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Stoupi NA, Weijs ML, Imbach L, Lenggenhager B. Heartbeat-evoked potentials following voluntary hyperventilation in epilepsy patients: respiratory influences on cardiac interoception. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1391437. [PMID: 39035777 PMCID: PMC11259972 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1391437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Current evidence indicates a modulating role of respiratory processes in cardiac interoception, yet whether altered breathing patterns influence heartbeat-evoked potentials (HEP) remains inconclusive. Methods Here, we examined the effects of voluntary hyperventilation (VH) as part of a clinical routine examination on scalp-recorded HEPs in epilepsy patients (N = 80). Results Using cluster-based permutation analyses, HEP amplitudes were compared across pre-VH and post-VH conditions within young and elderly subgroups, as well as for the total sample. No differences in the HEP were detected for younger participants or across the full sample, while an increased late HEP during pre-VH compared to post-VH was fond in the senior group, denoting decreased cardiac interoceptive processing after hyperventilation. Discussion The present study, thus, provides initial evidence of breathing-related HEP modulations in elderly epilepsy patients, emphasizing the potential of HEP as an interoceptive neural marker that could partially extend to the representation of pulmonary signaling. We speculate that aberrant CO2-chemosensing, coupled with disturbances in autonomic regulation, might constitute the underlying pathophysiological mechanism behind the obtained effect. Available databases involving patient records of routine VH assessment may constitute a valuable asset in disentangling the interplay of cardiac and ventilatory interoceptive information in various patient groups, providing thorough clinical data to parse, as well as increased statistical power and estimates of effects with higher precision through large-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niovi A Stoupi
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marieke L Weijs
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Imbach
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Epilepsy Center, Klinik Lengg, Zürich, Switzerland
- Zurich Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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Guanyabens N, Tomsen N, Palomeras E, Mundet L, Clavé P, Ortega O. Neurophysiological characterization of oropharyngeal dysphagia in older patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 162:129-140. [PMID: 38615499 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize swallowing biomechanics and neurophysiology in older patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD). METHODS Observational study in 12 young healthy volunteers (HV), 9 older HV (OHV) and 12 older patients with OD with no previous diseases causing OD (OOD). Swallowing biomechanics were measured by videofluoroscopy, neurophysiology with pharyngeal sensory (pSEP) and motor evoked-potentials (pMEP) to intrapharyngeal electrical and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), respectively, and salivary neuropeptides with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS 83.3% of OOD patients had unsafe swallows (Penetration-Aspiration scale = 4.3 ± 2.1; p < 0.0001) with delayed time to laryngeal vestibule closure (362.5 ± 73.3 ms; p < 0.0001) compared to both HV groups. OOD patients had: (a) higher pharyngeal sensory threshold (p = 0.009) and delayed pSEP P1 and N2 latencies (p < 0.05 vs HV) to electrical stimulus; and (b) higher pharyngeal motor thresholds to TMS in both hemispheres (p < 0.05) and delayed pMEPs latencies (right, p < 0.0001 HV vs OHV/OOD; left, p < 0.0001 HV vs OHV/OOD). CONCLUSIONS OOD patients have unsafe swallow and delayed swallowing biomechanics, pharyngeal hypoesthesia with disrupted conduction of pharyngeal sensory inputs, and reduced excitability and delayed cortical motor response. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest new elements in the pathophysiology of aging-associated OD and herald new and more specific neurorehabilitation treatments for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Guanyabens
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department, Hospital de Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Tomsen
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lluís Mundet
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Clavé
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Omar Ortega
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Ambrocio KR, Ramsey R, O’Rourke A, Beall J, (Focht) Garand KL. Normal Variations in Upper Esophageal Sphincter Function During Deglutition: A Secondary Analysis of Videofluoroscopic Data. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:2306-2315. [PMID: 37962100 PMCID: PMC11006589 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cricopharyngeal dysfunction is a common potential cause of pharyngoesophageal dysphagia. Contextual factors (i.e., personal demographics and bolus properties) appear to impact upper esophageal sphincter (UES) function but have yet to be assessed collectively in a large-scale study using psychometrically sound swallow task procedures. Using a standardized and validated videofluoroscopic approach, we investigated the collective effects of age, sex, and swallow task on UES opening duration (UESOdur) and UES maximum distension (UESmax) in a large sample of healthy adults. METHODS UESOdur and UESmax data were analyzed from existing videofluoroscopic images of 195 healthy adults (21-89 years old) across seven swallow tasks (thin liquid to viscous liquids, puree, and a solid). Generalized estimating equation modeling captured the effects of the aforementioned contextual factors (α = 0.05). RESULTS UESOdur significantly increased with age, while UESmax had an inverse relationship. Females had significantly wider UESmax. UESOdur of 5 mL thin liquid was significantly shorter than all other liquid swallow tasks, while solid had an inverse effect. Compared to 5 mL thin liquid, all other swallow tasks resulted in significantly wider UESmax. Mildly and moderately thick liquid significantly increased UESOdur when isolating viscosity. UESmax was significantly wider with mildly and moderately thick liquid and puree than thin liquid. When isolating volume, cup sip thin liquid increased both measures significantly relative to 5 mL. CONCLUSION Age, sex, and swallow task can influence the normal timing and extent of UES movement. These collective effects contribute to normal variability in UES function and should be considered for clinical decision-making. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 134:2306-2315, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Renz Ambrocio
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Reagan Ramsey
- Department of Speech Pathology & Audiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | - Ashli O’Rourke
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Jonathan Beall
