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Johns M, Deloe K, Beaty LE, Simpson AM, Nutile SA. Avoidance behavior of Hyalella azteca in response to three common-use insecticides. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140492. [PMID: 37865201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Non-target organisms in aquatic environments may experience lethal or sublethal effects following exposure to contaminants. Most protocols and regulations, however, are designed to provide protection from lethal effects and are thus based on conventional estimates of population lethality. The relative lack of reliable behavioral endpoints makes it challenging to implement regulations that are similarly protective against sublethal toxicity. The objective of this study was to quantify the avoidance behavior of Hyalella azteca when exposed to three insecticides-bifenthrin (B), chlorpyrifos (C), and permethrin (P)-at a range of estimated lethal concentrations. A two-choice behavioral arena was used for each chemical to quantify H. azteca activity and time spent in either uncontaminated sediment or sediment spiked at concentrations reflecting estimated 48-h lethal concentrations (LC50, LC25, and LC10). For all three insecticides, naïve H. azteca demonstrated a preference for the uncontaminated sediment over the contaminated sediment at the LC50 (B: 312 ng/gOC; C: 1265 ng/gOC; P: 5042 ng/gOC) and LC25 (B: 230 ng/gOC; C: 859 ng/gOC; P: 3817 ng/gOC), spending significantly more time in the uncontaminated side of the arena. H. azteca did not avoid sediment at LC10 (B: 204 ng/gOC; C: 609 ng/gOC; P: 1515 ng/gOC) levels, indicating the existence of a potential threshold of detection. Despite the lack of substrate preference at this exposure level, H. azteca were nevertheless more active (i.e., increased zone-switching) when exposed to bifenthrin at the LC10, suggesting a possible irritation response (e.g., movement after exposure) to this chemical. Our results provide evidence that H. azteca exhibit innate avoidance responses to sediments contaminated with common insecticides at concentrations below those represented by traditional toxicological endpoints (e.g., LC50). The sensitivity and ease with which this behavioral endpoint can be assayed demonstrates the potential utility of behavioral endpoints in toxicological assessments using model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Johns
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Kyle Deloe
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Lynne E Beaty
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Adam M Simpson
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Samuel A Nutile
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA.
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Elliott J, Cortvriend J, Depietra G, Brennan C, Compton RG. Kinetics of Lipophilic Pesticide Uptake by Living Maize. ACS AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 3:445-454. [PMID: 37206884 PMCID: PMC10189725 DOI: 10.1021/acsagscitech.3c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the uptake of a lipophilic fungicide into the cuticle of living leaves of young maize from droplets of a suspension concentrate. The action of a "coffee-ring" effect is demonstrated during fungicide formulation drying, and the fungicide particle distribution is quantified. We develop a simple, two-dimensional model of uptake leading to a "reservoir" of cuticular fungicide. This model allows inferences of physicochemical properties for fungicides inside the cuticular medium. The diffusion coefficient closely agrees with literature penetration experiments (Dcut ≈ 10-18 m2 s-1). The logarithm of the inferred cuticle-water partition coefficient log10 Kcw = 6.03 ± 0.04 is consistent with ethyl acetate as a model solvent for the maize cuticle. Two limiting kinetic uptake regimes are inferred from the model for short and long times, with the transition resulting from longitudinal saturation of the cuticle beneath the droplet. We discuss the strengths, limitations, and generalizability of our model within the "cuticle reservoir" approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph
R. Elliott
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, Great
Britain
| | - Joseph Cortvriend
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta
Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, Great Britain
| | - Giovambattista Depietra
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta
Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, Great Britain
| | - Colin Brennan
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta
Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, Great Britain
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, Great
Britain
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Spinozzi E, Ferrati M, Baldassarri C, Cappellacci L, Marmugi M, Caselli A, Benelli G, Maggi F, Petrelli R. A Review of the Chemistry and Biological Activities of Acmella oleracea ("jambù", Asteraceae), with a View to the Development of Bioinsecticides and Acaricides. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2721. [PMID: 36297745 PMCID: PMC9608073 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human pathologies, environmental pollution, and resistance phenomena caused by the intensive use of chemical pesticides have shifted the attention of the agrochemical industries towards eco-friendly insecticides and acaricides. Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen (jambù) is a plant native to South America, widely distributed and cultivated in many countries due to its numerous pharmacological properties. This review analyzes literature about the plant, its uses, and current knowledge regarding insecticidal and acaricidal activity. Acmella oleracea has proven to be a potential pesticide candidate against several key arthropod pest and vector species. This property is inherent to its essential oil and plant extract, which contain spilanthol, the main representative of N-alkylamides. As a result, there is a scientific basis for the industrial exploitation of jambù in the preparation of green insecticides. However, studies related to its toxicity towards non-target species and those aimed at formulating and developing marketable products are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Spinozzi
