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Bao Y, Fang W. A recombinant fungal photolyase autonomously enters human cell nuclei to fix UV-induced DNA lesions. Biotechnol Lett 2024; 46:459-467. [PMID: 38523200 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-024-03474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiations induced DNA damages in human skin cells with cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and (6-4) photoproducts (6-4PPs) as the most frequent lesions. CPDs are repaired much slower than 6-4PPs by the nucleotide excision repair pathway, which are thus the major lesions that interfere with key cellular processes and give rise to gene mutations, possibly resulting in skin cancer. In prokaryotes and multicellular eukaryotes other than placental mammals, CPDs can be rapidly repaired by CPD photolyases in one simple enzymatic reaction using the energy of blue light. In this study, we aim to construct recombinant CPD photolyases that can autonomously enter human cell nuclei to fix UV-induced CPDs. A fly cell penetration peptide and a viral nucleus localization signal peptide were recombined with a fungal CPD photolyase to construct a recombinant protein. This engineered CPD photolyase autonomously crosses cytoplasm and nuclear membrane of human cell nuclei, which then efficiently photo-repairs UV-induced CPD lesions in the genomic DNA. This further protects the cells by increasing SOD activity, and decreasing cellular ROSs, malondialdehyde and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Otake M, Teranishi M, Komatsu C, Hara M, Yoshiyama KO, Hidema J. Poaceae plants transfer cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyase to chloroplasts for ultraviolet-B resistance. Plant Physiol 2024; 195:326-342. [PMID: 38345835 PMCID: PMC11060685 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Photoreactivation enzyme that repairs cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) induced by ultraviolet-B radiation, commonly called CPD photolyase (PHR) is essential for plants living under sunlight. Rice (Oryza sativa) PHR (OsPHR) is a unique triple-targeting protein. The signal sequences required for its translocation to the nucleus or mitochondria are located in the C-terminal region but have yet to be identified for chloroplasts. Here, we identified sequences located in the N-terminal region, including the serine-phosphorylation site at position 7 of OsPHR, and found that OsPHR is transported/localized to chloroplasts via a vesicle transport system under the control of serine-phosphorylation. However, the sequence identified in this study is only conserved in some Poaceae species, and in many other plants, PHR is not localized to the chloroplasts. Therefore, we reasoned that Poaceae species need the ability to repair CPD in the chloroplast genome to survive under sunlight and have uniquely acquired this mechanism for PHR chloroplast translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momo Otake
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mika Teranishi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Chiharu Komatsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mamoru Hara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | | | - Jun Hidema
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of the Organization for Advanced Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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3
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Huang YY, Paul GV, Hsu T. Thallium(I) induces a prolonged inhibition of (6-4)photoproduct binding and UV damage excision repair activities in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos via protein inactivation. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 388:110837. [PMID: 38104746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) and (6-4)photoproduct (6-4 PP) are two major types of UV-induced DNA lesion and 6-4 PP is more mutagenic than CPD. Activated by lesion detection, nucleotide excision repair (NER) eliminates CPDs and 6-4 PPs. Thallium (Tl) is a toxic metal existing primarily as Tl+ in the aquatic environment. Ingestion of Tl+-contaminated foods and water is a major route of human poisoning. As Tl+ may inhibit enzyme activities via binding to sulfhydryl groups, this study explored if Tl+ could intensify UV mutagenicity by inactivating NER-linked damage recognition factors using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo as a model system. Incubation of Tl+ (as thallium nitrate) at 0.1-0.4 μg/mL with zebrafish extracts for 20 min caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of 6-4 PP binding activities as shown by a photolesion-specific band shift assay, while CPD binding activities were insensitive to Tl+. The ability of Tl+ to suppress 6-4 PP detection was stronger than that of Hg2+. Exposure of zebrafish embryos at 1 h post fertilization (hpf) to Tl+ at 0.4-1 μg/mL for 9 or 71 h also specifically inhibited 6-4 PP detection, indicating that Tl+ induced a prolonged inhibition of 6-4 PP sensing ability primarily via its direct interaction with damage recognition molecules. Tl+-mediated inhibition of 6-4 PP binding in embryos at distinct stages resulted in a suppression of NER capacity monitored by a transcription-based DNA repair assay. Our results revealed the potential of Tl+ to enhance UV mutagenicity by disturbing the removal of 6-4 PP through repressing the lesion detection step of NER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Huang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202301, Taiwan
| | - Ganjai Vikram Paul
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202301, Taiwan
| | - Todd Hsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202301, Taiwan.
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Gautam A, Fawcett H, Burdova K, Brazina J, Caldecott KW. APE1-dependent base excision repair of DNA photodimers in human cells. Mol Cell 2023; 83:3669-3678.e7. [PMID: 37816354 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
UV irradiation induces "bulky" DNA photodimers such as (6-4)-photoproducts and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers that are removed by nucleotide excision repair, a complex process defective in the sunlight-sensitive and cancer-prone disease xeroderma pigmentosum. Some bacteria and lower eukaryotes can also repair photodimers by enzymatically simpler mechanisms, but such pathways have not been reported in normal human cells. Here, we have identified such a mechanism. We show that normal human cells can employ a DNA base excision repair process involving NTH1, APE1, PARP1, XRCC1, and FEN1 to rapidly remove a subset of photodimers at early times following UVC irradiation. Loss of these proteins slows the early rate of repair of photodimers in normal cells, ablates their residual repair in xeroderma pigmentosum cells, and increases UVC sensitivity ∼2-fold. These data reveal that human cells can excise photodimers using a long-patch base excision repair process that functions additively but independently of nucleotide excision repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gautam
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Heather Fawcett
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Kamila Burdova
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK; Laboratory of Genome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brazina
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
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Saeid Nia M, Desel C, Pescheck F, Krupinska K, Bilger W. WHIRLY1-deficient chloroplasts display enhanced formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers during exposure to UV-B radiation. Physiol Plant 2023; 175:e14049. [PMID: 37882276 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The single-stranded DNA/RNA binding protein WHIRLY1 is a major chloroplast nucleoid-associated protein required for the compactness of nucleoids. Most nucleoids in chloroplasts of WHIRLY1-knockdown barley plants are less compact compared to nucleoids in wild-type plants. The reduced compaction leads to an enhanced optical cross-section, which may cause the plastid DNA to be a better target for damaging UV-B radiation. To investigate this hypothesis, primary foliage leaves, chloroplasts, and nuclei from wild-type and WHIRLY1-knockdown plants were exposed to experimental UV-B radiation. Thereafter, total, genomic and plastid DNA were isolated, respectively, and analyzed for the occurrence of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), which is a parameter for genome stability. The results of this study revealed that WHIRLY1-deficient chloroplasts had strongly enhanced DNA damages, whereas isolated nuclei from the same plant line were not more sensitive than nuclei from the wild-type, indicating that WHIRLY1 has different functions in chloroplasts and nucleus. This supports the hypothesis that the compaction of nucleoids may provide protection against UV-B radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Saeid Nia
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Desel
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frauke Pescheck
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bilger
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Emmerich HJ, Schneider L, Essen LO. Structural and Functional Analysis of a Prokaryotic (6-4) Photolyase from the Aquatic Pathogen Vibrio Cholerae †. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:1248-1257. [PMID: 36692077 DOI: 10.1111/php.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Photolyases are flavoproteins, which are able to repair UV-induced DNA lesions in a light-dependent manner. According to their substrate, they can be distinguished as CPD- and (6-4) photolyases. While CPD-photolyases repair the predominantly occurring cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesion, (6-4) photolyases catalyze the repair of the less prominent (6-4) photoproduct. The subgroup of prokaryotic (6-4) photolyases/FeS-BCP is one of the most ancient types of flavoproteins in the ubiquitously occurring photolyase & cryptochrome superfamily (PCSf). In contrast to canonical photolyases, prokaryotic (6-4) photolyases possess a few particular characteristics, including a lumazine derivative as antenna chromophore besides the catalytically essential flavin adenine dinucleotide as well as an elongated linker region between the N-terminal α/β-domain and the C-terminal all-α-helical domain. Furthermore, they can harbor an additional short subdomain, located at the C-terminus, with a binding site for a [4Fe-4S] cluster. So far, two crystal structures of prokaryotic (6-4) photolyases have been reported. Within this study, we present the high-resolution structure of the prokaryotic (6-4) photolyase from Vibrio cholerae and its spectroscopic characterization in terms of in vitro photoreduction and DNA-repair activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Emmerich
- Unit for Structural Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Schneider
- Unit for Structural Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lars-Oliver Essen
- Unit for Structural Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Busch L, Kröger M, Schleusener J, Klein AL, Lohan SB, Guttmann M, Keck CM, Meinke MC. Evaluation of DNA lesions and radicals generated by a 233 nm far-UVC LED in superficial ex vivo skin wounds. J Photochem Photobiol B 2023; 245:112757. [PMID: 37481791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The application of a far-ultraviolet C (UVC) light emitting diode (LED) of 233 nm showed significant bactericidal efficacy at an applied dose between 20 and 80 mJ cm-2 as reported recently. In addition, only minor epidermal DNA lesions were observed in ex vivo human skin and in vitro epidermal models <10% of the minimal erythema dose of UVB radiation. To broaden the potential range of applications of such systems, e.g. to include postoperative application on wounds for the purpose of decontamination, we assessed how a disruption of normal anatomic skin structure and function influences the skin damage induced by light from 233 nm far-UVC LEDs. Thus, we induced superficial skin wounds by mechanical detachment of the stratum corneum in ex vivo human skin. Barrier-disruption of the skin could be successfully determined by measuring an increase in the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and the stratum corneum loss could be determined morphologically by 2-photon microscopy (2-PM). After far-UVC irradiation of the skin, we screened the tissue for the development of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6-4 photoproducts (6-4PPs). The abundance of DNA lesions was elevated in wound skin in comparison to intact skin after irradiation with far-UVC. However, no increase in DNA lesions was detected when artificial wound exudate consisting of cell culture medium and serum was applied to the disrupted skin surface prior to irradiation. This effect agrees with the results of ray tracing simulations of the absorption of far-UVC light incident on a superficial skin wound. Interestingly, no significant deviations in radical formation between intact skin and superficially wounded skin were detected after far-UVC irradiation as analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In conclusion, 233 nm LED light at a dose of 60 mJ/cm2 could be applied safely on superficial wounds for the purpose of skin antisepsis as long as the wounds are covered with wound fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Busch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Philipps-Universität Marburg, Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Marius Kröger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Schleusener