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Burdick R, Bayne D, Hitchcock M, Gilmore-Bykovskyi A, Shune S, Rogus-Pulia N. The Impact of Modifiable Preoral Factors on Swallowing and Nutritional Outcomes in Healthy Adults: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:4860-4895. [PMID: 37931134 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Swallowing has previously been characterized as consisting of four phases; however, it has become apparent that these four phases are not truly discrete and may be influenced by factors occurring prior to bolus entrance into the oral cavity (i.e., preoral factors). Still, the relationship between these factors and swallowing remains poorly understood. The aim of this review was to synthesize and characterize the literature pertaining to the influence of preoral factors on swallowing and nutritional outcomes in healthy individuals. METHOD We performed a scoping review, searching the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Scopus. Search terms included those related to swallowing, experience of preoral factors, and exclusionary terminology to reduce animal and pediatric literature. Our initial search revealed 5,560 unique articles, of which 153 met our inclusionary criteria and were accepted into the review. RESULTS Of the accepted articles, 78% were focused exclusively on nutritional outcomes, 17% were focused on both swallowing and nutritional outcomes, and 5% were focused on solely swallowing outcomes. Of the preoral factors examined, 99% were exteroceptive in nature (17% olfactory, 44% visual, 21% auditory, 7% tactile, 11% other), while 1% were proprioceptive in nature. CONCLUSIONS This review supports the influence of preoral factors on swallowing and nutritional outcomes. However, there is a large emphasis on the visual modality and on nutritional outcomes. Nearly none of the literature found in this review directly measured swallowing safety, efficiency, or physiology. Future work will benefit from a larger focus on proprioceptive preoral factors as they relate to swallowing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Burdick
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Veterans' Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - David Bayne
- Communication Disorders and Sciences Program, University of Oregon, Eugene
| | | | - Andrea Gilmore-Bykovskyi
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Samantha Shune
- Communication Disorders and Sciences Program, University of Oregon, Eugene
| | - Nicole Rogus-Pulia
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Veterans' Hospital, Madison, WI
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Feng HY, Zhang PP, Wang XW. Presbyphagia: Dysphagia in the elderly. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:2363-2373. [PMID: 37123321 PMCID: PMC10131003 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i11.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysphagia has been classified as a “geriatric syndrome” and can lead to serious complications that result in a tremendous burden on population health and healthcare resources worldwide. A characteristic age-related change in swallowing is defined as “presbyphagia.” Medical imaging has shown some changes that seriously affect the safety and efficacy of swallowing. However, there is a general lack of awareness of the effects of aging on swallowing function and a belief that these changes are part of normal aging. Our review provides an overview of presbyphagia, which has been a neglected health problem for a long time. Attention and awareness of dysphagia in the elderly population should be strengthened, and targeted intervention measures should be actively implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Feng
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ping-Ping Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261021, Shandong Province, China
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Wang J, Yang C, Wei X, Zhang M, Dai M, Huang G, Huang W, Wen H, Dou Z. Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study Features and Resting-State Functional MRI Brain Activity for Assessing Swallowing Differences in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Risk of Dysphagia. Dysphagia 2023; 38:236-246. [PMID: 35556171 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-022-10460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To examine the swallowing characteristics in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dysphagia risk and explore brain activity changes using regional homogeneity (ReHo) with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). We included 28 patients with MCI and dysphagia risk and 17 age-matched older adults. All participants underwent neurological, cognitive examinations, and a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). We quantitatively analyzed the VFSS temporal and kinetic parameters of the 5- and 10-mL swallows. The participants underwent rs-fMRI, and the ReHo values were calculated. Differences in the swallowing physiology and rs-fMRI findings between participants with MCI and controls were analyzed. Correlation analyses were also conducted. Compared to the control group, patients with MCI and dysphagia risk had lower global cognition scores, longer 10-mL oral transit times (OTTs), and lower executive function scores. ReHo in the bilateral inferior occipital lobes (IOLs) and left prefrontal lobe decreased in patients with MCI and dysphagia risk compared to participants in the control group. In patients with MCI, the 10-mL OTT was negatively correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score, and the ReHo values were positive correlated with quantitative temporal swallowing measurements using canonical correlation analysis. Mediation analysis revealed that the ReHo values of the left and right IOL acted as significant mediators between the MoCA score and the 10-mL OTT. We found that individuals with MCI and dysphagia risk, verified by reduced MoCA scores, demonstrated prolonged OTTs when swallowing larger boluses compared with age-matched controls. There was a negative correlation between the MoCA score and 10-mL OTT, which was partially mediated by the left and right IOL ReHo values, suggesting that functional changes in the IOLs and left prefrontal lobe associated with oral swallowing status and cognitive level in individuals with MCI and dysphagia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xiaomei Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mengqing Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318, Middle Renmin Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Meng Dai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Guohang Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Wenhao Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hongmei Wen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Zulin Dou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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Robison R, (Focht) Garand KL, Affoo R, Yeh CK, Chin N, McArthur C, Pulia M, Rogus-Pulia N. New horizons in understanding oral health and swallowing function within the context of frailty. Age Ageing 2023; 52:afac276. [PMID: 36735843 PMCID: PMC9897303 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afac276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Frailty is a complex and multidimensional condition wherein declines in physiologic reserve and function place individuals in a state of heightened vulnerability and decreased resiliency. There has been growing interest in both research and clinical settings to understand how to best define, assess and characterise frailty in older adults. To this end, various models and clinical assessment tools have been used to define and measure frailty. While differences exist among these models and tools, a common unifying theme is a focus on physical function and activity. Notably absent across many available conceptual models and clinical tools are items directly related to oral and swallowing function. This is an important oversight as widespread changes to both oral and swallowing function are evident in older adults. Indeed, emerging evidence suggests many of the functional domains affected in frail older adults, such as nutrition and sarcopenia, have cyclical relationships with impairments in oral (oral hypofunction) and swallowing function (dysphagia) as well. The increasing appreciation for the interrelationships among oral hypofunction, dysphagia and frailty provides an opportunity for refinement of frailty assessment and characterisation in older adults to incorporate metrics specific to oral and swallowing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raele Robison
