pathogen defense. Yet, knowledge about the physiology and defense mechanisms toward environmental stressors, such as bacterial or viral cues, is limited and depends largely on in vivo experiments with fish. On this background, we here explore the immune competence of a recently established in vitro intestinal barrier model based on the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal epithelial cell line, RTgutGC. We demonstrate that the RTgutGC cell barrier reacts to two immune stimuli, the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli and the viral Poly(I:C), by regulating the mRNA abundance of selected genes in a partly time- and concentration dependent manner. The immune stimuli activated the Myd88-and Ticam-dependent signalling cascades, which resulted in downstream activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon, comparable to the regulatory patterns known from in vivo. Stimuli exposure furthermore influenced the regulation of epithelial barrier markers and resulted in slightly impaired barrier functionality after long-term exposure to LPS. Collectively, we provide proof of the usefulness of this unique cell culture model to further gain basic understanding of the fish innate immune system and to apply it in various fields, such as fish feed development and fish health in aquaculture or the evaluation of immuno-toxicity of chemical contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schug
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Rok Krese
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; aQuaTox-Solutions, 8304, Wallisellen, Switzerland
| | - Trond M Kortner
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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34
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Tierbach A, Groh KJ, Schönenberger R, Schirmer K, Suter MJF. Glutathione S-Transferase Protein Expression in Different Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol Sci 2019; 162:702-712. [PMID: 29361160 PMCID: PMC5888913 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is a widely used animal model in biomedical sciences and toxicology. Although evidence for the presence of phases I and II xenobiotic defense mechanisms in zebrafish exists on the transcriptional and enzyme activity level, little is known about the protein expression of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Given the important role of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in phase II biotransformation, we analyzed cytosolic GST proteins in zebrafish early life stages and different organs of adult male and female fish, using a targeted proteomics approach. The established multiple reaction monitoring-based assays enable the measurement of the relative abundance of specific GST isoenzymes and GST classes in zebrafish through a combination of proteotypic peptides and peptides shared within the same class. GSTs of the classes alpha, mu, pi and rho are expressed in zebrafish embryo as early as 4 h postfertilization (hpf). The majority of GST enzymes are present at 72 hpf followed by a continuous increase in expression thereafter. In adult zebrafish, GST expression is organ dependent, with most of the GST classes showing the highest expression in the liver. The expression of a wide range of cytosolic GST isoenzymes and classes in zebrafish early life stages and adulthood supports the use of zebrafish as a model organism in chemical-related investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Tierbach
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPF Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, 8045 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - René Schönenberger
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPF Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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35
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Wang J, Lei P, Gamil AAA, Lagos L, Yue Y, Schirmer K, Mydland LT, Øverland M, Krogdahl Å, Kortner TM. Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Intestinal Epithelial Cells as a Model for Studying Gut Immune Function and Effects of Functional Feed Ingredients. Front Immunol 2019; 10:152. [PMID: 30792715 PMCID: PMC6374633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the rainbow trout intestinal epithelial cell line (RTgutGC) as an in vitro model for studies of gut immune function and effects of functional feed ingredients. Effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and three functional feed ingredients [nucleotides, mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), and beta-glucans] were evaluated in RTgutGC cells grown on conventional culture plates and transwell membranes. Permeation of fluorescently-labeled albumin, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and tight junction protein expression confirmed the barrier function of the cells. Brush border membrane enzyme activities [leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and maltase] were detected in the RTgutGC cells but activity levels were not modulated by any of the exposures. Immune related genes were expressed at comparable relative basal levels as these in rainbow trout distal intestine. LPS produced markedly elevated gene expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines il1b, il6, il8, and tnfa but had no effect on ROS production. Immunostaining demonstrated increased F-actin contents after LPS exposure. Among the functional feed ingredients, MOS seemed to be the most potent modulator of RTgutGC immune and barrier function. MOS significantly increased albumin permeation and il1b, il6, il8, tnfa, and tgfb expression, but suppressed ROS production, cell proliferation and myd88 expression. Induced levels of il1b and il8 were also observed after treatment with nucleotides and beta-glucans. For barrier function related genes, all treatments up-regulated the expression of cldn3 and suppressed cdh1 levels. Beta-glucans increased TEER levels and F-actin content. Collectively, the present study has provided new information on how functional ingredients commonly applied in aquafeeds can affect intestinal epithelial function in fish. Our findings suggest that RTgutGC cells possess characteristic features of functional intestinal epithelial cells indicating a potential for use as an efficient in vitro model to evaluate effects of bioactive feed ingredients on gut immune and barrier functions and their underlying cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Amr Ahmed Abdelrahim Gamil