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Klein
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke B Lohan
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Guttmann
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut (FBH), Gustav-Kirchhoff-Straße 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia M Keck
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Yang C, Rybchyn MS, De Silva WGM, Matthews J, Dixon KM, Holland AJA, Conigrave AD, Mason RS. The CaSR Modulator NPS-2143 Reduced UV-Induced DNA Damage in Skh:hr1 Hairless Mice but Minimally Inhibited Skin Tumours. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054921. [PMID: 36902353 PMCID: PMC10002576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is an important regulator of epidermal function. We previously reported that knockdown of the CaSR or treatment with its negative allosteric modulator, NPS-2143, significantly reduced UV-induced DNA damage, a key factor in skin cancer development. We subsequently wanted to test whether topical NPS-2143 could also reduce UV-DNA damage, immune suppression, or skin tumour development in mice. In this study, topical application of NPS-2143 (228 or 2280 pmol/cm2) to Skh:hr1 female mice reduced UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) (p < 0.05) and oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) (p < 0.05) to a similar extent as the known photoprotective agent 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (calcitriol, 1,25D). Topical NPS-2143 failed to rescue UV-induced immunosuppression in a contact hypersensitivity study. In a chronic UV photocarcinogenesis protocol, topical NPS-2143 reduced squamous cell carcinomas for only up to 24 weeks (p < 0.02) but had no other effect on skin tumour development. In human keratinocytes, 1,25D, which protected mice from UV-induced skin tumours, significantly reduced UV-upregulated p-CREB expression (p < 0.01), a potential early anti-tumour marker, while NPS-2143 had no effect. This result, together with the failure to reduce UV-induced immunosuppression, may explain why the reduction in UV-DNA damage in mice with NPS-2143 was not sufficient to inhibit skin tumour formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia
| | | | - Jim Matthews
- Sydney Informatics Hub, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Katie Marie Dixon
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew J. A. Holland
- Douglas Cohen Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Arthur David Conigrave
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Shim JG, Cho SG, Kim SH, Chuon K, Meas S, Choi A, Jung KH. Heliorhodopsin Helps Photolyase to Enhance the DNA Repair Capacity. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0221522. [PMID: 36219103 PMCID: PMC9769723 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02215-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Light quality is a significant factor for living organisms that have photosensory systems, such as rhodopsin, a seven alpha-helical transmembrane protein with the retinal chromophore. Here, we report, for the first time, the function of new rhodopsin, which is an inverted 7-transmembrane protein, isolated from Trichococcus flocculiformis. T. flocculiformis heliorhodopsin (TfHeR) works as a regulatory helper rhodopsin that binds with class 2 cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPDII) photolyase to broaden the spectrum and upregulate DNA repair activity. We have confirmed their interaction through isothermal titration calorimetry (dissociation constant of 21.7 μM) and identified the charged residues for the interaction. Based on in vivo and in vitro experiments, we showed that the binding of heliorhodopsin with photolyase improved photolyase activity by about 3-fold to repair UV-caused DNA damage. Also, the DNA repair activity of TfHeR/T. flocculiformis photolyase (TfPHR) was observed in the presence of green light. Our results suggested that heliorhodopsin directly controls the activity of photolyase and coevolves to broaden the activity spectrum by protein-protein interaction. IMPORTANCE This study reports a function for Heliorhodopsin working as a regulatory helper rhodopsin that with CPDII photolyase to broaden the spectrum and upregulating the DNA repair activity. Our results suggested that heliorhodopsin directly controls photolyase activity and coevolves to broaden the DNA repair capacity by protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-gon Shim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shin-Gyu Cho
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se-Hwan Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kimleng Chuon
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seanghun Meas
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ahreum Choi
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hwan Jung
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Lim HS, Simon SE, Yow YY, Saidur R, Tan KO. Photoprotective activities of Lignosus rhinocerus in UV-irradiated human keratinocytes. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 299:115621. [PMID: 35987413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lignosus rhinocerus, also known as Tiger Milk Mushroom has been used traditionally to treat a variety of human conditions, including asthma, diabetes, respiratory disease, skin allergy, and food poisoning. The reported activities of Lignosus rhinocerus extracts include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-asthmatic, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, neuroprotection, and immune modulation effects. However, its effect on human skin is not well documented, including human skin exposed to ultraviolet light (UV). Exposure to UV can trigger various cellular responses, including inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell death, and cellular aging. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aims to investigate the effects of methanolic extract prepared from cultured Lignosus rhinocerus (herein referred to as TM02 and its methanol extract as TM02-ME) on UV-irradiated human keratinocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Powdered stock of TM02 was dissolved and sequentially extracted with different solvents to prepare the extracts and the methanol extract was subsequently characterized based on its bio-activities on HaCaT human keratinocytes. The keratinocytes were pre-treated with the methanol extract followed by UV-irradiation. Cellular responses of the HaCaT cells such as cell viability, DNA damage, as well as gene and protein expressions that were responsive to the treatments, were characterized by using bio-assays, including reverse-transcription based PCR, Western blot, cell viability, and mitochondrial Cytochrome C release assays. RESULTS TM02-ME protected HaCaT cells from UV-induced DNA damage and cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of HaCaT cells with TM02-ME led to a 39% reduction of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and up-regulated the gene expression of REV1 and SPINK5 in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells when compared to the control. In addition, TM-02-ME treated HaCaT cells increased the expression of BCL-XL and BCL-2 proteins which coincided with the down-regulation of mitochondrial Cyt. C release in the UV-B irradiated HaCaT cells. The results were further supported by data that showed the stable clones of HaCaT cells stably expressed BCL-XL were resistant to UVB-induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS __The results showed that TM02-ME confers photoprotective activities to UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells, leading to a reduction in DNA damage and cell death as well as up-regulated the expression of REV1 and SPINK5 which are involved in DNA repair and skin barrier function, respectively. The up-regulation of pro-survival members of the BCL-2 family by TM02-ME confers protection against UVB-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sin Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No.5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Samson Eugin Simon
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No.5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Yoon-Yen Yow
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No.5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - R Saidur
- Research Centre for Nano-materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No.5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Onn Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No.5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Qu C, Li N, Liu T, He Y, Miao J. Preparation of CPD Photolyase Nanoliposomes Derived from Antarctic Microalgae and Their Effect on UVB-Induced Skin Damage in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315148. [PMID: 36499473 PMCID: PMC9738781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
UVB radiation is known to trigger the block of DNA replication and transcription by forming cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), which results in severe skin damage. CPD photolyase, a kind of DNA repair enzyme, can efficiently repair CPDs that are absent in humans and mice. Although exogenous CPD photolyases have beneficial effects on skin diseases, the mechanisms of CPD photolyases on the skin remain unknown. Here, this study prepared CPD photolyase nanoliposomes (CPDNL) from Antarctic Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L, which thrives in harsh, high-UVB conditions, and evaluated their protective mechanisms against UVB-induced damage in mice. CPDNL were optimized using response surface methodology, characterized by a mean particle size of 105.5 nm, with an encapsulation efficiency of 63.3%. Topical application of CPDNL prevented UVB-induced erythema, epidermal thickness, and wrinkles in mice. CPDNL mitigated UVB-induced DNA damage by significantly decreasing the CPD concentration. CPDNL exhibited antioxidant properties as they reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde. Through activation of the NF-κB pathway, CPDNL reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2. Furthermore, CPDNL suppressed the MAPK signaling activation by downregulating the mRNA and protein expression of ERK, JNK, and p38 as well as AP-1. The MMP-1 and MMP-2 expressions were also remarkably decreased, which inhibited the collagen degradation. Therefore, we concluded that CPDNL exerted DNA repair, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-wrinkle properties as well as collagen protection via regulation of the NF-κB/MAPK/MMP signaling pathways in UVB-induced mice, demonstrating that Antarctic CPD photolyases have the potential for skincare products against UVB and photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Marine Natural Products Research and Development Laboratory, Qingdao Key Laboratory, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Nianxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yingying He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jinlai Miao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Marine Natural Products Research and Development Laboratory, Qingdao Key Laboratory, Qingdao 266061, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-532-88967430
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12