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Kendrea L (Focht) Garand
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Rebecca Affoo
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Chih-Ko Yeh
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), South Texas Veterans Health Care System (STVHCS), San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Nathaniel Chin
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Caitlin McArthur
- School of Physiotherapy, Faculty Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - Michael Pulia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Nicole Rogus-Pulia
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Labeit B, Muhle P, von Itter J, Slavik J, Wollbrink A, Sporns P, Rusche T, Ruck T, Hüsing-Kabar A, Gellner R, Gross J, Wirth R, Claus I, Warnecke T, Dziewas R, Suntrup-Krueger S. Clinical determinants and neural correlates of presbyphagia in community-dwelling older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:912691. [PMID: 35966778 PMCID: PMC9366332 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.912691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background “Presbyphagia” refers to characteristic age-related changes in the complex neuromuscular swallowing mechanism. It has been hypothesized that cumulative impairments in multiple domains affect functional reserve of swallowing with age, but the multifactorial etiology and postulated compensatory strategies of the brain are incompletely understood. This study investigates presbyphagia and its neural correlates, focusing on the clinical determinants associated with adaptive neuroplasticity. Materials and methods 64 subjects over 70 years of age free of typical diseases explaining dysphagia received comprehensive workup including flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES), magnetoencephalography (MEG) during swallowing and pharyngeal stimulation, volumetry of swallowing muscles, laboratory analyzes, and assessment of hand-grip-strength, nutritional status, frailty, olfaction, cognition and mental health. Neural MEG activation was compared between participants with and without presbyphagia in FEES, and associated clinical influencing factors were analyzed. Presbyphagia was defined as the presence of oropharyngeal swallowing alterations e.g., penetration, aspiration, pharyngeal residue pooling or premature bolus spillage into the piriform sinus and/or laryngeal vestibule. Results 32 of 64 participants showed swallowing alterations, mainly characterized by pharyngeal residue, whereas the airway was rarely compromised. In the MEG analysis, participants with presbyphagia activated an increased cortical sensorimotor network during swallowing. As major clinical determinant, participants with swallowing alterations exhibited reduced pharyngeal sensation. Presbyphagia was an independent predictor of a reduced nutritional status in a linear regression model. Conclusions Swallowing alterations frequently occur in otherwise healthy older adults and are associated with decreased nutritional status. Increased sensorimotor cortical activation may constitute a compensation attempt to uphold swallowing function due to sensory decline. Further studies are needed to clarify whether the swallowing alterations observed can be considered physiological per se or whether the concept of presbyphagia may need to be extended to a theory with a continuous transition between presbyphagia and dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bendix Labeit
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Bendix Labeit,
| | - Paul Muhle
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonas von Itter
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Janna Slavik
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Wollbrink
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Sporns
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Rusche
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Hüsing-Kabar
- Medical Clinic B (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Clinical Infectiology), University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Reinhold Gellner
- Medical Clinic B (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Clinical Infectiology), University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Gross
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rainer Wirth
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Marien Hospital Herne, Herne, Germany
| | - Inga Claus
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Warnecke
- Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Hospital Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Rainer Dziewas
- Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Hospital Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sonja Suntrup-Krueger
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Doan TN, Ho WC, Wang LH, Chang FC, Nhu NT, Chou LW. Prevalence and Methods for Assessment of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:2605. [PMID: 35566731 PMCID: PMC9104951 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of dysphagia in older adults, subgrouping by recruitment settings and varying dysphagia assessment methods. METHODS Five major databases were systematically searched through January 2022. A random-effects model for meta-analysis was conducted to obtain the pooled prevalence. RESULTS Prevalence of dysphagia in the community-dwelling elderly screened by water swallow test was 12.14% (95% CI: 6.48% to 19.25%, I2 = 0%), which was significantly lower than the combined prevalence of 30.52% (95% CI: 21.75% to 40.07%, I2 = 68%) assessed by Standardized Swallowing Assessment (SSA) and volume-viscosity swallow test (V-VST). The dysphagia prevalence among elderly nursing home residents evaluated by SSA was 58.69% (95% CI: 47.71% to 69.25%, I2 = 0%) and by the Gugging Swallowing Screen test (GUSS) test was 53.60% (95% CI: 41.20% to 65.79%, I2 = 0%). The prevalence of dysphagia in hospitalized older adults screened by the 10-item Eating Assessment Tool was 24.10% (95% CI: 16.64% to 32.44%, I2 = 0%), which was significantly lower than those assessed by V-VST or GUSS tests of 47.18% (95% CI: 38.30% to 56.14%, I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS Dysphagia is prevalent in the elderly, affecting approximately one in three community-dwelling elderly, almost half of the geriatric patients, and even more than half of elderly nursing home residents. The use of non-validated screening tools to report dysphagia underestimates its actual prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Nhan Doan
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (T.-N.D.); (W.-C.H.)
