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Maimaitiyiming R, Zhang H, Wang J, Wang L, Zhao L, Liu B, Chen K, Aihaiti A. A Novel Strategy for Mixed Jam Evaluation: Apparent Indicator, Sensory, Metabolomic, and GC-IMS Analysis. Foods 2024; 13:1104. [PMID: 38611408 PMCID: PMC11011859 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Jam is a popular traditional and modern food product for daily consumption. However, the benefits of mixed jams over single-fruit jams have not been thoroughly explored, with analyses limited to superficial indices. In this study, Xinjiang special Morus nigra L. and Prunus domestica L. were used as raw materials to prepare single-fruit and mixed jams, and their differences in antioxidants, organoleptic qualities, pH, texture, and color were analyzed. The dynamics of metabolites before and after thermal processing were assessed using untargeted metabolomics. The results indicate that the main metabolites were flavonoids, terpenoids, amino acids, phenolic acids, and carbohydrates. Flavonoid metabolites changed significantly after thermal processing, with 40 up-regulated and 13 down-regulated. During storage, polyphenols were the prominent differential metabolites, with fifty-four down-regulated and one up-regulated. Volatile aroma components were analyzed using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS); the aroma components E-2-hexenal, E-2-pentenal, 3-methylbutanal, 1-penten-3-ol, tetrahydro-linalool, 1-penten-3-one, hexyl propionate, isoamyl acetate, α-pinene, and propionic acid in mixed jam were significantly higher than in single-fruit jam. In this study, untargeted metabolomics and GC-IMS were used to provide a more comprehensive and in-depth evaluation system for jam analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxianguli Maimaitiyiming
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (R.M.); (H.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.); (L.Z.), (B.L.)
| | - Huimin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (R.M.); (H.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.); (L.Z.), (B.L.)
| | - Jiayi Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (R.M.); (H.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.); (L.Z.), (B.L.)
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (R.M.); (H.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.); (L.Z.), (B.L.)
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (R.M.); (H.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.); (L.Z.), (B.L.)
| | - Bingze Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (R.M.); (H.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.); (L.Z.), (B.L.)
| | - Keping Chen
- Xinjiang Huize Food Limited Liability Company, Urumqi 830046, China;
| | - Aihemaitijiang Aihaiti
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (R.M.); (H.Z.); (J.W.); (L.W.); (L.Z.), (B.L.)
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Valorisation of the Inhibitory Potential of Fresh and Dried Fruit Extracts of Prunus spinosa L. towards Carbohydrate Hydrolysing Enzymes, Protein Glycation, Multiple Oxidants and Oxidative Stress-Induced Changes in Human Plasma Constituents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101300. [PMID: 36297412 PMCID: PMC9610855 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Prunus spinosa fruits (sloes), both fresh and dried, are underexplored dietary components and ethno-phytotherapeutic remedies applied to treat chronic oxidative-stress-related diseases, including diabetes. The present study aimed to evaluate drying-related changes in the antidiabetic potential of sloe extracts and some bioactivity mechanisms, which might be connected with their traditional application. The polyphenol-enriched extracts, prepared by fractionated extraction and phytochemically standardised, i.a., by LC-MS/MS, were tested in vitro using a set of biological and chemical models. The experiments revealed the significant extracts' ability to counteract the generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and inhibit the activity of key glycolytic enzymes, i.e., α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Moreover, they were proved to effectively scavenge multiple oxidants of physiological importance (O2•-, HO•, H2O2, NO•, HOCl), increase the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity of human plasma (NEAC) under oxidative stress conditions induced by peroxynitrite, and protect plasma proteins and lipids against peroxidation and nitration at in vivo-relevant levels (1-50 µg/mL, equivalent to 0.03-6.32 µg polyphenols/mL). In most cases, the activity of fresh fruit extracts surpassed that of dried-based products. The correlation studies and tests on model compounds proved polyphenols as dominant contributors to the observed effects. Furthermore, the co-occurring representatives of various polyphenolic classes were found to contribute to the biological activity of sloes through additive and synergistic effects. Considering the extraction yield and activity parameters, especially the superior outcomes compared to anti-diabetic drugs aminoguanidine and acarbose in the anti-glycation and α-glucosidase inhibition tests, the methanol-water (75:25, v/v) extract of fresh fruits and its phenolic-enriched fractions revealed the most advantageous potential for functional application.