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland.,ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Åshild Krogdahl
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond M Kortner
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
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36
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Burkard M, Bengtson Nash S, Gambaro G, Whitworth D, Schirmer K. Lifetime extension of humpback whale skin fibroblasts and their response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor). Cell Biol Toxicol 2019; 35:387-398. [PMID: 30627956 PMCID: PMC6757015 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-018-09457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine mammals, such as whales, have a high proportion of body fat and so are susceptible to the accumulation, and associated detrimental health effects, of lipophilic environmental contaminants. Recently, we developed a wild-type cell line from humpback whale fibroblasts (HuWa). Extensive molecular assessments with mammalian wild-type cells are typically constrained by a finite life span, with cells eventually becoming senescent. Thus, the present work explored the possibility of preventing senescence in the HuWa cell line by transfection with plasmids encoding the simian virus large T antigen (SV40T) or telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). No stable expression was achieved upon SV40 transfection. Transfection with TERT, on the other hand, activated the expression of telomerase in HuWa cells. At the time of manuscript preparation, the transfected HuWa cells (HuWaTERT) have been stable for at least 59 passages post-transfection. HuWaTERT proliferate rapidly and maintain initial cell characteristics, such as morphology and chromosomal stability. The response of HuWaTERT cells to an immune stimulant (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) and an immunotoxicant (Aroclor1254) was assessed by measurement of intracellular levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. HuWaTERT cells constitutively express IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα. Exposure to neither LPS nor Aroclor1254 had an effect on the levels of these cytokines. Overall, this work supports the diverse applicability of HuWa cell lines in that they display reliable long-term preservation, susceptibility to exogenous gene transfer and enable the study of humpback whale-specific cellular response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Burkard
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Susan Bengtson Nash
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gessica Gambaro
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Deanne Whitworth
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland. .,Institute of Biogechemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPF Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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37
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Maner J, Burkard M, Cassano JC, Nash SMB, Schirmer K, Suter MJF. Hexachlorobenzene exerts genotoxic effects in a humpback whale cell line under stable exposure conditions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39447-39457. [PMID: 35540658 PMCID: PMC9076109 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Humpback whales, like other polar wildlife, accumulate persistent organic pollutants. In Southern hemisphere populations, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dominates the contaminant profiles. HCB is linked to a variety of health effects and is classified as a group 2B carcinogen, but the mechanism of action is a matter of contention. Potential toxicological effects to humpback whales remain entirely unknown. The recently established humpback whale fibroblast cell line (HuWa) offers an in vitro model for toxicological investigations. We here combine this novel cell line with a passive dosing strategy to investigate whale-specific toxicity of HCB. The relevant partitioning coefficients were determined to produce stable and predictable exposure concentrations in small-scale bioassays. The system was used to assess acute toxicity as well as genotoxicity of HCB to the HuWa cell line. While we found some transient reductions in metabolic activity, measured with the indicator dye alamarBlue, no clear acute toxic effects were discernible. Yet, a significant increase in DNA damage, detected in the alkaline comet assay, was found in HuWa cells exposed to 10 μg L−1 HCB during the sensitive phase of cell attachment. Collectively, this work provides a ready-to-use passive dosing system and delivers evidence that HCB elicits genotoxicity in humpback whale cells. Stable exposure concentrations for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) can be achieved using silicone O-rings for passive dosing. Using this setup it was found that HCB causes DNA damage in a cell line of humpback whale fibroblasts.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Maner
- Department Environmental Toxicology
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
- Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science
- ETH Zürich
| | - Michael Burkard
- Department Environmental Toxicology
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
- Switzerland
- Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants Program
- Environmental Futures Research Institute
| | - Juan Carlos Cassano