- Department of Rehabilitation, Quang Nam Northern Mountainous Region General Hospital, Quang Nam 560000, Vietnam
| | - Wen-Chao Ho
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (T.-N.D.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Liang-Hui Wang
- Department of Speech Language Pathology and Auditory, HungKuang University, Taichung 433304, Taiwan;
- Ph.D. Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
| | - Fei-Chun Chang
- Ph.D. Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Nguyen Thanh Nhu
- Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho 94117, Vietnam;
| | - Li-Wei Chou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung 413505, Taiwan
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Sykes DL, Morice AH. The Cough Reflex: The Janus of Respiratory Medicine. Front Physiol 2021; 12:684080. [PMID: 34267675 PMCID: PMC8277195 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.684080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical practice, we commonly face adversity when encountering dysfunction of the cough reflex. Similar to ancient Roman deity Janus, it often presents with one of two opposing "faces". Continual aberrant activation of the cough reflex, also known as chronic cough, can cause great detriment to quality of life and many of these patients are left misdiagnosed and undertreated. In contrast, loss of normal functioning of the cough reflex is the cause of a significant proportion of mortality in the elderly, primarily through the development of aspiration pneumonia. In this review we discuss both hyper- and hypo-activation of the cough reflex and how airway reflux and chronic aspiration may be involved in the aetiology and sequalae of both disease states. We detail the physiological and pharmacological mechanisms involved in cough, and how the recent development of P2X3 receptor antagonists may lead to the first pharmaceutical agent licensed for chronic cough. The treatment and prevention of loss of the cough reflex, which has been largely neglected, is also discussed as novel low-cost interventions could help prevent a number of hospital and domiciliary deaths from both acute and chronic aspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic L. Sykes
- Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Alyn H. Morice
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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11
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Tae WS, Lee S, Choi S, Pyun SB. Effects of aging on brain networks during swallowing: general linear model and independent component analyses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1069. [PMID: 33441738 PMCID: PMC7806781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Swallowing disorders occur more frequently in older adults. However, the effects of the aging process on neural activation when swallowing are unclear. We aimed to identify neural regions activated during swallowing and evaluate changes in neural activation and neural networks with aging. Using a general linear model (GLM) and independent component (IC) analyses, blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals were observed in the lateral precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, anterior insular cortices, supramarginal gyri, and medial frontal gyrus during swallowing. The right thalamus and anterior cingulate gyri were found to be active areas by GLM and IC analyses, respectively. In the correlational analyses, age was negatively correlated with BOLD signals of the lateral precentral gyri, postcentral gyri, and insular cortices in swallowing tasks. Additionally, correlation analyses between ICs of all participants and age revealed negative correlations in the right supramarginal gyrus, both anterior cingulate cortices, putamen, and cerebellum. In the network analysis, the BOLD signal positively correlated with age in the default mode network (DMN), and was negatively correlated in the lateral precentral gyri, postcentral gyri, and insular cortices. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations was significantly decreased in the DMN and increased in swallowing-related areas during swallowing tasks. These results suggest that aging has negative effects on the activation of swallowing-related regions and task-induced deactivation of the DMN. These changes may be used to detect early functional decline during swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Suk Tae
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sekwang Lee
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Choi
- grid.418980.c0000 0000 8749 5149Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bom Pyun
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea ,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Crary MA. Adult Neurologic Disorders. Dysphagia 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-63648-3.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Cheng I, Scarlett H, Zhang M, Hamdy S. Preconditioning human pharyngeal motor cortex enhances directional metaplasticity induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Physiol 2020; 598:5213-5230. [DOI: 10.1113/jp279977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Cheng
- Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Honor Scarlett
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Mengqing Zhang
- Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester UK
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Shaheen Hamdy
- Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester UK
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Ardenghi LG, Signorini AV, Maahs GS, Selaimen F, Deutsch KM, Dornelles S, Rieder CRDM. Deglutition Impairment during Dual Task in Parkinson Disease Is Associated with Cognitive Status. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 25:e41-e47. [PMID: 33542750 PMCID: PMC7850888 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3402440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Dysphagia is a relevant symptom in Parkinson disease (PD), and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. To date, researchers have not investigated the effects of combined motor tasks on swallowing. Such an assessment is of particular interest in PD, in which patients have specific difficulties while performing two movements simultaneously.
Objective
The present study tested the hypothesis that performing concurrent tasks could decrease the safety of swallowing in PD patients as visualized using fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES).
Methods
A total of 19 patients and 19 controls matched by age, gender, and level of schooling were compared by FEES under two conditions: isolated swallowing and dual task (swallowing during non-sequential opposition of the thumb against the other fingers). The two tasks involved volumes of food of 3 mL and 5 mL. The PD subjects were classified according to the Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) Scale, the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The FEES assessment was performed according to the Boston Residue and Clearance Scale (BRACS).
Results
The data showed a significant worsening of swallowing in the dual task assessment for both volumes (3 mL:
p
≤ 0.001; 5 mL:
p
≤ 0.001) in the PD group. A correlation between the MoCA and dual-task swallowing of 3 mL was also found.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that additional tasks involving manual motor movements result in swallowing impairment in patients with PD. Moreover, these data highlight the need to further evaluate such conditions during treatment and assessment of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alana Verza Signorini
- Program of Graduate Studies in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Cesar Lombroso, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gerson Schulz Maahs
- Departament of Health and Human Communication, Speech-Language Pathology Course, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabio Selaimen
- Program of Graduate Studies in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Cesar Lombroso, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Konrado Massing Deutsch
- Departament of Health and Human Communication, Speech-Language Pathology Course, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvia Dornelles
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Personality Ramiro Barcelos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto de Mello Rieder
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, Distúrbios do Movimento, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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15
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Lin CS. Functional Adaptation of Oromotor Functions and Aging: A Focused Review of the Evidence From Brain Neuroimaging Research. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 11:354. [PMID: 31998112 PMCID: PMC6962247 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
“Practice makes perfect” is a principle widely applied when one is acquiring a new sensorimotor skill to cope with challenges from a new environment. In terms of oral healthcare, the traditional view holds that restoring decayed structures is one of the primary aims of treatment. This assumes that the patient’s oromotor functions would be recovered back to normal levels after the restoration. However, in older patients, such a structural–functional coupling after dental treatment shows a great degree of individual variations. For example, after prosthodontic treatment, some patients would adapt themselves quickly to the new dentures, while others would not. In this Focused Review, I argue that the functional aspects of adaptation—which would be predominantly associated with the brain mechanisms of cognitive processing and motor learning—play a critical role in the individual differences in the adaptive behaviors of oromotor functions. This thesis is critical to geriatric oral healthcare since the variation in the capacity of cognitive processing and motor learning is critically associated with aging. In this review, (a) the association between aging and the brain-stomatognathic axis will be introduced; (b) the brain mechanisms underlying the association between aging, compensatory behavior, and motor learning will be briefly summarized; (c) the neuroimaging evidence that suggests the role of cognitive processing and motor learning in oromotor functions will be summarized, and critically, the brain mechanisms underlying mastication and swallowing in older people will be discussed; and (d) based on the current knowledge, an experimental framework for investigating the association between aging and the functional adaptation of oromotor functions will be proposed. Finally, I will comment on the practical implications of this framework and postulate questions open for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Shu Lin
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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A Systematic Review of Physiological Changes in Swallowing in the Oldest Old. Dysphagia 2019; 35:509-532. [PMID: 31489507 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-019-10056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Age-related swallowing changes are well-researched in deglutology, usually distinguishing those over 60 years as older aged. World-wide, older adults are healthier and forecast to live longer: many over 85 years. It is necessary for clinicians to understand healthy swallowing changes in this 'oldest old' in order to appropriately manage swallowing complaints in older patients. This systematic review collated and critically appraised studies investigating swallowing changes in adults over 85 years using instrumental assessment. Criteria for inclusion were healthy subjects over 85 years. Exclusion criteria included studies focused on anatomy and oral processing. Studies published until December 2018 were retrieved from BIOSIS, CINAHL, Embase, Medline, and Scopus, totaling 2125 articles. During data screening, 64% of studies investigating age-related swallowing changes were excluded, as the oldest old were not recruited. After PRISMA screening, 44 articles met criteria. These were further reviewed for data extraction, bias and quality. Main quantitative age-related changes in swallowing included increases in delay in swallow onset, bolus transit times, duration of UES opening, pressure above the UES and UES relaxation pressure, and reduction in pressure at the UES. Few studies detected increased residue or airway compromise in the form of aspiration. Results were not easily comparable due to differences in age ranges, methods for deeming participants 'healthy', measures used to define swallowing physiology, and swallowing tasks. Age-related swallowing changes are identified that do not compromise safety. The oldest old are underrepresented in normative deglutition research. It is essential future studies plan accordingly to recruit those over 85 years.