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Koyauchi T, Niida H, Motegi A, Sakai S, Uchida C, Ohhata T, Iijima K, Yokoyama A, Suda T, Kitagawa M. Chromatin-remodeling factor BAZ1A/ACF1 targets UV damage sites in an MLL1-dependent manner to facilitate nucleotide excision repair. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2022; 1869:119332. [PMID: 35940372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation generates pyrimidine dimers on DNA, such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and (6-4) photoproducts. Such dimers distort the high-order DNA structure and prevent transcription and replication. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) system contributes to resolving this type of DNA lesion. There are two pathways that recognize pyrimidine dimers. One acts on transcribed strands of DNA (transcription-coupled NER), and the other acts on the whole genome (global genome-NER; GG-NER). In the latter case, DNA damage-binding protein 2 (DDB2) senses pyrimidine dimers with several histone modification enzymes. We previously reported that histone acetyltransferase binding to ORC1 (HBO1) interacts with DDB2 and facilitates recruitment of the imitation switch chromatin remodeler at UV-irradiated sites via an unknown methyltransferase. Here, we found that the phosphorylated histone methyltransferase mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) was maintained at UV-irradiated sites in an HBO1-dependent manner. Furthermore, MLL1 catalyzed histone H3K4 methylation and recruited the chromatin remodeler bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 1A (BAZ1A)/ATP-utilizing chromatin assembly and remodeling factor 1 (ACF1). Depletion of MLL1 suppressed BAZ1A accumulation at UV-irradiated sites and inhibited the removal of CPDs. These data indicate that the DDB2-HBO1-MLL1 axis is essential for the recruitment of BAZ1A to facilitate GG-NER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Koyauchi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Niida
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Akira Motegi
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Chiharu Uchida
- Advanced Research Facilities and Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohhata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenta Iijima
- Laboratory Animal Facilities and Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yokoyama
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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13
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Garcia-Ruiz A, Kornacker K, Brash DE. Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer Hyperhotspots as Sensitive Indicators of Keratinocyte UV Exposure †. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:987-997. [PMID: 35944237 PMCID: PMC9802031 DOI: 10.1111/php.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The dominant DNA damage generated by UV exposure is the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), which alters skin cell physiology and induces cell death and mutation. Genome-wide nucleotide-resolution analysis of CPDs in melanocytes and fibroblasts has identified "CPD hyperhotspots", pyrimidine-pyrimidine sites hundreds of fold more susceptible to the generation of CPDs than the genomic average. Identifying hyperhotspots in keratinocytes could enable measuring individual past UV exposure in small skin samples and predicting future skin cancer risk. We therefore exposed neonatal human epidermal keratinocytes to narrowband UVB and quantified CPDs using the adductSeq high-throughput DNA sequencing method. Keratinocytes contained thousands of CPD hyperhotspots, with a UVB-sensitivity up to 550 fold greater than the genomic average. As with melanocytes, the most sensitive sites were located in promoter regions at ETS-family transcription factor binding sequence motifs, near RNA processing genes. Moreover, they lay at sequence motifs bound to ETS1 in CpG islands. These genes were specifically upregulated in skin and the CPD hyperhotspots were mutated in a fraction of keratinocyte cancers. Crucially for their biological importance and practical application, CPD hyperhotspot locations and UV-sensitivity ranking demonstrated high reproducibility across experiments and across skin donors. CPD hyperhotspots are therefore sensitive indicators of UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
| | | | - Douglas E. Brash
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8059, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8028, USA
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14
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Sherwani MA, Ahmad I, Lewis MJ, Abdelgawad A, Rashid H, Yang K, Chen CY, Raman C, Elmets CA, Yusuf N. Type I Interferons Enhance the Repair of Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and Regulate Cutaneous Immune Suppression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1822. [PMID: 35163747 PMCID: PMC8836948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are important enhancers of immune responses which are downregulated in human cancers, including skin cancer. Solar ultraviolet (UV) B radiation is a proven environmental carcinogen, and its exposure contributes to the high prevalence of skin cancer. The carcinogenic effects of UV light can be attributed to the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and errors in the repair and replication of DNA. Treatment with a single dose of UVB (100 mJ/cm2) upregulated IFNα and IFNβ in the skin of C57BL/6 mice. IFNα and IFNβ were predominantly produced by CD11b+ cells. In mice lacking the type I IFN receptor 1 (IFNAR1), the repair of CPD following cutaneous exposure to a single dose of UVB (100 mJ/cm2) was decreased. UVB induced the expression of the DNA repair gene xeroderma pigmentosum A (XPA) in wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, such treatment in IFNAR1 (IFNAR1-/-) mice downregulated XPA. A local UVB regimen consisting of UVB radiation (150 mJ/cm2) for 4 days followed by sensitization with hapten 2,4, dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) resulted in significant suppression of immune responses in both WT and IFNAR1-/- mice. However, there were significantly higher CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells in the draining lymph nodes of IFNAR1-/- mice in comparison to WT mice. Overall, our studies reveal a previously unknown action of type I IFNs in the repair of photodamage and the prevention of UVB-induced immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asif Sherwani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Israr Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Monica J. Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Ahmed Abdelgawad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Harunur Rashid
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Kevin Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Ching-Yi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Chander Raman
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Craig A. Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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15
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Balint E, Unk I. Manganese Is a Strong Specific Activator of the RNA Synthetic Activity of Human Polη. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010230. [PMID: 35008656 PMCID: PMC8745064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase η (Polη) is a translesion synthesis polymerase that can bypass different DNA lesions with varying efficiency and fidelity. Its most well-known function is the error-free bypass of ultraviolet light-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. The lack of this unique ability in humans leads to the development of a cancer-predisposing disease, the variant form of xeroderma pigmentosum. Human Polη can insert rNTPs during DNA synthesis, though with much lower efficiency than dNTPs, and it can even extend an RNA chain with ribonucleotides. We have previously shown that Mn2+ is a specific activator of the RNA synthetic activity of yeast Polη that increases the efficiency of the reaction by several thousand-fold over Mg2+. In this study, our goal was to investigate the metal cofactor dependence of RNA synthesis by human Polη. We found that out of the investigated metal cations, only Mn2+ supported robust RNA synthesis. Steady state kinetic analysis showed that Mn2+ activated the reaction a thousand-fold compared to Mg2+, even during DNA damage bypass opposite 8-oxoG and TT dimer. Our results revealed a two order of magnitude higher affinity of human Polη towards ribonucleotides in the presence of Mn2+ compared to Mg2+. It is noteworthy that activation occurred without lowering the base selectivity of the enzyme on undamaged templates, whereas the fidelity decreased across a TT dimer. In summary, our data strongly suggest that, like with its yeast homolog, Mn2+ is the proper metal cofactor of hPolη during RNA chain extension, and selective metal cofactor utilization contributes to switching between its DNA and RNA synthetic activities.
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16
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Jin SG, Pettinga D, Johnson J, Li P, Pfeifer GP. The major mechanism of melanoma mutations is based on deamination of cytosine in pyrimidine dimers as determined by circle damage sequencing. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabi6508. [PMID: 34330711 PMCID: PMC8324051 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi6508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight-associated melanomas carry a unique C-to-T mutation signature. UVB radiation induces cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) as the major form of DNA damage, but the mechanism of how CPDs cause mutations is unclear. To map CPDs at single-base resolution genome wide, we developed the circle damage sequencing (circle-damage-seq) method. In human cells, CPDs form preferentially in a tetranucleotide sequence context (5'-Py-T<>Py-T/A), but this alone does not explain the tumor mutation patterns. To test whether mutations arise at CPDs by cytosine deamination, we specifically mapped UVB-induced cytosine-deaminated CPDs. Transcription start sites (TSSs) were protected from CPDs and deaminated CPDs, but both lesions were enriched immediately upstream of the TSS, suggesting a mutation-promoting role of bound transcription factors. Most importantly, the genomic dinucleotide and trinucleotide sequence specificity of deaminated CPDs matched the prominent mutation signature of melanomas. Our data identify the cytosine-deaminated CPD as the leading premutagenic lesion responsible for mutations in melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Gi Jin
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Dean Pettinga
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Peipei Li
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Gerd P Pfeifer
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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17
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Wong CT, Oh DH. Vitamin D Receptor Promotes Global Nucleotide Excision Repair by Facilitating XPC Dissociation from Damaged DNA. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:1656-1663. [PMID: 33524369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is important for normal DNA repair, although the mechanism by which it acts is unclear. After focal UV irradiation to create subnuclear spots of DNA damage, epidermal keratinocytes from VDR-null mice as well as human epidermal keratinocytes depleted of VDR with small interfering RNA removed pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproducts more slowly than control cells. Costaining with antibodies to XPC, the DNA damage recognition sensor that initiates nucleotide excision repair, showed that XPC rapidly accumulated at spots of damage and gradually faded in control human keratinocytes. In VDR-depleted keratinocytes, XPC associated with DNA damage with comparable efficiency; however, XPC's dissociation dynamics were altered so that significantly more XPC was bound and retained over time than in control cells. The XPF endonuclease, which acts subsequently in nucleotide excision repair, bound and dissociated with comparable kinetics in control and VDR-depleted cells, but the extent of binding was reduced in the latter. These results as well as kinetic modeling of the data suggest that VDR's importance in the repair of UV-induced DNA damage is mediated in part by its ability to facilitate the dissociation of XPC from damaged DNA for the normal recruitment and assembly of other repair proteins to proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T Wong
- Dermatology Research Unit, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dennis H Oh
- Dermatology Research Unit, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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18