- Empa, Swiss Laboratories for Material Science and Technology
- Particle-Biology Interactions Laboratory
- Switzerland
| | - Susan M. Bengtson Nash
- Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants Program
- Environmental Futures Research Institute
- Griffith University
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department Environmental Toxicology
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
- Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science
- ETH Zürich
| | - Marc J.-F. Suter
- Department Environmental Toxicology
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
- Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science
- ETH Zürich
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38
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Tousova Z, Oswald P, Slobodnik J, Blaha L, Muz M, Hu M, Brack W, Krauss M, Di Paolo C, Tarcai Z, Seiler TB, Hollert H, Koprivica S, Ahel M, Schollée JE, Hollender J, Suter MJF, Hidasi AO, Schirmer K, Sonavane M, Ait-Aissa S, Creusot N, Brion F, Froment J, Almeida AC, Thomas K, Tollefsen KE, Tufi S, Ouyang X, Leonards P, Lamoree M, Torrens VO, Kolkman A, Schriks M, Spirhanzlova P, Tindall A, Schulze T. Corrigendum to "European demonstration program on the effect-based and chemical identification and monitoring of organic pollutants in European surface waters" [Sci. Total Environ. 601-602 (2017) 1849-1868]. Sci Total Environ 2018; 635:1620-1621. [PMID: 29739659 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Tousova
- Environmental Institute (EI), Okruzna 784/42, 972 41 Kos, Slovak Republic; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Oswald
- Environmental Institute (EI), Okruzna 784/42, 972 41 Kos, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaroslav Slobodnik
- Environmental Institute (EI), Okruzna 784/42, 972 41 Kos, Slovak Republic
| | - Ludek Blaha
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Melis Muz
- UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Inst. for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Meng Hu
- UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Inst. for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Inst. for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolina Di Paolo
- RWTH Aachen University, Inst. for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Zsolt Tarcai
- RWTH Aachen University, Inst. for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- RWTH Aachen University, Inst. for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Inst. for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sanja Koprivica
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jennifer E Schollée
- Eawag, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Eawag, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anita O Hidasi
- Eawag, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manoj Sonavane
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Selim Ait-Aissa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Nicolas Creusot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Francois Brion
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jean Froment
- UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ana Catarina Almeida
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 39 Keesels Road, Coopers Plains 4108, Australia
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Science & Technology, Dept. for Environmental Sciences, Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Sara Tufi
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiyu Ouyang
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim Leonards
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victoria Osorio Torrens
- KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Department of Chemical Water, Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Kolkman
- KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Department of Chemical Water, Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn Schriks
- KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Department of Chemical Water, Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Vitens drinking water company, P.O Box 1205, 8001 BE Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrew Tindall
- WatchFrog S. A., 1 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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39
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Lead JR, Batley GE, Alvarez PJJ, Croteau MN, Handy RD, McLaughlin MJ, Judy JD, Schirmer K. Nanomaterials in the environment: Behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects-An updated review. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:2029-2063. [PMID: 29633323 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The present review covers developments in studies of nanomaterials (NMs) in the environment since our much cited review in 2008. We discuss novel insights into fate and behavior, metrology, transformations, bioavailability, toxicity mechanisms, and environmental impacts, with a focus on terrestrial and aquatic systems. Overall, the findings were that: 1) despite substantial developments, critical gaps remain, in large part due to the lack of analytical, modeling, and field capabilities, and also due to the breadth and complexity of the area; 2) a key knowledge gap is the lack of data on environmental concentrations and dosimetry generally; 3) substantial evidence shows that there are nanospecific effects (different from the effects of both ions and larger particles) on the environment in terms of fate, bioavailability, and toxicity, but this is not consistent for all NMs, species, and relevant processes; 4) a paradigm is emerging that NMs are less toxic than equivalent dissolved materials but more toxic than the corresponding bulk materials; and 5) translation of incompletely understood science into regulation and policy continues to be challenging. There is a developing consensus that NMs may pose a relatively low environmental risk, but because of uncertainty and lack of data in many areas, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn. In addition, this emerging consensus will likely change rapidly with qualitative changes in the technology and increased future discharges. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2029-2063. © 2018 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Lead