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Park JW, Kim H, Park T, Yeo JS, Hong HJ, Oh JY. A pilot study of the effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on dysphagia in the elderly. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13561. [PMID: 30688391 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swallowing difficulty is common in the geriatric population and is associated with brain activity alteration with advancing age. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive approach to stimulate cortical neurons and can produce changes in cortical excitability. The objective of this study is to determine whether rTMS induces positive changes in the cortical areas and facilitates swallowing function in the elderly diagnosed with dysphagia. METHODS Eight right-handed elderly dysphagia patients without any neurologic deficits received 5 Hz rTMS to a pharyngeal motor hot spot in the right hemisphere for 10 minutes every weekday for 2 weeks. The intensity of the stimulation was set at 90% of the thenar motor threshold of the same hemisphere. They were all subjected to 18F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose-PET scans at swallowing before and after rTMS. Differences between each patient's active image and control images on a voxel-by-voxel basis were examined to find significant increases in metabolism using statistical parametric mapping software. Videofluoroscopic swallowing study was also conducted before and after magnetic stimulation intervention. Penetration-aspiration scale (PAS) and videofluoroscopic dysphagia scale (VDS) were compared to evaluate swallowing function. KEY RESULTS After 2 weeks of rTMS intervention, the VDS score was significantly reduced (from 43.6 ± 10.3 to 27.2 ± 14.5: P < 0.05), and especially pharyngeal motor function was improved. Activation was significantly increased in the bilateral primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and right prefrontal cortex, which showed asymmetry. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES High-frequency rTMS positively affected the activation in cortices and swallowing function in elderly patients with dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyojun Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Taejune Park
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jeong-Seok Yeo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Hong
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jin-Young Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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18
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Brain signatures associated with swallowing efficiency in older people. Exp Gerontol 2019; 115:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Zhou J, Lo OY, Lipsitz LA, Zhang J, Fang J, Manor B. Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances foot sole somatosensation when standing in older adults. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:795-802. [PMID: 29335751 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Foot-sole somatosensation is critical for safe mobility in older adults. Somatosensation arises when afferent input activates a neural network that includes the primary somatosensory cortex. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), as a strategy to increase somatosensory cortical excitability, may, therefore, enhance foot-sole somatosensation. We hypothesized that a single session of tDCS would improve foot-sole somatosensation, and thus mobility, in older adults. Twenty healthy older adults completed this randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study consisting of two visits separated by one week. On each visit, standing vibratory threshold (SVT) of each foot and the timed-up-and-go test (TUG) of mobility were assessed immediately before and after a 20-min session of tDCS (2.0 mA) or sham stimulation with the anode placed over C3 (according to the 10/20 EEG placement system) and the cathode over the contralateral supraorbital margin. tDCS condition order was randomized. SVT was measured with a shoe insole system. This system automatically ramped up, or down, the amplitude of applied vibrations and the participant stated when they could or could no longer feel the vibration, such that lower SVT reflected better somatosensation. The SVTs of both foot soles were lower following tDCS as compared to sham and both pre-test conditions [F(1,76) > 3.4, p < 0.03]. A trend towards better TUG performance following tDCS was also observed [F(1,76) = 2.4, p = 0.07]. Greater improvement in SVT (averaged across feet) moderately correlated with greater improvement in TUG performance (r = 0.48, p = 0.03). These results suggest that tDCS may enhance lower-extremity somatosensory function, and potentially mobility, in healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Zhou
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Roslindale, MA, USA. .,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - On-Yee Lo
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Roslindale, MA, USA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lewis A Lipsitz
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Roslindale, MA, USA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jue Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Fang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.,College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Brad Manor
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Roslindale, MA, USA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Park JW, Sim GJ, Kim HJ, Yeo JS, Hong HJ, Kwon BS. Changes of cortical activation in swallowing following high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in older adults. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 28560810 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored whether high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can induce positive changes in the cortical areas of older adults who do not have functional difficulties in swallowing. METHODS Ten healthy, right-handed, elderly volunteers were subjected to 18F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography(FDG-PET) scans when at rest, swallowing before rTMS, and swallowing after rTMS. During the swallowing study, water was infused orally via a catheter at a rate of 600 mL/h. Subjects swallowed water every 20 seconds following a light flash for 30 minutes. During rest, the light source was active, but subjects were requested not to swallow. The rTMS consisted of 5 Hz applied to a pharyngeal motor hot spot in the right hemisphere for 10 minutes every weekday for 2 weeks. The intensity of the stimulation was set at 90% of the thenar motor threshold of the same hemisphere. The differences between each patient's active image and the control images (P<.05) on a voxel-by-voxel basis were examined to find significant increases in metabolism using statistical parametric mapping software. KEY RESULTS The cortical areas activated by swallowing before rTMS included the bilateral sensorimotor cortex (Brodmann's areas 3 and 4) and showed symmetry. The cortical areas activated by swallowing after rTMS were the same as the areas before rTMS. There was no statistical difference between the two swallowing activation areas. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Older adults displayed the symmetry of cortical control of swallowing function. High frequency rTMS did not affect the activation in the swallowing sensorimotor cortices of elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-W Park
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - G-J Sim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - H-J Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - J-S Yeo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - H-J Hong