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Perez BS, Wong KM, Schwartz EK, Herrera RE, King DA, García-Nieto PE, Morrison AJ. Genome-wide profiles of UV lesion susceptibility, repair, and mutagenic potential in melanoma. Mutat Res 2021; 823:111758. [PMID: 34333390 PMCID: PMC8671223 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2021.111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to the ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight creates DNA lesions, which if left unrepaired can induce mutations and contribute to skin cancer. The two most common UV-induced DNA lesions are the cis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs), both of which can initiate mutations. Interestingly, mutation frequency across the genomes of many cancers is heterogenous with significant increases in heterochromatin. Corresponding increases in UV lesion susceptibility and decreases in repair are observed in heterochromatin versus euchromatin. However, the individual contributions of CPDs and 6-4PPs to mutagenesis have not been systematically examined in specific genomic and epigenomic contexts. In this study, we compared genome-wide maps of 6-4PP and CPD lesion abundances in primary cells and conducted comprehensive analyses to determine the genetic and epigenetic features associated with susceptibility. Overall, we found a high degree of similarity between 6-4PP and CPD formation, with an enrichment of both in heterochromatin regions. However, when examining the relative levels of the two UV lesions, we found that bivalent and Polycomb-repressed chromatin states were uniquely more susceptible to 6-4PPs. Interestingly, when comparing UV susceptibility and repair with melanoma mutation frequency in these regions, disparate patterns were observed in that susceptibility was not always inversely associated with repair and mutation frequency. Functional enrichment analysis hint at mechanisms of negative selection for these regions that are essential for cell viability, immune function and induce cell death when mutated. Ultimately, these results reveal both the similarities and differences between UV-induced lesions that contribute to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Perez
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ka Man Wong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erin K Schwartz
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Devin A King
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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19
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Jiang Y, Li W, Lindsey-Boltz LA, Yang Y, Li Y, Sancar A. Super hotspots and super coldspots in the repair of UV-induced DNA damage in the human genome. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100581. [PMID: 33771559 PMCID: PMC8081918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of UV-induced DNA damage and its repair are influenced by many factors that modulate lesion formation and the accessibility of repair machinery. However, it remains unknown which genomic sites are prioritized for immediate repair after UV damage induction, and whether these prioritized sites overlap with hotspots of UV damage. We identified the super hotspots subject to the earliest repair for (6-4) pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproduct by using the eXcision Repair-sequencing (XR-seq) method. We further identified super coldspots for (6-4) pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproduct repair and super hotspots for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer repair by analyzing available XR-seq time-course data. By integrating datasets of XR-seq, Damage-seq, adductSeq, and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer-seq, we show that neither repair super hotspots nor repair super coldspots overlap hotspots of UV damage. Furthermore, we demonstrate that repair super hotspots are significantly enriched in frequently interacting regions and superenhancers. Finally, we report our discovery of an enrichment of cytosine in repair super hotspots and super coldspots. These findings suggest that local DNA features together with large-scale chromatin features contribute to the orders of magnitude variability in the rates of UV damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Wentao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura A Lindsey-Boltz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Computer Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aziz Sancar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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20
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Kciuk M, Marciniak B, Mojzych M, Kontek R. Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair-Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197264. [PMID: 33019598 PMCID: PMC7582305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective ozone layer is continually depleting due to the release of deteriorating environmental pollutants. The diminished ozone layer contributes to excessive exposure of cells to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This leads to various cellular responses utilized to restore the homeostasis of exposed cells. DNA is the primary chromophore of the cells that absorbs sunlight energy. Exposure of genomic DNA to UV light leads to the formation of multitude of types of damage (depending on wavelength and exposure time) that are removed by effectively working repair pathways. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge considering cellular response to UV radiation with special focus on DNA damage and repair and to give a comprehensive insight for new researchers in this field. We also highlight most important future prospects considering application of the progressing knowledge of UV response for the clinical control of diverse pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kciuk
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (B.M.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Beata Marciniak
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (B.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
| | - Renata Kontek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (B.M.); (R.K.)
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Borsos BN, Majoros H, Pankotai T. Emerging Roles of Post-Translational Modifications in Nucleotide Excision Repair. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061466. [PMID: 32549338 PMCID: PMC7349741 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a versatile DNA repair pathway which can be activated in response to a broad spectrum of UV-induced DNA damage, such as bulky adducts, including cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6–4 photoproducts (6–4PPs). Based on the genomic position of the lesion, two sub-pathways can be defined: (I) global genomic NER (GG-NER), involved in the ablation of damage throughout the whole genome regardless of the transcription activity of the damaged DNA locus, and (II) transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER), activated at DNA regions where RNAPII-mediated transcription takes place. These processes are tightly regulated by coordinated mechanisms, including post-translational modifications (PTMs). The fine-tuning modulation of the balance between the proteins, responsible for PTMs, is essential to maintain genome integrity and to prevent tumorigenesis. In this review, apart from the other substantial PTMs (SUMOylation, PARylation) related to NER, we principally focus on reversible ubiquitylation, which involves E3 ubiquitin ligase and deubiquitylase (DUB) enzymes responsible for the spatiotemporally precise regulation of NER.
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Cheong KA, Lee AY. Guanine Deaminase Stimulates Ultraviolet-induced Keratinocyte Senescence in Seborrhoeic Keratosis via Guanine Metabolites. Acta Derm Venereol 2020; 100:adv00109. [PMID: 32215662 PMCID: PMC9128948 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-3473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage and oxidative stress play a critical role in photoageing. Seborrhoeic keratosis (SK) affects sunlight-exposed sites in aged individuals. This study examined the mechanism of photoageing in SK. The guanine deaminase gene, which is involved in purine metabolism, was upregulated with uric acid levels and p21 in SK. Guanine deaminase was detectable in keratinocytes. Repeated exposure to ultraviolet (UV) increased levels of guanine deaminase, together with DNA damage, such as γ-H2AX and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation, generation of reactive oxygen species, and keratinocyte senescence, which were reversed by guanine deaminase knockdown. However, guanine deaminase overexpression and H2O2 formed γ-H2AX, but not cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer. Loss-of-function guanine deaminase mutants reduced the metabolic end-product uric acid, which was increased by exposure to exogenous xanthine. Repeated exposure to UV increased levels of uric acid. Exogenous uric acid increased cellular senescence, reactive oxygen species, and γ-H2AX, similar to guanine deaminase. Overall, guanine deaminase upregulation increased UV-induced keratinocyte senescence in SK, via uric acid mediated by reactive oxygen species followed by DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ah Cheong
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 410-773 Goyang-si, Gyenggi-do, Korea
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Song Y, Tajima H, Sato T, Ito K, Okuno T, Kurasaki M. Zweigelt and Niagara skin extracts suppress cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation due to UV irradiation in NHEK cells: first attempt. J Environ Sci Health B 2020; 55:593-598. [PMID: 32241220 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1745544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The grape skins after pressing the juice are a major problem for winery. However, because it contains a large amount of polyphenols, development of effective usages are expected to construct sustainable waste use. In this study, we examined whether grape skin extract is effective for recovery of DNA damage caused by UV irradiation. Extract from Zweigelt and Niagara skin was prepared by methanol, and UV irradiation was performed at 10 mJ/cm2 (250 nm) and 15 mJ/cm2 (290 nm) using human normal skin cells. As results, the decreased cell viability due to UV irradiation was improved by adding Niagara or Zweigelt skin extract. On the other hand, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer production due to UV irradiation decreased significantly by Niagara or Zweigelt extract. In addition, the effects of grape skin extracts on the expression of sirtuin gene were also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Song
- Environmental Adaptation Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Keizo Ito
- Sapporo Bio Factory Co., Ltd, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Okuno
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hino, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurasaki
- Environmental Adaptation Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Environmental Adaptation Science, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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24
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Zhou X, Burke KE, Wang Y, Wei H. Dietary Lycopene Protects SKH-1 Mice Against Ultraviolet B-Induced Photocarcinogenesis. J Drugs Dermatol 2019; 18:1244-1254. [PMID: 31860213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene, an acyclic hydrocarbon, non-provitamin A carotenoid, is a potent antioxidant with well-documented anticancer properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary lycopene on sub-acute and chronic ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 mice. Groups of three mice were fed with a nonsupplemented or 1% lycopene diet for two weeks before and throughout two weeks of UVB irradiation (30 mJ/cm2 UVB, thrice weekly). The lycopene diet significantly reduced the formation of pyrimidine dimers (PDs) and the expression of proliferative cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) in UVB-irradiated skin. Then groups of eighteen mice were each fed with control diet or with a 0.25% or 1% (w/w) lycopene-supplemented diet for 40 weeks, beginning one week before UVB irradiation (30 mJ/cm2 UVB, thrice weekly for 23 weeks) and continuing after termination of UVB. Lycopene significantly inhibited the onset and decreased the incidence, multiplicity, and tumor weights of UVB-induced skin tumors. UVB-induced epidermal hyperplasia and PCNA expression were still remarkably inhibited by dietary lycopene, even up to 40 weeks. No significant difference in protection was detected between the low and high concentrations of lycopene. These results demonstrate that dietary lycopene does protect against UVB-induced epidermal hyperplasia and carcinogenesis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(12):1244-1254.