- School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Marta Ferrati
- School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Cecilia Baldassarri
- School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Margherita Marmugi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 856124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alice Caselli
- Centre of Plant Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 856124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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de Perre C, Murphy TM, Lydy MJ. Mixture toxicity of phostebupirim and cyfluthrin: Species-specific responses. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1947-1954. [PMID: 28019697 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the potential impact of insecticide mixtures to nontarget organisms is largely unknown, and additional study is needed. The present study investigated the mixture toxicity of the organophosphate insecticide phostebupirim and the pyrethroid insecticide cyfluthrin using 4 nontarget species including Daphnia magna, Hyalella azteca, Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow), and Danio rerio (zebrafish). For each species, the toxicity of equipotent mixtures was compared with the expected toxicity estimated using the independent action (IA) and concentration addition (CA) models. Lethal and sublethal responses to D. magna and H. azteca were best described with the IA model. For both fish species, mixture toxicity was significantly higher than that estimated using either mixture model. The synergism noted in fish exposed to the combination of phostebupirim and cyfluthrin was confirmed by exposing P. promelas larvae to a nontoxic dose of phostebupirim and a range of toxic cyfluthrin concentrations, and vice versa. Sublethal and lethal concentrations to fish were up to 7 times lower for the mixture than in concurrently run individual compound exposures. Potential mechanisms for the synergistic responses found in fish are presented. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1947-1954. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe de Perre
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Tracye M Murphy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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Nutile SA, Harwood AD, Sinche FL, Huff Hartz KE, Landrum PF, Lydy MJ. The robustness of single-point Tenax extractions of pyrethroids: Effects of the Tenax to organic carbon mass ratio on exposure estimates. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:308-317. [PMID: 28027475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Use of Tenax extractable concentrations to estimate biological exposure to hydrophobic organic contaminants is well documented, yet method variation exists between studies, specifically in the ratio of Tenax mass to organic carbon mass in the sediment (Tenax:OC ratio) being extracted. The effects of this variation on exposure estimates are not well understood. As Tenax is theoretically in direct competition with organic carbon for freely dissolved chemical in sediment interstitial water, varying the Tenax:OC ratio could impact single-point Tenax extraction (SPTE) exposure estimates. Therefore, the effects of varying Tenax:OC ratios on SPTE pyrethroid concentrations from field-contaminated and laboratory-spiked sediments were compared to bioaccumulation by Lumbriculus variegatus. The Tenax:OC ratio had minimal effect on SPTE pyrethroid concentrations. The SPTE pyrethroid concentrations obtained using the highest and lowest Tenax:OC ratios ranged from 0.85- to 3.91-fold different, which is unlikely to contribute substantial error to bioaccessibility estimates. Comparisons to Tenax exposure endpoints from previous research reveal the variation in these endpoints is likely due to toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic differences; processes common to exposure estimates provided by any chemical extraction technique. As the pyrethroid concentrations in the experimental sediments caused toxicity to L. variegatus, thus affecting bioaccumulation, the SPTE concentrations overestimated bioaccumulation. However, SPTE concentrations strongly correlated with growth inhibition regardless of the Tenax:OC ratio, providing accurate estimates of the correct exposure endpoint. Tenax masses of 0.500-0.800 g should provide sufficient Tenax to achieve Tenax:OC ratios of at least 5:1, which will provide accurate exposure estimates while retaining the ease of conducting SPTEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Nutile
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Amanda D Harwood
- Biology and Environmental Studies, Alma College, Alma, MI 48801, USA
| | - Federico L Sinche
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Kara E Huff Hartz
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Peter F Landrum
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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