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - B S Kwon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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The Role of the Corpus Callosum in Pediatric Dysphagia: Preliminary Findings from a Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study in Children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy. Dysphagia 2017; 32:703-713. [DOI: 10.1007/s00455-017-9816-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Rofes L, Ortega O, Vilardell N, Mundet L, Clavé P. Spatiotemporal characteristics of the pharyngeal event-related potential in healthy subjects and older patients with oropharyngeal dysfunction. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 27485487 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a highly prevalent symptom in older people. Appropriate oropharyngeal sensory feedback is essential for safe and efficient swallowing. However, pharyngeal sensitivity decreases with advancing age and could play a fundamental role in the physiopathology of swallowing dysfunction associated with aging. We aimed to characterize pharyngeal sensitivity and cortical response to a pharyngeal electrical stimulus in healthy volunteers (HV) and older patients with and without OD. METHODS Eight young HV, eight older HV without OD, and 14 older patients with OD were studied by electroencephalography through 32 scalp electrodes. Pharyngeal event-related potentials (ERP) were assessed following electrical stimulation of the pharynx. Sensory and tolerance thresholds to the electrical stimulus and latency, amplitude, and scalp current density of each ERP component were analyzed and compared. An ERP source localization study was also performed using the sLORETA software. KEY RESULTS Older participants (with and without OD) presented an increased sensory threshold to pharyngeal electrical stimulation (10.2 ± 1.7 mA and 11.5 ± 1.9 mA respectively), compared with young HV (6.0 ± 1.2 mA). The cortical activation of older HV in response to pharyngeal electrical stimulus was reduced compared with young HV (N2 amplitude: 0.22 ± 0.79 vs -3.10 ± 0.59, P<.05). Older patients with OD also presented disturbances to the pharyngo-cortical connection together with disrupted pattern of cortical activation. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Older people present a decline in pharyngeal sensory function, more severe in older patients with OD. This sensory impairment might be a critical pathophysiological element and a potential target for treatment of swallowing dysfunction in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rofes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Hospital de Mataró, Mataró, Spain
| | - O Ortega
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Mataró, Spain
| | - N Vilardell
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Mataró, Spain
| | - L Mundet
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Mataró, Spain
| | - P Clavé
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Hospital de Mataró, Mataró, Spain.,Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Mataró, Spain
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24
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Britton D. The Impact of Aging and Progressive Neurological Disease on Swallowing: A Concise Overview. J Texture Stud 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Britton
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences; Portland State University (PSU); P.O. Box 751 Portland OR
- NW Center for Voice & Swallowing; Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery; Oregon Health & Sciences University; Portland OR
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25
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Crary MA. Adult Neurologic Disorders. Dysphagia 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-18701-5.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Lima MSD, Mangilli LD, Sassi FC, Andrade CRFD. Functional magnetic resonance and swallowing: critical literature review. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 81:671-80. [PMID: 26394917 PMCID: PMC9442730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aspects of the neuroanatomical representation of swallowing have been investigated in humans through brain mapping techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Objective This critical qualitative review of the literature analyzed international scientific publications in the PubMed database that investigated the activation of the central nervous system in humans during the act of swallowing. Methods This investigation was limited to articles that investigated adults older than 18 years, published in English or Portuguese, between January 2002 and December 2013. Publications that did not have access to the full text, that were repeated by overlapping keywords, case studies, literature reviews, letters to the editor, and those not directly related to the topic of the investigation were excluded. Results A total of 649 articles were identified, of which 21 matched the inclusion criteria. Conclusion The main purpose of the manuscripts that investigate the swallowing process through fMRI were: to characterize swallowing in different pathologies; to compare swallowing in different age groups; to describe brain activation in different stimulation conditions. These studies indicate multiple cortical regions involved in swallowing control. Overall, the studies indicate that fMRI is a non-invasive and quantitative method that allows the investigation of characteristics that are quite often not clinically visible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Santilli de Lima
- Speech Therapy in Orofacial Functions, Speech Therapy Support Unit, Instituto Central do Hospital de Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HCFM-USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura Davison Mangilli
- Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Rehabilitation Science Medical Investigation Laboratory, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HCFM-USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Chiarion Sassi
- Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Physical Therapy, Speech Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FM-USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Yuan XD, Zhou LF, Wang SJ, Zhao YS, Wang XJ, Zhang LL, Wang SH, Zhang YJ, Chen L. Compensatory recombination phenomena of neurological functions in central dysphagia patients. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:490-7. [PMID: 25878601 PMCID: PMC4396115 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.153701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We speculate that cortical reactions evoked by swallowing activity may be abnormal in patients with central infarction with dysphagia. The present study aimed to detect functional imaging features of cerebral cortex in central dysphagia patients by using blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques. The results showed that when normal controls swallowed, primary motor cortex (BA4), insula (BA13), premotor cortex (BA6/8), supramarginal gyrus (BA40), and anterior cingulate cortex (BA24/32) were activated, and that the size of the activated areas were larger in the left hemisphere compared with the right. In recurrent cerebral infarction patients with central dysphagia, BA4, BA13, BA40 and BA6/8 areas were activated, while the degree of activation in BA24/32 was decreased. Additionally, more areas were activated, including posterior cingulate cortex (BA23/31), visual association cortex (BA18/19), primary auditory cortex (BA41) and parahippocampal cortex (BA36). Somatosensory association cortex (BA7) and left cerebellum in patients with recurrent cerebral infarction with central dysphagia were also activated. Experimental findings suggest that the cerebral cortex has obvious hemisphere lateralization in response to swallowing, and patients with recurrent cerebral infarction with central dysphagia show compensatory recombination phenomena of neurological functions. In rehabilitative treatment, using the favorite food of patients can stimulate swallowing through visual, auditory, and other nerve conduction pathways, thus promoting compensatory recombination of the central cortex functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Kailuan General Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Li-Fu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Kailuan General Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shu-Juan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Kailuan General Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yan-Sheng Zhao