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Lahiri I, Xu J, Han BG, Oh J, Wang D, DiMaio F, Leschziner AE. 3.1 Å structure of yeast RNA polymerase II elongation complex stalled at a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesion solved using streptavidin affinity grids. J Struct Biol 2019; 207:270-278. [PMID: 31200019 PMCID: PMC6711803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in all aspects of single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), specimen preparation still remains a challenge. During sample preparation, macromolecules interact with the air-water interface, which often leads to detrimental effects such as denaturation or adoption of preferred orientations, ultimately hindering structure determination. Randomly biotinylating the protein of interest (for example, at its primary amines) and then tethering it to a cryo-EM grid coated with two-dimensional crystals of streptavidin (acting as an affinity surface) can prevent the protein from interacting with the air-water interface. Recently, this approach was successfully used to solve a high-resolution structure of a test sample, a bacterial ribosome. However, whether this method can be used for samples where interaction with the air-water interface has been shown to be problematic remains to be determined. Here we report a 3.1 Å structure of an RNA polymerase II elongation complex stalled at a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesion (Pol II EC(CPD)) solved using streptavidin grids. Our previous attempt to solve this structure using conventional sample preparation methods resulted in a poor quality cryo-EM map due to Pol II EC(CPD)'s adopting a strong preferred orientation. Imaging the same sample on streptavidin grids improved the angular distribution of its view, resulting in a high-resolution structure. This work shows that streptavidin affinity grids can be used to address known challenges posed by the interaction with the air-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Lahiri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bong Gyoon Han
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Juntaek Oh
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Frank DiMaio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andres E Leschziner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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26
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Ma H, Holub D, Gillet N, Kaeser G, Thoulass K, Elstner M, Krauß N, Lamparter T. Two aspartate residues close to the lesion binding site of Agrobacterium (6-4) photolyase are required for Mg 2+ stimulation of DNA repair. FEBS J 2019; 286:1765-1779. [PMID: 30706696 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prokaryotic (6-4) photolyases branch at the base of the evolution of cryptochromes and photolyases. Prototypical members contain an iron-sulphur cluster which was lost in the evolution of the other groups. In the Agrobacterium (6-4) photolyase PhrB, the repair of DNA lesions containing UV-induced (6-4) pyrimidine dimers is stimulated by Mg2+ . We propose that Mg2+ is required for efficient lesion binding and for charge stabilization after electron transfer from the FADH- chromophore to the DNA lesion. Furthermore, two highly conserved Asp residues close to the DNA-binding site are essential for the effect of Mg2+ . Simulations show that two Mg2+ bind to the region around these residues. On the other hand, DNA repair by eukaryotic (6-4) photolyases is not increased by Mg2+ . In these photolyases, structurally overlapping regions contain no Asp but positively charged Lys or Arg. During the evolution of photolyases, the role of Mg2+ in charge stabilization and enhancement of DNA binding was therefore taken over by a postiviely charged amino acid. Besides PhrB, another prokaryotic (6-4) photolyase from the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus, PromaPL, which contains no iron-sulphur cluster, was also investigated. This photolyase is stimulated by Mg2+ as well. The evolutionary loss of the iron-sulphur cluster due to limiting iron concentrations can occur in a marine environment as a result of iron deprivation. However, the evolutionary replacement of Mg2+ by a positively charged amino acid is unlikely to occur in a marine environment because the concentration of divalent cations in seawater is always sufficient. We therefore assume that this transition could have occurred in a freshwater environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongju Ma
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - Daniel Holub
- Department for Theoretical Chemical Biology, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Germany
| | - Natacha Gillet
- Department for Theoretical Chemical Biology, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Germany
| | - Gero Kaeser
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Elstner
- Department for Theoretical Chemical Biology, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Germany
| | - Norbert Krauß
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
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Yokoyama H, Mizutani R, Noguchi S, Hayashida N. Structures of the antibody 64M-5 Fab and its complex with dT(6-4)T indicate induced-fit and high-affinity mechanisms. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2019; 75:80-88. [PMID: 30713158 PMCID: PMC6360445 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18017661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA photoproducts with (6-4) pyrimidine-pyrimidone adducts produced by ultraviolet light are mutagenic and carcinogenic. The crystal structures of the anti-(6-4) photoproduct antibody 64M-5 Fab and of its complex with dT(6-4)T were determined at 2.5 and 2.0 Å resolution, respectively. A comparison between the dT(6-4)T-liganded and unliganded structures indicates that the side chain of His93L is greatly rotated and shifted on binding to dT(6-4)T, leading to the formation of an electrostatic interaction with the phosphate moiety of dT(6-4)T, which shows a remarkable induced fit. Based on a comparison of the dT(6-4)T-liganded structures of the 64M-5 and 64M-2 Fabs, the electrostatic interaction between the side chain of His93L in 64M-5 and the phosphate moiety of dT(6-4)T is lost for Leu93L in 64M-2, while Arg90L in 64M-5 instead of Gln90L in 64M-2 stabilizes the conformation of complementarity-determining region (CDR) L3. These differences contribute to the higher affinity of 64M-5 for dT(6-4)T compared with that of 64M-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideshi Yokoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ryuta Mizutani
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Shuji Noguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashida
- Division of Molecular Gerontology and Anti-Ageing Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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28
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Tedeschi F, Rizzo P, Huong BTM, Czihal A, Rutten T, Altschmied L, Scharfenberg S, Grosse I, Becker C, Weigel D, Bäumlein H, Kuhlmann M. EFFECTOR OF TRANSCRIPTION factors are novel plant-specific regulators associated with genomic DNA methylation in Arabidopsis. New Phytol 2019; 221:261-278. [PMID: 30252137 PMCID: PMC6585611 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant-specific EFFECTORS OF TRANSCRIPTION (ET) are characterised by a variable number of highly conserved ET repeats, which are involved in zinc and DNA binding. In addition, ETs share a GIY-YIG domain, involved in DNA nicking activity. It was hypothesised that ETs might act as epigenetic regulators. Here, methylome, transcriptome and phenotypic analyses were performed to investigate the role of ET factors and their involvement in DNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Comparative DNA methylation and transcriptome analyses in flowers and seedlings of et mutants revealed ET-specific differentially expressed genes and mostly independently characteristic, ET-specific differentially methylated regions. Loss of ET function results in pleiotropic developmental defects. The accumulation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers after ultraviolet stress in et mutants suggests an ET function in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tedeschi
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466Seeland OT GaterslebenGermany
| | - Paride Rizzo
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466Seeland OT GaterslebenGermany
| | - Bui Thi Mai Huong
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466Seeland OT GaterslebenGermany
| | - Andreas Czihal
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466Seeland OT GaterslebenGermany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466Seeland OT GaterslebenGermany
| | - Lothar Altschmied
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466Seeland OT GaterslebenGermany
| | | | - Ivo Grosse
- Department of BioinformaticsMartin‐Luther‐University06120HalleGermany
| | - Claude Becker
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax Planck Institute for Developmental Biology72076TübingenGermany
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology1030ViennaAustria
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax Planck Institute for Developmental Biology72076TübingenGermany
| | - Helmut Bäumlein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466Seeland OT GaterslebenGermany
| | - Markus Kuhlmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466Seeland OT GaterslebenGermany
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29
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Xiao Y, Chu XN, He M, Liu XC, Hu JY. Impact of UVA pre-radiation on UVC disinfection performance: Inactivation, repair and mechanism study. Water Res 2018; 141:279-288. [PMID: 29800836 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light emission diode (LED), which is mercury free and theoretically more energy efficient, has now become an alternative to conventional UV lamps in water disinfection industry. In this research, the disinfection performance of a novel sequential process, UVA365nm LED followed by UVC265nm LED (UVA-UVC), was evaluated. The results revealed that the responses of different bacterial strains to UVA-UVC varied. Coupled with appropriate dosages of UVC, a 20 min UVA pre-radiation provided higher inactivations (log inactivation) of E. coli ATCC 11229, 15597 and 700891 by 1.2, 1.4 and 1.2 times, respectively than the sum of inactivations by UVA alone and UVC alone. On the contrary, the inactivation of E. coli ATCC 25922, the most UVC sensitive strain, decreased from 3 log to 1.8 log after UVA pre-radiation. A 30 min UVA pre-radiation did not affect the photo repair capacity of the four strains (n = 23, p > 0.1), but their dark repair ability was significantly inhibited (n = 14, p < 0.05). Mechanism study was conducted for two representative strains, E. coli ATCC 15597 and 25922 to understand the observed effect. The hypothesis that UVA pre-radiation promoted the yield of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was rejected. ELISA results indicated that 18% more cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) were formed in E. coli ATCC 15597 with UVA pre-radiation (n = 3, p < 0.01), however, the CPD levels of E. coli ATCC 25922 was the same with or without UVA pre-radiation (n = 3, p > 0.01). Considering the results of both dark repair and CPD formation, it was concluded that the increased UV sensitivity of E. coli 15597 was originated from the increased CPD. For E. coli ATCC 25922, the enhanced UV resistance was attributed to the strain's adoption of a survival strategy, translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), when triggered by UVA pre-radiation. The study on UmuD protein, which is a key protein during TLS, confirmed this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xiao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - X N Chu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - M He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - X C Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - J Y Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