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Zia S, Khan MR, Aadil RM, Shahid M. Development and storage stability of value‐added watermelon fruit butter by incorporating watermelon rind byproduct. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.17031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sania Zia
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Moazzam Rafiq Khan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
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de Andrade RB, Machado BAS, Barreto GDA, Nascimento RQ, Corrêa LC, Leal IL, Tavares PPLG, Ferreira EDS, Umsza-Guez MA. Syrah Grape Skin Residues Has Potential as Source of Antioxidant and Anti-Microbial Bioactive Compounds. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121262. [PMID: 34943177 PMCID: PMC8698917 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this study was to verify the influence of different extraction parameters (temperature and ultrasound time) of bioactive compounds from the skin of the Syrah variety of grape. Among the extracts obtained, those exposed to 20 min of sonication had the best results in terms of flavonoid content, antioxidant potential and phenolic profile. The temperature of 60 °C provided the most relevant results for the content of total phenolics, stilbenes, flavonols and phenolic acids, however, the association of this temperature with the use of ultrasound showed lower results as a source of antioxidant and antimicrobial bioactive compounds. Abstract In this study, we evaluated the effects of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) under different time-temperature conditions on the content of bioactive compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Syrah grape skin residue. The application of UAE showed a positive effect on the extraction of total flavonoids, and a negative effect on total polyphenols. The temperature of 40 °C and 60 °C without the UAE caused an increase of 260% and 287% of the total polyphenols, respectively. Nineteen individually bioactive compounds were quantified. The anthocyanin concentration (malvidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside 118.8–324.5 mg/100 g) showed high variation, to a lesser extent for phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavonols, procyanidins and stilbenes due to the UAE process. The Syrah grape skin residue has a high concentration of total phenolic compounds of 196–733.7 mg·GAE/100 g and a total flavonoid content of 9.8–40.0 mg·QE/100 g. The results of free radical scavenging activity (16.0–48.7 mg/100 mL, as EC50) and its inhibition of microbial growth (0.16 mg/mL, as EC50 for S. aureus, and 0.04 mg/mL, as EC50 for E. coli) by grape skin extract (UAE 40:20) indicate high antioxidant and antibacterial activity. It was concluded that the use of ultrasound needs further analysis for its application in this context, as it has shown deleterious effects on some compounds of interest. Syrah grape skin residue has potential as a source of bioactive antioxidants, antimicrobial activity and for use as a functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Barreto de Andrade
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, BA, Brazil or (R.B.d.A.); (R.Q.N.); or (I.L.L.); or (P.P.L.G.T.)
| | - Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil; (B.A.S.M.); or (G.d.A.B.)
| | - Gabriele de Abreu Barreto
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil; (B.A.S.M.); or (G.d.A.B.)
| | - Renata Quartieri Nascimento
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, BA, Brazil or (R.B.d.A.); (R.Q.N.); or (I.L.L.); or (P.P.L.G.T.)
| | - Luiz Claudio Corrêa
- Brazilian Semi-Arid Agricultural Research Company (Embrapa Semiárido), BR428, Km 152, P.O. Box 23, Petrolina 56302-970, PE, Brazil;
| | - Ingrid Lessa Leal
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, BA, Brazil or (R.B.d.A.); (R.Q.N.); or (I.L.L.); or (P.P.L.G.T.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil; (B.A.S.M.); or (G.d.A.B.)
| | | | - Ederlan de Souza Ferreira
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, BA, Brazil or (R.B.d.A.); (R.Q.N.); or (I.L.L.); or (P.P.L.G.T.)