- Department of MRI Room, Affiliated Kailuan General Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Kailuan General Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Kailuan General Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shou-Hong Wang
- Department of MRI Room, Affiliated Kailuan General Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ya-Jie Zhang
- Department of MRI Room, Affiliated Kailuan General Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of MRI Room, Affiliated Kailuan General Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
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Neural representation of swallowing is retained with age. A functional neuroimaging study validated by classical and Bayesian inference. Behav Brain Res 2015; 286:308-17. [PMID: 25771712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the neural representation of swallowing in two age groups for a total of 51 healthy participants (seniors: average age 64 years; young adults: average age 24 years) using high spatial resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Two statistical comparisons (classical and Bayesian inference) revealed no significant differences between subject groups, apart from higher cortical activation for the seniors in the frontal pole 1 of Brodmann's Area 10 using Bayesian inference. Seniors vs. young participants showed longer reaction times and higher skin conductance response (SCR) during swallowing. We found a positive association of SCR and fMRI-activation only among seniors in areas processing sensorimotor performance, arousal and emotional perception. The results indicate that the highly automated swallowing network retains its functionality with age. However, seniors with higher SCR during swallowing appear to also engage areas involved in attention control and emotional regulation, possibly suggesting increased attention and emotional demands during task performance.
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Sella O, Jones RD, Huckabee ML. Age and gender effects on submental motor-evoked potentials. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9735. [PMID: 25502005 PMCID: PMC4262580 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is not known whether there are age- and/or gender-related differences in magnitude of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) of the submental muscles. Knowledge of this is important in investigations of neurophysiological aspects of swallowing. Forty healthy participants (20 males, 20 females; 20 young [21-35 years], 20 old [53-88 years]) were recruited. Surface electromyography (EMG) electrodes were placed at midline underlying the submental muscle group. Age- and gender-related differences were evaluated in two neurophysiologic measures of swallowing: MEPs stimulated by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the motor cortex and surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded from the same submental muscle group during non-stimulated swallows. The older participants had larger MEPs during saliva swallowing than the young participants (p = 0.04, d = 0.86). Conversely, the older participants had lower amplitude submental EMG activity during non-stimulated swallows (p = 0.045, d = 0.67). Gender had no significant effect on MEP magnitude and on submental activity during saliva swallowing. There were no effects of age or gender on MEP latencies. These findings suggest deterioration in muscle function with age in a sample of healthy adults presenting with functional swallowing. We speculate that muscular decline is partially ameliorated by increased cortical activity-i.e., increased submental MEPs-so as to preserve swallowing function in healthy older subjects. These findings emphasize the need for different reference points for evaluation of submental MEPs of different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshrat Sella
- />New Zealand Brain Research Institute, 66 Stewart St, Christchurch, 8011 New Zealand
- />Department of Communication Disorders, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
- />Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, 31905 Haifa, Israel
| | - Richard D. Jones
- />New Zealand Brain Research Institute, 66 Stewart St, Christchurch, 8011 New Zealand
- />Department of Communication Disorders, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
- />Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
- />Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
- />Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, 8011 New Zealand
| | - Maggie-Lee Huckabee
- />New Zealand Brain Research Institute, 66 Stewart St, Christchurch, 8011 New Zealand
- />Department of Communication Disorders, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
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Holtrop JL, Loucks TM, Sosnoff JJ, Sutton BP. Investigating Age-related changes in fine motor control across different effectors and the impact of white matter integrity. Neuroimage 2014; 96:81-7. [PMID: 24657352 PMCID: PMC4043873 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in fine motor control that eventually compromise dexterity accompany advanced age; however there is evidence that age-related decline in motor control may not be uniform across effectors. Particularly, the role of central mechanisms in effector-specific decline has not been examined but is relevant for placing age-related motor declines into the growing literature of age-related changes in brain function. We examined sub-maximal force control across three different effectors (fingers, lips, and tongue) in 18 young and 14 older adults. In parallel with the force variability measures we examined changes in white matter structural integrity in effector-specific pathways in the brain with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Motor pathways for each effector were identified by using an fMRI localizer task followed by tractography to identify the fiber tracts propagating to the midbrain. Increases in force control variability were found with age in all three effectors but the effectors showed different degrees of age-related variability. Motor control changes were accompanied by a decline in white matter structural integrity with age shown by measures of fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity. The DTI metrics appear to mediate some of the age-related declines in motor control. Our findings indicate that the structural integrity of descending motor systems may play a significant role in age-related increases in motor performance variability, but that differential age-related declines in oral and manual effectors are not likely due to structural integrity of descending motor pathways in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Holtrop
- Department of Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
| | - Torrey M Loucks
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Jacob J Sosnoff
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Bradley P Sutton