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Kim G, Karbaschi M, Cooke M, Gaitas A. Light-based methods for whole blood bacterial inactivation enabled by a recirculating flow system. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:744-751. [PMID: 29418006 PMCID: PMC6136252 DOI: 10.1111/php.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Light of certain wavelengths can be used to inactivate pathogens. Whole blood is opaque; thus, the penetration of light is reduced. Here, we overcame this limitation using a thin transparent tube that is illuminated from all angles. Three light-based techniques were evaluated: photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a 660-nm light and antibody-photosensitizer conjugates, ultraviolet, and violet light. We observed a reduction of 55-71% of Staphylococcus aureus after 5 h of exposure (starting concentration 107 CFU mL-1 ) and an 88-97% reduction in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (starting 104 CFU mL-1 ). An 83-92% decrease for S. aureus and 98-99.9% decrease for MRSA were observed when combined with an immunocapture approach. Complete blood count with differential analysis did not reveal any significant changes in the blood cell numbers. Genotoxicity studies showed that violet and ultraviolet did not induce any significant level of single strand breaks and alkali labile sites in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In contrast, ultraviolet did induce a very low level of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, a UV damage indicator. PDT generated a significant level of single strand breaks and 8-oxoGua in these cells. The approaches showed promise for whole blood pathogen inactivation with minimal collateral damage to PBMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwangseong Kim
- Kytaro, Inc., Miami, FL 33199
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| | - Mahsa Karbaschi
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| | - Marcus Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| | - Angelo Gaitas
- Kytaro, Inc., Miami, FL 33199
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
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Abstract
The problem of biological invasions attributed to ballast water release is an ongoing problem that threatens ecosystems and human health. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been increasingly used for ballast water treatment mainly due to the advantages of short contact time and minimized harmful disinfection by products. In this study, the impact of salinity on the inactivation of Vibrio cholerae (NCTC 7253) was examined, and comparison of inactivation level and disinfection kinetics after medium-pressure (MP) (1 kW) and low-pressure (LP) (10 W) UV irradiation was made. MP UV exposure resulted in higher inactivation efficacy against V. cholerae than LP UV exposure especially at lower UV doses (≤3 mJ cm-2) and salinity had a negative impact on both MP and LP UV disinfection, especially at higher UV doses (≥3 mJ cm-2 for MP and ≥4 mJ cm-2 for LP). To understand the mechanisms of salinity effect on V. cholerae, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to determine the number of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), one major type of DNA damage. No significant effects of salinity were found at the CPDs level except for 3% artificial seawater after LP UV exposure case. It is imperative that site-specific conditions of salinity be taken into account in the design of UV reactors to treat V. cholerae and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Chen
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore E-mail:
| | - X N Chu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore E-mail:
| | - L Liu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore E-mail:
| | - J Y Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore E-mail:
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32
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Chung LH, Murray V. An extended sequence specificity for UV-induced DNA damage. J Photochem Photobiol B 2017; 178:133-142. [PMID: 29149689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The sequence specificity of UV-induced DNA damage was determined with a higher precision and accuracy than previously reported. UV light induces two major damage adducts: cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs). Employing capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence and taking advantages of the distinct properties of the CPDs and 6-4PPs, we studied the sequence specificity of UV-induced DNA damage in a purified DNA sequence using two approaches: end-labelling and a polymerase stop/linear amplification assay. A mitochondrial DNA sequence that contained a random nucleotide composition was employed as the target DNA sequence. With previous methodology, the UV sequence specificity was determined at a dinucleotide or trinucleotide level; however, in this paper, we have extended the UV sequence specificity to a hexanucleotide level. With the end-labelling technique (for 6-4PPs), the consensus sequence was found to be 5'-GCTC*AC (where C* is the breakage site); while with the linear amplification procedure, it was 5'-TCTT*AC. With end-labelling, the dinucleotide frequency of occurrence was highest for 5'-TC*, 5'-TT* and 5'-CC*; whereas it was 5'-TT* for linear amplification. The influence of neighbouring nucleotides on the degree of UV-induced DNA damage was also examined. The core sequences consisted of pyrimidine nucleotides 5'-CTC* and 5'-CTT* while an A at position "1" and C at position "2" enhanced UV-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long H Chung
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Vincent Murray
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Chang Y, Lee WY, Lin YJ, Hsu T. Mercury (II) impairs nucleotide excision repair (NER) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos by targeting primarily at the stage of DNA incision. Aquat Toxicol 2017; 192:97-104. [PMID: 28942072 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mercuric ion (Hg2+) is the most prevalent form of inorganic Hg found in polluted aquatic environment. As inhibition of DNA damage repair has been proposed as one of the mechanisms of Hg2+-induced genotoxicity in aquatic animals and mammalian cells, this study explored the susceptibility of different stages of nucleotide excision repair (NER) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to Hg2+ using UV-damaged DNA as the repair substrate. Exposure of embryos at 1h post fertilization (hpf) to HgCl2 at 0.1-2.5μM for 9h caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of NER capacity monitored by a transcription-based DNA repair assay. The extracts of embryos exposed to 2.5μM Hg2+ almost failed to up-regulate UV-suppressed marker cDNA transcription. No inhibition of ATP production was observed in all Hg2+-exposed embryos. Hg2+ exposure imposed either weak inhibitory or stimulating effects on the gene expression of NER factors, while band shift assay showed the inhibition of photolesion binding activities to about 40% of control in embryos treated with 1-2.5μM HgCl2. The damage incision stage of NER in zebrafish embryos was found to be more sensitive to Hg2+ than photolesion binding capacity due to the complete loss of damage incision activity in the extracts of embryos exposed to 1-2.5μM Hg2+. NER-related DNA incision was induced in UV-irradiated embryos based on the production of short DNA fragments matching the sizes of excision products generated by eukaryotic NER. Pre-exposure of embryos to Hg2+ at 0.1-2.5μM all suppressed DNA incision/excision in UV-irradiated embryos, reflecting a high sensitivity of DNA damage incision/excision to Hg2+. Our results showed the potential of Hg2+ at environmental relevant levels to disturb NER in zebrafish embryos by targeting primarily at the stage of DNA incision/excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Chang
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Yuan Lee
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jie Lin
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Todd Hsu
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Jeayeng S, Wongkajornsilp A, Slominski AT, Jirawatnotai S, Sampattavanich S, Panich U. Nrf2 in keratinocytes modulates UVB-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in melanocytes through MAPK signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:918-928. [PMID: 28495448 PMCID: PMC5546090 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Responses of melanocytes (MC) to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can be influenced by their neighbouring keratinocytes (KC). We investigated the role of Nrf2 in regulating paracrine effects of KC on UVB-induced MC responses through phosphorylation of MAPKs in association with oxidative stress in primary human MC cocultured with primary human KC using a transwell co-culture system and small-interfering RNA-mediated silencing of Nrf2 (siNrf2). The mechanisms by which Nrf2 modulated paracrine factors including α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and paracrine effects of KC on UVB-mediated apoptosis were also assessed. Our findings showed that co-culture of MC with siNrf2-transfected KC enhanced UVB-mediated cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) formation, apoptosis and oxidant formation, together with phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38 in MC. Treatment of MC with conditioned medium (CM) from Nrf2-depleted KC also increased UVB-mediated MC damage, suggesting that KC modulated UVB-mediated MC responses via paracrine effects. Additionally, depletion of Nrf2 in KC suppressed UVB-induced α-MSH levels as early as 30min post-irradiation, although pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) elevated its levels in CM from siNrf2-transfected KC. Furthermore, NAC reversed the effect of CM from Nrf2-depleted KC on UVB-induced apoptosis and inflammatory response in MC. Our study demonstrates for the first time that KC provided a rescue effect on UVB-mediated MC damage, although depletion of Nrf2 in KC reversed its protective effects on MC in a paracrine fashion in association with elevation of ROS levels and activation of MAPK pathways in MC. Nrf2 may indirectly regulate the paracrine effects of KC probably by affecting levels of the paracrine factor α-MSH via a ROS-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowanee Jeayeng
- Siriraj Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Adisak Wongkajornsilp
- Siriraj Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Siwanon Jirawatnotai
- Siriraj Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Somponnat Sampattavanich
- Siriraj Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Uraiwan Panich
- Siriraj Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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Holcomb N, Goswami M, Han SG, Scott T, D'Orazio J, Orren DK, Gairola CG, Mellon I. Inorganic arsenic inhibits the nucleotide excision repair pathway and reduces the expression of XPC. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 52:70-80. [PMID: 28237621 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to arsenic, most often through contaminated drinking water, has been linked to several types of cancer in humans, including skin and lung cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying its role in causing cancer are not well understood. There is evidence that exposure to arsenic can enhance the carcinogenicity of UV light in inducing skin cancers and may enhance the carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke in inducing lung cancers. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway removes different types of DNA damage including those produced by UV light and components of tobacco smoke. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sodium arsenite on the NER pathway in human lung fibroblasts (IMR-90 cells) and primary mouse keratinocytes. To measure NER, we employed a slot-blot assay to quantify the introduction and removal of UV light-induced 6-4 photoproducts (6-4 PP) and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). We find a concentration-dependent inhibition of the removal of 6-4 PPs and CPDs in both cell types treated with arsenite. Treatment of both cell types with arsenite resulted in a significant reduction in the abundance of XPC, a protein that is critical for DNA damage recognition in NER. The abundance of RNA expressed from several key NER genes was also significantly reduced by treatment of IMR-90 cells with arsenite. Finally, treatment of IMR-90 cells with MG-132 abrogated the reduction in XPC protein, suggesting an involvement of the proteasome in the reduction of XPC protein produced by treatment of cells with arsenic. The inhibition of NER by arsenic may reflect one mechanism underlying the role of arsenic exposure in enhancing cigarette smoke-induced lung carcinogenesis and UV light-induced skin cancer, and it may provide some insights into the emergence of arsenic trioxide as a chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Holcomb
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mamta Goswami
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tim Scott
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - John D'Orazio
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David K Orren
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - C Gary Gairola
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Isabel Mellon