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Graeme E Batley
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Kirrawee, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan D Judy
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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40
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Kirla KT, Groh KJ, Poetzsch M, Banote RK, Stadnicka-Michalak J, Eggen RIL, Schirmer K, Kraemer T. Importance of Toxicokinetics to Assess the Utility of Zebrafish Larvae as Model for Psychoactive Drug Screening Using Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) as Example. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:414. [PMID: 29755353 PMCID: PMC5932571 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) increases rapidly, harming society and fuelling the need for alternative testing strategies. These should allow the ever-increasing number of drugs to be tested more effectively for their toxicity and psychoactive effects. One proposed strategy is to complement rodent models with zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. Yet, our understanding of the toxicokinetics in this model, owing to the waterborne drug exposure and the distinct physiology of the fish, is incomplete. We here explore the toxicokinetics and behavioral effects of an NPS, meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), in zebrafish larvae. Uptake kinetics of mCPP, supported by toxicokinetic modeling, strongly suggested the existence of active transport processes. Internal distribution showed a dominant accumulation in the eye, implying that in zebrafish, like in mammals, melanin could serve as a binding site for basic drugs. We confirmed this by demonstrating significantly lower drug accumulation in two types of hypo-pigmented fish. Comparison of the elimination kinetics between mCPP and previously characterized cocaine demonstrated that drug affinities to melanin in zebrafish vary depending on the structure of the test compound. As expected from mCPP-elicited responses in rodents and humans, zebrafish larvae displayed hypoactive behavior. However, significant differences were seen between zebrafish and rodents with regard to the concentration-dependency of the behavioral response and the comparability of tissue levels, corroborating the need to consider the organism-internal distribution of the chemical to allow appropriate dose modeling while evaluating effects and concordance between zebrafish and mammals. Our results highlight commonalities and differences of mammalian versus the fish model in need of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Tulasi Kirla
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Poetzsch
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rakesh Kumar Banote
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julita Stadnicka-Michalak
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rik I L Eggen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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41
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Stadnicka-Michalak J, Weiss FT, Fischer M, Tanneberger K, Schirmer K. Biotransformation of Benzo[ a]pyrene by Three Rainbow Trout ( Onchorhynchus mykiss) Cell Lines and Extrapolation To Derive a Fish Bioconcentration Factor. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:3091-3100. [PMID: 29400055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Permanent fish cell lines constitute a promising complement or substitute for fish in the environmental risk assessment of chemicals. We demonstrate the potential of a set of cell lines originating from rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) to aid in the prediction of chemical bioaccumulation in fish, using benzo[ a]pyrene (BaP) as a model chemical. We selected three cell lines from different tissues to more fully account for whole-body biotransformation in vivo: the RTL-W1 cell line, representing the liver as major site of biotransformation, and the RTgill-W1 (gill) and RTgutGC (intestine) cell lines, as important environment-organism interfaces, which likely influence chemical uptake. All three cell lines were found to effectively biotransform BaP. However, rates of in vitro clearance differed, with the RTL-W1 cell line being most efficient, followed by RTgutGC. Co-exposures with α-naphthoflavone as potent inhibitor of biotransformation, assessment of CYP1A catalytic activity, and the progression of cellular toxicity upon prolonged BaP exposure revealed that BaP is handled differently in the RTgill-W1 compared to the other two cell lines. Application of the cell-line-derived in vitro clearance rates into a physiology-based toxicokinetic model predicted a BaP bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 909-1057 compared to 920 reported for rainbow trout in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Stadnicka-Michalak
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , EPF Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Frederik T Weiss
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | | | - Katrin Tanneberger
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Ecosens AG, 8304 Wallisellen , Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , EPF Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
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42