- Correspondence: (E.d.S.F.); (M.A.U.-G.); Tel.: +55-71-9923-13184 (E.d.S.F.); +55-71-9285-9330 (M.A.U.-G.)
| | - Marcelo Andrés Umsza-Guez
- Department of Biotechnology, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, BA, Brazil
- Correspondence: (E.d.S.F.); (M.A.U.-G.); Tel.: +55-71-9923-13184 (E.d.S.F.); +55-71-9285-9330 (M.A.U.-G.)
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Novel extraction methods and potential applications of polyphenols in fruit waste: a review. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sridhar K, Charles AL. Fortification using grape extract polyphenols – a review on functional food regulations. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kandi Sridhar
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation National Pingtung University of Science and Technology 1 Shuefu Road Neipu Pingtung912 01Taiwan
| | - Albert Linton Charles
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation National Pingtung University of Science and Technology 1 Shuefu Road Neipu Pingtung912 01Taiwan
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Zhou C, Mao K, Li J, Gao J, Liu X, Sang Y. Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory capacity of nonextractable polyphenols in Mopan persimmon. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5729-5737. [PMID: 33133574 PMCID: PMC7590319 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was to evaluate and compare the polyphenols contents, antioxidant capacities, and α-glucosidase inhibitory abilities of extractable and nonextractable polyphenols (EP and NEP) in Mopan persimmon. The results showed that total phenols content of NEP was 5 times higher than that of EP, and the hydrolyzed NEP compounds displayed higher antioxidant capacity than EP in vitro by DPPH, ORAC assays. Meanwhile, NEP also exhibited inhibition capacity of α-glucosidase and were higher than that of acarbose. In addition, an in vitro model of gastrointestinal digestion was used for the release of NEP, the polyphenols content and ORAC values were obviously increased in gastric digestion stage. The result indicated that NEP in Mopan persimmon, which has often been overlooked and discarded in the past, possessed higher polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity than EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhou
- College of Food Science and TechnologyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Kemin Mao
- College of Food Science and TechnologyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Food Science and TechnologyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Food Science and TechnologyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- College of Food Science and TechnologyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yaxin Sang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
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da Silva GV, Machado BAS, de Oliveira WP, da Silva CFG, de Quadros CP, Druzian JI, Ferreira EDS, Umsza-Guez MA. Effect of Drying Methods on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity in Grape Skin Residues from the New Hybrid Variety "BRS Magna". Molecules 2020; 25:E3701. [PMID: 32823808 PMCID: PMC7466153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the drying process using the conventional oven and freeze-drying on the thermogravimetric profile, proximate composition, color parameters, individual bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity in the grape residue (skin) were evaluated. Twenty individual phenolic compounds were identified, where a variation in concentration was observed for flavonols, stilbenes, phenolic acids, flavonoids, procyanidins, and particularly anthocyanins (malvidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside of 253.2-536.9 mg/kg) due to the drying process. Drying in a conventional oven caused a decrease of 23% of the total polyphenols. The skin of the BRS magna grape has a high concentration of total phenolic content of 489.5-148.3 mg.GAE/100 g, total anthocyanin content of 124.9-260.1 mg.CE/100 g, and total flavonoid content of 12.7-26.0 mg.QE/100 g. The results of free radical scavenging activity (1.26-4.91 μg/mL, as EC50) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (82.93-184.10 μmol/g of skin as equivalent to Fe2SO4) indicate high antioxidant activity, independently of the drying process applied. It was concluded that, if the application is directed to anthocyanin compounds, the use of lyophilization is recommended. On the other hand, if the interest is in bioactive compounds that exert antioxidant activity, conventional oven-drying can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Viana da Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil; (G.V.d.S.); (W.P.d.O.); (C.F.G.d.S.); (J.I.D.)
| | | | - Walkia Polliana de Oliveira
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil; (G.V.d.S.); (W.P.d.O.); (C.F.G.d.S.); (J.I.D.)
| | - Camilla Fernanda Godinho da Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil; (G.V.d.S.); (W.P.d.O.); (C.F.G.d.S.); (J.I.D.)