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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Ling LB, Chang Y, Liu CW, Lai PL, Hsu T. Oxidative stress intensity-related effects of cadmium (Cd) and paraquat (PQ) on UV-damaged-DNA binding and excision repair activities in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Chemosphere 2017; 167:10-18. [PMID: 27705808 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier studies showed the inhibitory effects of cadmium (Cd) and paraquat (PQ) on the gene expression of DNA mismatch recognition proteins in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. This study explored the effects of Cd and PQ on nucleotide excision repair (NER) capacity in zebrafish embryos. Exposure of embryos at 1 h post fertilization (hpf) to 3-5 μM Cd or 30-100 μM PQ for 9 h induced a 2-3-fold increase of oxidative stress, while a 6.5-fold increase of oxidative stress was induced by 200 μM PQ. Real-time RT-PCR detected a down-regulated xeroderma pigmentosum C (XPC) and an up-regulated UV-DDB2 gene expression in mildly-stressed embryos, whereas 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) gene expression increased with PQ exposure levels. NER of UV-damaged DNA was enhanced in weakly oxidant-stressed embryos as shown by a transcription-based DNA repair assay, yet repair activities of both UV and cisplatin-damaged DNA were inhibited in embryos exposed to 200 μM PQ. Band shift assay showed a suppression of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) binding activity in all stressed embryos. In contrast, (6-4) photoproduct (6-4PP) recognition activity was weakly stimulated except in embryos exposed to 200 μM PQ, revealing a link of NER capacity to 6-4PP binding. Our results showed that Cd and PQ imposed similar inducing effects on UV-DDB2 gene expression, NER of UV-damaged DNA and 6-4PP binding activity in zebrafish embryo under low levels of oxidative stress and NER capacity could be inhibited if the intensity of oxidative stress increased to a critical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bin Ling
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yung Chang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Wei Liu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Po-Ling Lai
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Todd Hsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Mallet JD, Dorr MM, Drigeard Desgarnier MC, Bastien N, Gendron SP, Rochette PJ. Faster DNA Repair of Ultraviolet-Induced Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers and Lower Sensitivity to Apoptosis in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells than in Epidermal Keratinocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162212. [PMID: 27611318 PMCID: PMC5017652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Absorption of UV rays by DNA generates the formation of mutagenic cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PP). These damages are the major cause of skin cancer because in turn, they can lead to signature UV mutations. The eye is exposed to UV light, but the cornea is orders of magnitude less prone to UV-induced cancer. In an attempt to shed light on this paradox, we compared cells of the corneal epithelium and the epidermis for UVB-induced DNA damage frequency, repair and cell death sensitivity. We found similar CPD levels but a 4-time faster UVB-induced CPD, but not 6-4PP, repair and lower UV-induced apoptosis sensitivity in corneal epithelial cells than epidermal. We then investigated levels of DDB2, a UV-induced DNA damage recognition protein mostly impacting CPD repair, XPC, essential for the repair of both CPD and 6-4PP and p53 a protein upstream of the genotoxic stress response. We found more DDB2, XPC and p53 in corneal epithelial cells than in epidermal cells. According to our results analyzing the protein stability of DDB2 and XPC, the higher level of DDB2 and XPC in corneal epithelial cells is most likely due to an increased stability of the protein. Taken together, our results show that corneal epithelial cells have a better efficiency to repair UV-induced mutagenic CPD. On the other hand, they are less prone to UV-induced apoptosis, which could be related to the fact that since the repair is more efficient in the HCEC, the need to eliminate highly damaged cells by apoptosis is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Mallet
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL—chirurgie cervico-faciale, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie M. Dorr
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL—chirurgie cervico-faciale, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Catherine Drigeard Desgarnier
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL—chirurgie cervico-faciale, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bastien
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL—chirurgie cervico-faciale, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien P. Gendron
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL—chirurgie cervico-faciale, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Rochette
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL—chirurgie cervico-faciale, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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Chen J, Zhang M, Eneji AE, Li J. Influence of exogenous silicon on UV-B radiation-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers in soybean leaves and its alleviation mechanism. J Plant Physiol 2016; 196-197:20-7. [PMID: 27019132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The DNA is particularly sensitive to UV-B radiation and can readily be damaged by UV-B stress, resulting to the formation of photoproducts like cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Silicon has multifarious benefits to plants, especially under biotic and abiotic stress. In this study, we used soybean seedlings to determine whether silicon could alleviate damage to DNA caused by UV-B stress. Silicon significantly reduced the accumulation of CPDs, lessening the damage of UV-B stress to the seedlings by the following three mechanisms: (1) increasing the concentration of UV-B absorbing compounds to reduce damage; (2) strengthening the antioxidant capacity of plants represented by higher levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants and (3) increasing the photolyase gene expression, thus accelerating photorepair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiana Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Mingcai Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - A Egrinya Eneji
- Department of Soil Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Jianmin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China.
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Faraji S, Zhong D, Dreuw A. Characterization of the Intermediate in and Identification of the Repair Mechanism of (6-4) Photolesions by Photolyases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5175-8. [PMID: 26996356 PMCID: PMC4921128 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations are employed to assign previously recorded experimental spectroscopic signatures of the intermediates occurring during the photo-induced repair of (6-4) photolesions by photolyases to specific molecular structures. Based on this close comparison of experiment and theory it is demonstrated that the acting repair mechanism involves proton transfer from the protonated His365 to the N3' nitrogen of the lesion, which proceeds simultaneously with intramolecular OH transfer along an oxetane-like transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Faraji
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dongping Zhong
- Departments of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Programs of Biophysics, Chemical Physics and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA,
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,
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Boros G, Miko E, Muramatsu H, Weissman D, Emri E, van der Horst GTJ, Szegedi A, Horkay I, Emri G, Karikó K, Remenyik É. Identification of Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer-Responsive Genes Using UVB-Irradiated Human Keratinocytes Transfected with In Vitro-Synthesized Photolyase mRNA. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131141. [PMID: 26121660 PMCID: PMC4488231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Major biological effects of UVB are attributed to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), the most common photolesions formed on DNA. To investigate the contribution of CPDs to UVB-induced changes of gene expression, a model system was established by transfecting keratinocytes with pseudouridine-modified mRNA (Ψ-mRNA) encoding CPD-photolyase. Microarray analyses of this model system demonstrated that more than 50% of the gene expression altered by UVB was mediated by CPD photolesions. Functional classification of the gene targets revealed strong effects of CPDs on the regulation of the cell cycle and transcriptional machineries. To confirm the microarray data, cell cycle-regulatory genes, CCNE1 and CDKN2B that were induced exclusively by CPDs were selected for further investigation. Following UVB irradiation, expression of these genes increased significantly at both mRNA and protein levels, but not in cells transfected with CPD-photolyase Ψ-mRNA and exposed to photoreactivating light. Treatment of cells with inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) blocked the UVB-dependent upregulation of both genes suggesting a role for JNK in relaying the signal of UVB-induced CPDs into transcriptional responses. Thus, photolyase mRNA-based experimental platform demonstrates CPD-dependent and -independent events of UVB-induced cellular responses, and, as such, has the potential to identify novel molecular targets for treatment of UVB-mediated skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Boros
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Edit Miko
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eszter Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Andrea Szegedi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Dermatological Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Irén Horkay
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Katalin Karikó
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Éva Remenyik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Abstract
Photolyases, a class of flavoproteins, use blue light to repair two types of ultraviolet-induced DNA damage, a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) and a pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproduct (6-4PP). In this perspective, we review the recent progress in the repair dynamics and mechanisms of both types of DNA restoration by photolyases. We first report the spectroscopic characterization of flavin in various redox states and the active-site solvation dynamics in photolyases. We then systematically summarize the detailed repair dynamics of damaged DNA by photolyases and a biomimetic system through resolving all elementary steps on ultrafast timescales, including multiple intermolecular electron- and proton-transfer reactions and bond-breaking and -making processes. We determined the unique electron tunneling pathways, identified the key functional residues and revealed the molecular origin of high repair efficiency, and thus elucidate the molecular mechanisms and repair photocycles at the most fundamental level. We finally conclude that the active sites of photolyases, unlike the aqueous solution for the biomimetic system, provide a unique electrostatic environment and local flexibility and thus a dedicated synergy for all elementary dynamics to maximize the repair efficiency. This repair photomachine is the first enzyme that the entire functional evolution is completely mapped out in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyun Liu
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Programs of Biophysics, Chemical Physics, and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Premi S, Wallisch S, Mano CM, Weiner AB, Bacchiocchi A, Wakamatsu K, Bechara EJH, Halaban R, Douki T, Brash DE. Photochemistry. Chemiexcitation of melanin derivatives induces DNA photoproducts long after UV exposure. Science 2015; 347:842-7. [PMID: 25700512 PMCID: PMC4432913 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in sunlight-induced melanoma arise from cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), DNA photoproducts that are typically created picoseconds after an ultraviolet (UV) photon is absorbed at thymine or cytosine. We found that in melanocytes, CPDs are generated for >3 hours after exposure to UVA, a major component of the radiation in sunlight and in tanning beds. These "dark CPDs" constitute the majority of CPDs and include the cytosine-containing CPDs that initiate UV-signature C→T mutations. Dark CPDs arise when UV-induced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species combine to excite an electron in fragments of the pigment melanin. This creates a quantum triplet state that has the energy of a UV photon but induces CPDs by energy transfer to DNA in a radiation-independent manner. Melanin may thus be carcinogenic as well as protective against cancer. These findings also validate the long-standing suggestion that chemically generated excited electronic states are relevant to mammalian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Premi