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Tousova Z, Oswald P, Slobodnik J, Blaha L, Muz M, Hu M, Brack W, Krauss M, Di Paolo C, Tarcai Z, Seiler TB, Hollert H, Koprivica S, Ahel M, Schollée JE, Hollender J, Suter MJF, Hidasi AO, Schirmer K, Sonavane M, Ait-Aissa S, Creusot N, Brion F, Froment J, Almeida AC, Thomas K, Tollefsen KE, Tufi S, Ouyang X, Leonards P, Lamoree M, Torrens VO, Kolkman A, Schriks M, Spirhanzlova P, Tindall A, Schulze T. European demonstration program on the effect-based and chemical identification and monitoring of organic pollutants in European surface waters. Sci Total Environ 2017. [PMID: 28629112 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing concern about the adverse environmental and human health effects of a wide range of micropollutants requires the development of novel tools and approaches to enable holistic monitoring of their occurrence, fate and effects in the aquatic environment. A European-wide demonstration program (EDP) for effect-based monitoring of micropollutants in surface waters was carried out within the Marie Curie Initial Training Network EDA-EMERGE. The main objectives of the EDP were to apply a simplified protocol for effect-directed analysis, to link biological effects to target compounds and to estimate their risk to aquatic biota. Onsite large volume solid phase extraction of 50 L of surface water was performed at 18 sampling sites in four European river basins. Extracts were subjected to effect-based analysis (toxicity to algae, fish embryo toxicity, neurotoxicity, (anti-)estrogenicity, (anti-)androgenicity, glucocorticoid activity and thyroid activity), to target analysis (151 organic micropollutants) and to nontarget screening. The most pronounced effects were estrogenicity, toxicity to algae and fish embryo toxicity. In most bioassays, major portions of the observed effects could not be explained by target compounds, especially in case of androgenicity, glucocorticoid activity and fish embryo toxicity. Estrone and nonylphenoxyacetic acid were identified as the strongest contributors to estrogenicity, while herbicides, with a minor contribution from other micropollutants, were linked to the observed toxicity to algae. Fipronil and nonylphenol were partially responsible for the fish embryo toxicity. Within the EDP, 21 target compounds were prioritized on the basis of their frequency and extent of exceedance of predicted no effect concentrations. The EDP priority list included 6 compounds, which are already addressed by European legislation, and 15 micropollutants that may be important for future monitoring of surface waters. The study presents a novel simplified protocol for effect-based monitoring and draws a comprehensive picture of the surface water status across Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Tousova
- Environmental Institute (EI), Okruzna 784/42, 972 41 Kos, Slovak Republic; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Oswald
- Environmental Institute (EI), Okruzna 784/42, 972 41 Kos, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaroslav Slobodnik
- Environmental Institute (EI), Okruzna 784/42, 972 41 Kos, Slovak Republic
| | - Ludek Blaha
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Melis Muz
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Meng Hu
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolina Di Paolo
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Zsolt Tarcai
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sanja Koprivica
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jennifer E Schollée
- Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anita O Hidasi
- Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manoj Sonavane
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Selim Ait-Aissa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Nicolas Creusot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Francois Brion
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jean Froment
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ana Catarina Almeida
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 39 Keesels Road, Coopers Plains 4108, Australia
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Science & Technology, Dept. for Environmental Sciences, Post Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Sara Tufi
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiyu Ouyang
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim Leonards
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victoria Osorio Torrens
- KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Department of Chemical Water, Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Kolkman
- KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Department of Chemical Water, Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn Schriks
- KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Department of Chemical Water, Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Vitens drinking water company, P.O Box 1205, 8001 BE Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrew Tindall
- WatchFrog S. A., 1 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Stadnicka-Michalak J, Knöbel M, Županič A, Schirmer K. A validated algorithm for selecting non-toxic chemical concentrations. ALTEX 2017; 35:37-50. [PMID: 28653737 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1701231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The maximal chemical concentration that causes an acceptably small or no effect in an organism or isolated cells is an often-sought-after value in toxicology. Existing approaches to derive this value have raised several concerns; thus, it is often chosen case-by-case based on personal experience. To overcome this ambiguity, we propose an approach for choosing the non-toxic concentration (NtC) of a chemical in a rational, tractable way. We developed an algorithm that identifies the highest chemical concentration that causes no more than 10% effect (= EC10) including the modeled 95% confidence intervals and considering each of the measured biological replicates; and whose toxicity is not significantly different from no effect. The developed algorithm was validated in two steps: by comparing its results with measured and modeled data for 91 dose-response experiments with fish cell lines and/or zebrafish embryos; and by measuring actual effects caused by NtCs in a separate set of experiments using a fish cell line and zebrafish embryos. The algorithm provided an NtC that is more protective than NOEC (no-observed-effect-concentration), NEC (modeled no-effect concentration), EC10 and BMD (benchmark dose). Despite focusing on small-scale bioassays here, this study indicates that the NtC algorithm could be used in various systems. Its application to the survival of zebrafish embryos and to metabolic activity in cell lines showed that NtCs can be applied to different effect measurements, time points, and levels of biological organization. The algorithm is available as Matlab and R source code, and as a free, user-friendly online application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Stadnicka-Michalak
- EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Knöbel
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Anže Županič
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Zurich, Switzerland
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Tan L, Schirmer K. Cell culture-based biosensing techniques for detecting toxicity in water. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 45:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Hidasi AO, Groh KJ, Suter MJF, Schirmer K. Clobetasol propionate causes immunosuppression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) at environmentally relevant concentrations. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2017; 138:16-24. [PMID: 27987419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) are potential endocrine disrupting compounds that have been detected in the aquatic environment around the world in the low ng/L (nanomolar) range. GCs are used as immunosuppressants in medicine. It is of high interest whether clobetasol propionate (CP), a highly potent GC, suppresses the inflammatory response in fish after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge was used to induce inflammation and thus mimic pathogen infection. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to ≤1000nM CP from ~1h post fertilization (hpf) to 96 hpf, and CP uptake, survival after LPS challenge, and expression of inflammation-related genes were examined. Our initial experiments were carried out using 0.001% DMSO as a solvent vehicle, but we observed that DMSO interfered with the LPS challenge assay, and thus masked the effects of CP. Therefore, DMSO was not used in the subsequent experiments. The internal CP concentration was quantifiable after exposure to ≥10nM CP for 96h. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of CP was determined to be between 16 and 33 in zebrafish embryos. CP-exposed embryos showed a significantly higher survival rate in the LPS challenge assay after exposure to ≥0.1nM in a dose dependent manner. This effect is an indication of immunosuppression. Furthermore, the regulation pattern of several genes related to LPS challenge in mammals supported our results, providing evidence that LPS-mediated inflammatory pathways are conserved from mammals to teleost fish. Anxa1b, a GC-action related anti-inflammatory gene, was significantly down-regulated after exposure to ≥0.05nM CP. Our results show for the first time that synthetic GCs can suppress the innate immune system of fish at environmentally relevant concentrations. This may reduce the chances of fish to survive in the environment, as their defense against pathogens is weakened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita O Hidasi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland; EPFL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland; ETHZ, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland; EPFL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; ETHZ, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Zürich 8092, Switzerland.
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Drieschner C, Minghetti M, Wu S, Renaud P, Schirmer K. Ultrathin Alumina Membranes as Scaffold for Epithelial Cell Culture from the Intestine of Rainbow Trout. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:9496-9505. [PMID: 28244327 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Permeable membranes are indispensable for in vitro epithelial barrier models. However, currently available polymer-based membranes are low in porosity and relatively thick, resulting in a limited permeability and unrealistic culture conditions. In this study, we developed an ultrathin, nanoporous alumina membrane as novel cell culture interface for vertebrate cells, with focus on the rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) intestinal cell line RTgutGC. The new type of membrane is framed in a silicon chip for physical support and has a thickness of only 1 μm, with a porosity of 15% and homogeneous nanopores (Ø = 73 ± 21 nm). Permeability rates for small molecules, namely lucifer yellow, dextran 40, and bovine serum albumin, exceeded those of standard polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membranes by up to 27 fold. With the final goal to establish a representative model of the fish intestine for environmental toxicology, we engineered a simple culture setup, capable of testing the cellular response toward chemical exposure. Herein, cells were cultured in a monolayer on the alumina membranes and formed a polarized epithelium with apical expression of the tight junction protein ZO-1 within 14 days. Impedance spectroscopy, a noninvasive and real time electrical measurement, was used to determine cellular resistance during epithelial layer formation and chemical exposure to evaluate barrier functionality. Resistance values during epithelial development revealed different stages of epithelial maturity and were comparable with the in vivo situation. During chemical exposure, cellular resistance changed immediately when barrier tightness or cell viability was affected. Thus, our study demonstrates nanoporous alumina membranes as promising novel interface for alternative in vitro approaches, capable of allowing cell culture in a physiologically realistic manner and enabling high quality microscopy and sensitive measurement of cellular resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Drieschner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Microsystems Laboratory 4, School of Architecture, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Minghetti