| | - Cedenir Pereira de Quadros
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of the São Francisco Valley (UNIVASF), Petrolina 56300-000, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Janice Izabel Druzian
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil; (G.V.d.S.); (W.P.d.O.); (C.F.G.d.S.); (J.I.D.)
| | - Ederlan de Souza Ferreira
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil; (G.V.d.S.); (W.P.d.O.); (C.F.G.d.S.); (J.I.D.)
| | - Marcelo Andrés Umsza-Guez
- Department of Biotechnology, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil
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Song Y, Tajima H, Sato T, Ito K, Okuno T, Kurasaki M. Zweigelt and Niagara skin extracts suppress cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation due to UV irradiation in NHEK cells: first attempt. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:593-598. [PMID: 32241220 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1745544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The grape skins after pressing the juice are a major problem for winery. However, because it contains a large amount of polyphenols, development of effective usages are expected to construct sustainable waste use. In this study, we examined whether grape skin extract is effective for recovery of DNA damage caused by UV irradiation. Extract from Zweigelt and Niagara skin was prepared by methanol, and UV irradiation was performed at 10 mJ/cm2 (250 nm) and 15 mJ/cm2 (290 nm) using human normal skin cells. As results, the decreased cell viability due to UV irradiation was improved by adding Niagara or Zweigelt skin extract. On the other hand, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer production due to UV irradiation decreased significantly by Niagara or Zweigelt extract. In addition, the effects of grape skin extracts on the expression of sirtuin gene were also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Song
- Environmental Adaptation Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Keizo Ito
- Sapporo Bio Factory Co., Ltd, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Okuno
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hino, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurasaki
- Environmental Adaptation Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Environmental Adaptation Science, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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de Souza RDC, Machado BAS, Barreto GDA, Leal IL, dos Anjos JP, Umsza-Guez MA. Effect of Experimental Parameters on the Extraction of Grape Seed Oil Obtained by Low Pressure and Supercritical Fluid Extraction. Molecules 2020; 25:E1634. [PMID: 32252316 PMCID: PMC7180707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape seeds are an important byproduct from the grape process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of experimental parameters (temperature and time of pretreatment with ultrasound) to obtain grape seed oil using low pressure (Soxhlet-Sox and Bligh Dyer-BD) and high pressure (supercritical carbon dioxide-SFE) methods. The best condition for pretreatment of samples was 30 min of sonication at 30 °C before extraction by Sox or BD. Ultrasound pretreatment was efficient to increase oil extraction yield by 32.10 (Sox), 20.31 (BD) and 12.54% (SFE), depending on the extraction method used as well as, and certainly influenced the total phenolic concentration in 311 (Sox), 234 (BD), and 184 (SFE)%. Ten fatty acids were identified in the oils, the major ones being 18:2ω-6cis (linoleic 52.39%-63.12%), 16:0 (palmitic 20.22%-26.80%) and 18:0 (stearic 8.52%-13.68%). The highest epicatechin concentration was identified in the BD sample: 30-30 (150.49 ± 5.98mg/kg), which presented a concentration of ≥3 times compared to the control (56.68 ± 1.81mg/kg). Ultrasound pretreatment also contributed positively (56% and 99% increase) in the α-tocopherol content of the SFE: 30-30 and BD: 30-30 samples, respectively. The results indicate that the ultrasound pretreatment is a suitable technology to improve the quality of the oil from the grape seed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- University Center SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Advanced Health Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Bahia, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil; (G.d.A.B.); (I.L.L.); (J.P.d.A.)
| | - Gabriele de Abreu Barreto
- University Center SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Advanced Health Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Bahia, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil; (G.d.A.B.); (I.L.L.); (J.P.d.A.)
| | - Ingrid Lessa Leal
- University Center SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Advanced Health Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Bahia, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil; (G.d.A.B.); (I.L.L.); (J.P.d.A.)
| | - Jeancarlo Pereira dos Anjos
- University Center SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Advanced Health Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Bahia, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil; (G.d.A.B.); (I.L.L.); (J.P.d.A.)
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