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Silvia Wallisch
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Camila M Mano
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05513-970 SP, Brazil
| | - Adam B Weiner
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Antonella Bacchiocchi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Etelvino J H Bechara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05513-970 SP, Brazil. Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo 09972-270 SP, Brazil
| | - Ruth Halaban
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Thierry Douki
- INAC/LCIB UMR-E3 CEA-UJF/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Douglas E Brash
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Kanao R, Yokoi M, Ohkumo T, Sakurai Y, Dotsu K, Kura S, Nakatsu Y, Tsuzuki T, Masutani C, Hanaoka F. UV-induced mutations in epidermal cells of mice defective in DNA polymerase η and/or ι. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 29:139-46. [PMID: 25733082 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XP-V) is a human rare inherited recessive disease, predisposed to sunlight-induced skin cancer, which is caused by deficiency in DNA polymerase η (Polη). Polη catalyzes accurate translesion synthesis (TLS) past pyrimidine dimers, the most prominent UV-induced lesions. DNA polymerase ι (Polι) is a paralog of Polη that has been suggested to participate in TLS past UV-induced lesions, but its function in vivo remains uncertain. We have previously reported that Polη-deficient and Polη/Polι double-deficient mice showed increased susceptibility to UV-induced carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated UV-induced mutation frequencies and spectra in the epidermal cells of Polη- and/or Polι-deficient mice. While Polη-deficient mice showed significantly higher UV-induced mutation frequencies than wild-type mice, Polι deficiency did not influence the frequencies in the presence of Polη. Interestingly, the frequencies in Polη/Polι double-deficient mice were statistically lower than those in Polη-deficient mice, although they were still higher than those of wild-type mice. Sequence analysis revealed that most of the UV-induced mutations in Polη-deficient and Polη/Polι double-deficient mice were base substitutions at dipyrimidine sites. An increase in UV-induced mutations at both G:C and A:T pairs associated with Polη deficiency suggests that Polη contributes to accurate TLS past both thymine- and cytosine-containing dimers in vivo. A significant decrease in G:C to A:T transition in Polη/Polι double-deficient mice when compared with Polη-deficient mice suggests that Polι is involved in error-prone TLS past cytosine-containing dimers when Polη is inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Kanao
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan; Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yokoi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan; Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohkumo
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Sakurai
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kantaro Dotsu
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kura
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Higashi-ku, Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Nakatsu
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Higashi-ku, Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Tsuzuki
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Higashi-ku, Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chikahide Masutani
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan; Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of nucleic acid- and protein-targeting autoantibodies and an aberrant type I IFN expression signature. Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is an autosomal-recessive encephalopathy in children that is characterized by mutations in numerous nucleic acid repair enzymes and elevated IFN levels. Phenotypically, patients with AGS and SLE share many similarities. Ribonuclease H2 (RNase H2) is a nucleic acid repair enzyme that removes unwanted ribonucleotides from DNA. In this issue of the JCI, Günther and colleagues provide an in-depth investigation of the mechanisms underlying the link between defective removal of ribonucleotides in AGS and SLE, and these findings will likely serve as a strong springboard to provide novel therapeutic inroads.
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Günther C, Kind B, Reijns MAM, Berndt N, Martinez-Bueno M, Wolf C, Tüngler V, Chara O, Lee YA, Hübner N, Bicknell L, Blum S, Krug C, Schmidt F, Kretschmer S, Koss S, Astell KR, Ramantani G, Bauerfeind A, Morris DL, Cunninghame Graham DS, Bubeck D, Leitch A, Ralston SH, Blackburn EA, Gahr M, Witte T, Vyse TJ, Melchers I, Mangold E, Nöthen MM, Aringer M, Kuhn A, Lüthke K, Unger L, Bley A, Lorenzi A, Isaacs JD, Alexopoulou D, Conrad K, Dahl A, Roers A, Alarcon-Riquelme ME, Jackson AP, Lee-Kirsch MA. Defective removal of ribonucleotides from DNA promotes systemic autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2014; 125:413-24. [PMID: 25500883 DOI: 10.1172/jci78001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome integrity is continuously challenged by the DNA damage that arises during normal cell metabolism. Biallelic mutations in the genes encoding the genome surveillance enzyme ribonuclease H2 (RNase H2) cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), a pediatric disorder that shares features with the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here we determined that heterozygous parents of AGS patients exhibit an intermediate autoimmune phenotype and demonstrated a genetic association between rare RNASEH2 sequence variants and SLE. Evaluation of patient cells revealed that SLE- and AGS-associated mutations impair RNase H2 function and result in accumulation of ribonucleotides in genomic DNA. The ensuing chronic low level of DNA damage triggered a DNA damage response characterized by constitutive p53 phosphorylation and senescence. Patient fibroblasts exhibited constitutive upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes and an enhanced type I IFN response to the immunostimulatory nucleic acid polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid and UV light irradiation, linking RNase H2 deficiency to potentiation of innate immune signaling. Moreover, UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation was markedly enhanced in ribonucleotide-containing DNA, providing a mechanism for photosensitivity in RNase H2-associated SLE. Collectively, our findings implicate RNase H2 in the pathogenesis of SLE and suggest a role of DNA damage-associated pathways in the initiation of autoimmunity.
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Rastogi RP, Sonani RR, Madamwar D. The high-energy radiation protectant extracellular sheath pigment scytonemin and its reduced counterpart in the cyanobacterium Scytonema sp. R77DM. Bioresour Technol 2014; 171:396-400. [PMID: 25226055 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A cyanobacterial extracellular sheath pigment from Scytonema sp. R77DM was partially characterized and investigated for its increased production under abiotic factors, and UV-screening function. HPLC with PDA detection, and ion trap liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of a pigment scytonemin and its reduced counterpart. Ultraviolet radiation showed more stimulative effects on scytonemin production. A significant synergistic enhancement of scytonemin synthesis was observed under combined stress of heat and UV radiation. Scytonemin also exhibited efficient UV-screening function by reducing the in vivo production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cyclobutane thymine dimer. UV-induced formation of ROS and thymine dimer was also reduced upon exposure of cyanobacterial cells to exogenous antioxidant, ascorbic acid; however, the effect was more significant when both scytonemin and ascorbic acid were applied in combination. Moreover, the results indicate the potential role of scytonemin pigment as natural photoprotectant against high energy solar insolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh P Rastogi
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Post Box No. 39, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, Anand, Gujarat, India.
| | - Ravi R Sonani
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Post Box No. 39, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, Anand, Gujarat, India.
| | - Datta Madamwar
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Post Box No. 39, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, Anand, Gujarat, India.
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Schuch AP, Moraes MCS, Yagura T, Menck CFM. Highly sensitive biological assay for determining the photoprotective efficacy of sunscreen. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:11584-11590. [PMID: 25216262 DOI: 10.1021/es503721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The protective effect of sunscreens has been extensively evaluated in vivo as a measure of erythema induced in human skin and is expressed as Sun Protection Factor (SPF). In vitro alternatives that use human cells might overcome the limitations of testing on human beings. Here is proposed a broad and accurate in vitro approach for evaluating the efficacy of commercial sunscreens even under environmental conditions. This Cell dosimeter allowed the determination of Sun Protection Factor for DNA (DNA-SPF), using specific DNA repair enzymes and antibodies, and Sun Protection Factor for Lethal Damage (LD-SPF), by measuring cell viability and apoptosis induced after the irradiation of human cells. The use of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells, which are deficient in DNA repair, rendered this assay more sensitive. The results revealed significant protection against the effects elicited by UVB radiation; however, there was no efficient protection from DNA lesions and cell death induced by UVA radiation or natural sunlight. This work demonstrates the environmental application of this biodosimeter for measuring UV-induced biological damage to human cells and supports the need for better evaluation of the UVA protection efficacy conferred by commercial sunscreens, in terms of induction of DNA lesions and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- André P Schuch
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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Takahashi S, Teranishi M, Izumi M, Takahashi M, Takahashi F, Hidema J. Transport of rice cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyase into mitochondria relies on a targeting sequence located in its C-terminal internal region. Plant J 2014; 79:951-963. [PMID: 24947012 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), which represents a major type of DNA damage induced by ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation, is a principal cause of UVB-induced growth inhibition in plants. CPD photolyase is the primary enzyme for repairing CPDs and is crucial for determining the sensitivity of Oryza sativa (rice) to UVB radiation. CPD photolyase is widely distributed among species ranging from eubacteria to eukaryotes, and is classified into class I or II based on its primary structure. We previously demonstrated that rice CPD photolyase (OsPHR), which belongs to class II and is encoded by a single-copy gene, is a unique nuclear/mitochondrial/chloroplast triple-targeting protein; however, the location and nature of the organellar targeting information contained within OsPHR are unknown. Here, the nuclear and mitochondrial targeting signal sequences of OsPHR were identified by systematic deletion analysis. The nuclear and mitochondrial targeting sequences are harbored within residues 487-489 and 391-401 in the C-terminal region of OsPHR (506 amino acid residues), respectively. The mitochondrial targeting signal represents a distinct topogenic sequence that differs structurally and functionally from classical N-terminal pre-sequences, and this region, in addition to its role in localization to the mitochondria, is essential for the proper functioning of the CPD photolyase. Furthermore, the mitochondrial targeting sequence, which is characteristic of class-II CPD photolyases, was acquired before the divergence of class-II CPD photolyases in eukaryotes. These results indicate that rice plants have evolved a CPD photolyase that functions in mitochondria to protect cells from the harmful effects of UVB radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Takahashi
- Department of Environmental Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
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