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University , 74078 Oklahoma, United States
| | - Songmei Wu
- Microsystems Laboratory 4, School of Architecture, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing, P. R China
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Microsystems Laboratory 4, School of Architecture, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH-Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Minghetti M, Drieschner C, Bramaz N, Schug H, Schirmer K. A fish intestinal epithelial barrier model established from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell line, RTgutGC. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 33:539-555. [PMID: 28251411 PMCID: PMC5658468 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The intestine of fish is a multifunctional organ: lined by only a single layer of specialized epithelial cells, it has various physiological roles including nutrient absorption and ion regulation. It moreover comprises an important barrier for environmental toxicants, including metals. Thus far, knowledge of the fish intestine is limited largely to in vivo or ex vivo investigations. Recently, however, the first fish intestinal cell line, RTgutGC, was established, originating from a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In order to exploit the opportunities arising from RTgutGC cells for exploring fish intestinal physiology and toxicology, we present here the establishment of cells on commercially available permeable membrane supports and evaluate its suitability as a model of polarized intestinal epithelia. Within 3 weeks of culture, RTgutGC cells show epithelial features by forming tight junctions and desmosomes between adjacent cells. Cells develop a transepithelial electrical resistance comparable to in vivo measured values, reflecting the leaky nature of the fish intestine. Immunocytochemistry reveals evidence of polarization, such as basolateral localization of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) and apical localization of the tight junction protein ZO-1. NKA mRNA abundance was induced as physiological response toward a saltwater buffer, mimicking the migration of rainbow trout from fresh to seawater. Permeation of fluorescent molecules proved the barrier function of the cells, with permeation coefficients being comparable to those reported in fish. Finally, we demonstrate that cells on permeable supports are more resistant to the toxicity elicited by silver ions than cells grown the conventional way, likely due to improved cellular silver excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Minghetti
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Carolin Drieschner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,School of Architecture, Microsystems Laboratory 4, EPF Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Bramaz
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Schug
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPF Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland. .,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPF Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Yue Y, Li X, Sigg L, Suter MJF, Pillai S, Behra R, Schirmer K. Interaction of silver nanoparticles with algae and fish cells: a side by side comparison. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:16. [PMID: 28245850 PMCID: PMC5331694 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are widely applied and can, upon use, be released into the aquatic environment. This raises concerns about potential impacts of AgNP on aquatic organisms. We here present a side by side comparison of the interaction of AgNP with two contrasting cell types: algal cells, using the algae Euglena gracilis as model, and fish cells, a cell line originating from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill (RTgill-W1). The comparison is based on the AgNP behavior in exposure media, toxicity, uptake and interaction with proteins. Results (1) The composition of exposure media affected AgNP behavior and toxicity to algae and fish cells. (2) The toxicity of AgNP to algae was mediated by dissolved silver while nanoparticle specific effects in addition to dissolved silver contributed to the toxicity of AgNP to fish cells. (3) AgNP did not enter into algal cells; they only adsorbed onto the cell surface. In contrast, AgNP were taken up by fish cells via endocytic pathways. (4) AgNP can bind to both extracellular and intracellular proteins and inhibit enzyme activity. Conclusion Our results showed that fish cells take up AgNP in contrast to algal cells, where AgNP sorbed onto the cell surface, which indicates that the cell wall of algae is a barrier to particle uptake. This particle behaviour results in different responses to AgNP exposure in algae and fish cells. Yet, proteins from both cell types can be affected by AgNP exposure: for algae, extracellular proteins secreted from cells for, e.g., nutrient acquisition. For fish cells, intracellular and/or membrane-bound proteins, such as the Na+/K+-ATPase, are susceptible to AgNP binding and functional impairment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-017-0254-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, 0454, Norway
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Sigg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH-Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.,, Wattstrasse 13a, 8307, Effretikon, Switzerland
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH-Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Smitha Pillai
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH-Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Renata Behra
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland. .,Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH-Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland. .,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH-Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Mottaz H, Schönenberger R, Fischer S, Eggen RIL, Schirmer K, Groh KJ. Dose-dependent effects of morphine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, and involvement of multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) transporters in LPS efflux in teleost fish. Environ Pollut 2017; 221:105-115. [PMID: 28010888 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Opioid drugs, such as morphine (MO), detected in aquatic environments worldwide, may harm fish due to their semi-persistence and ability to potently interact with molecular targets conserved across vertebrates. Here, we established a waterborne bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge assay with zebrafish embryos as a model to investigate chemically-induced disruption of the innate immune system, and used it to study the effects of MO exposure. Exposure to 1 mg/L MO resulted in pronounced immunosuppression, reflected in downregulation of several inflammation-related genes, including myd88, trif, traf6, p38, nfκb2, il-1β, il-8 and ccl34a. Fish exposed to 1 mg/L MO accumulated 11.7 ng/g (wet weight) of MO, a concentration comparable to that reported in blood of chronic drug abusers subject to higher infection rates. Surprisingly, exposure to lower MO concentrations (100 ng/L-100 μg/L) led to exacerbation of LPS-induced inflammation. Two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters known to be involved in the xenobiotic efflux - abcb4 and abcc2, also known as multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) transporters - were downregulated at 100 ng/L MO. We hypothesized that ABC/MXR transporters could modulate the severity of inflammation by being involved in efflux of LPS, thus regulating its accumulation in the organism. Indeed, we could demonstrate that blocking of ABC/MXR transporters by an inhibitor, cyclosporine A, results in stronger inflammation, coinciding with higher LPS accumulation, as visualized with fluorescently labeled LPS. Our work demonstrates that MO can disrupt fish innate immune responses at environmentally relevant concentrations. We also provide evidence for a role of ABC/MXR transporters in LPS efflux in fish. These finding may be applicable across other taxa, as ABC transporters are evolutionary conserved. Since diverse environmentally present chemicals are known to interfere with ABC/MXR transporters' expression or activity, our discovery raises concerns about potential adverse effects of such compounds on the immune system responses in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Mottaz
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rene Schönenberger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rik I L Eggen
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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50
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Lillicrap A, Belanger S, Burden N, Pasquier DD, Embry MR, Halder M, Lampi MA, Lee L, Norberg-King T, Rattner BA, Schirmer K, Thomas P. Alternative approaches to vertebrate ecotoxicity tests in the 21st century: A review of developments over the last 2 decades and current status. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:2637-2646. [PMID: 27779828 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The need for alternative approaches to the use of vertebrate animals for hazard assessment of chemicals and pollutants has become of increasing importance. It is now the first consideration when initiating a vertebrate ecotoxicity test, to ensure that unnecessary use of vertebrate organisms is minimized wherever possible. For some regulatory purposes, the use of vertebrate organisms for environmental risk assessments has been banned; in other situations, the number of organisms tested has been dramatically reduced or the severity of the procedure refined. However, there is still a long way to go to achieve a complete replacement of vertebrate organisms to generate environmental hazard data. The development of animal alternatives is based not just on ethical considerations but also on reducing the cost of performing vertebrate ecotoxicity tests and in some cases on providing better information aimed at improving environmental risk assessments. The present Focus article provides an overview of the considerable advances that have been made toward alternative approaches for ecotoxicity assessments over the last few decades. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2637-2646. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lillicrap
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
| | - Scott Belanger
- Environmental Safety and Sustainability, Global Product Stewardship, Procter & Gamble, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - Natalie Burden
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michelle R Embry
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Mark A Lampi
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lucy Lee
- Faculty of Science, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Teresa Norberg-King
- National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Mid-Continent Ecology Division-Duluth, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Barnett A Rattner
- Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, US Geological Survey, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag-Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPF Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Thomas
- Consultancy for Environmental & Human Toxicology & Risk Assessment (Lyon Agency), L'Isle d'Abeau, France
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