- Department of Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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Dua KS, Surapaneni SN, Kuribayashi S, Hafeezullah M, Shaker R. Effect of aging on hypopharyngeal safe volume and the aerodigestive reflexes protecting the airways. Laryngoscope 2014; 124:1862-8. [PMID: 24281906 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Studies on young volunteers have shown that aerodigestive reflexes are triggered before the maximum volume of fluid that can safely collect in the hypopharynx before spilling into the larynx is exceeded (hypopharyngeal safe volume [HPSV]). The objective of this study was to determine the influence of aging on HPSV and pharyngo-glottal closure reflex (PGCR), pharyngo-UES contractile reflex (PUCR), and reflexive pharyngeal swallow (RPS). STUDY DESIGN Comparison between two groups of different age ranges. METHODS Ten young (25 ± 3 standard deviation [SD] years) and 10 elderly (77 ± 3 SD years) subjects were studied. PGCR, PUCR, and RPS were elicited by perfusing water into the pharynx rapidly and slowly. HPSV was determined by abolishing RPS with pharyngeal anesthesia. RESULTS Frequency-elicitation of PGCR and PUCR were significantly lower in the elderly compared to the young during slow water perfusion (47% vs. 97% and 40% vs. 90%, respectively, P < .001). RPS was absent in five of the 30 (17%) slow injections in the elderly group. In these elderly subjects, HPSV was exceeded and laryngeal penetration of the water was seen. The threshold volume to elicit PGCR, PUCR, and RPS was significantly lower than the HPSV during rapid injections. Except for RPS, these volumes were also significantly lower than HPSV during slow injections. CONCLUSIONS PGCR, PUCR, and RPS reflexes are triggered at a threshold volume significantly lower than the HPSV in both young and elderly subjects. Lower frequency-elicitation of PGCR, PUCR, and RPS in the elderly can predispose them to the risks of aspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulwinder S Dua
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.; VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
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Huckabee ML, Macrae P. Rethinking Rehab: Skill-Based Training for Swallowing Impairment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1044/sasd23.1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current rehabilitation approaches for swallowing impairment are limited by a general lack of specificity to associated pathophysiology, with many of our practices focusing on increasing strength of muscle activation. However, alternative rehabilitative options are emerging. One of these speculates on the concept of “skill training” for swallowing rehabilitation in neurogenic dysphagia. The presumed intent of this approach is to modulate neural substrates and refine motor planning for swallowing using intrinsically generated cortical modulation and adaptive practice. This manuscript provides a discussion of skill training in the context of physical rehabilitation, illustrating how this information may translate to the diagnosis and remediation of swallowing impairment. This information prompts the consideration of more diverse swallowing pathophysiologies, beyond peripheral muscle weakness. The focus on skill training approaches provides a pathway by which greater specificity of diagnosis and treatment can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie-Lee Huckabee
- Department of Communication Disorders, University of CanterburyChristchurch, New Zealand
| | - Phoebe Macrae
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimore, MD
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Macrae P, Humbert I. Exploiting Experience-Dependent Plasticity in Dysphagia Rehabilitation: Current Evidence and Future Directions. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-013-0025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nogueira D, Reis E. Swallowing disorders in nursing home residents: how can the problem be explained? Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:221-7. [PMID: 23449951 PMCID: PMC3581290 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s39452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The swallowing mechanism changes significantly as people age, even in the absence of chronic diseases. Presbyphagia, a term that refers to aging-related changes in the swallowing mechanism, may be linked to many health conditions and presents itself in distinct ways. Swallowing disorders are also identified as a major problem amongst the elderly population living in nursing homes. Methods The study sought to determine the prevalence of swallowing disorders in nursing home residents, to identify the relationship between self-perceived swallowing disorders, cognitive functions, autonomy, and depression, and also to analyze which variables explain the score of the Dysphagia Self-Test (DST). For this purpose, the researchers chose to apply a survey conveying questions on demographic aspects, general health, eating and feeding, as well as instruments to assess functional performance and the 3 ounce Water Swallow Test. Results The sample consisted of 272 elderly people living in eight nursing homes in Portugal. Six did not sign the informed consent form. Of the total, 29% were totally dependent, 33% were depressed, 45% had cognitive impairment, and 38% needed help with feeding. About 43% of the individuals reported having problems related to eating. Regarding the DST, 40% showed signs of dysphagia. With respect to the 3 ounce Water Swallow Test, 38% revealed at least one of the symptoms, wet voice being the most prevalent. Correlation measures showed that age had no linear association with the DST score although correlation with the Barthel Index and Mini Mental State Examination was found to be significant. A linear regression model was estimated with the DST score as the dependent variable and the MMSE and BI scores, gender, age, education, the Geriatric Depression Scale score, 3 ounce Water Swallow Test, and diagnosed conditions (such as neurological disorder, dementia, and cardiorespiratory problems) as explaining variables. Conclusion Results showed a high prevalence of dysphagia signs amongst a nursing home population. For the purpose of the present study, both a subjective and an objective assessment were applied. Results pointed to a significant statistical relation between objective and subjective measures, thus indicating that a self-perception test should be included in the assessment of swallowing disorders in a nursing home population. Notwithstanding, it should not be used as a single or principal measure as it is influenced by the individuals’ cognitive condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dália Nogueira
- Speech Therapy Department, Escola Superior de Saúde de Alcoitão, Estoril, Portugal.
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35
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Age-related changes in the somatosensory processing of tactile stimulation--an fMRI study. Behav Brain Res 2012; 238:259-64. [PMID: 23123141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in brain function are complex. Although ageing is associated with a reduction in cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity, task-related processing is often correlated with an enlargement of the corresponding and additionally recruited brain areas. This supplemental employment is considered an attempt to compensate for deficits in the ageing brain. Although there are contradictory reports regarding the role of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI), currently, there is little knowledge about age-related functional changes in other brain areas in the somatosensory network (secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and insular, anterior (ACC) and posterior cingulate cortices (PCC)). We investigated 16 elderly (age range, 62-71 years) and 18 young subjects (age range, 21-28 years) by determining the current perception threshold (CPT) and applying functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a 3.0 Tesla scanner under tactile stimulation of the right hand. CPT was positively correlated with age. fMRI analysis revealed significantly increased activation in the contralateral SI and ipsilateral motor cortex in elderly subjects. Furthermore, we demonstrated age-related reductions in the activity in the SII, ACC, PCC, and dorsal parts of the corpus callosum. Our study revealed dramatic age-related differences in the processing of a simple tactile stimulus in the somatosensory network. Specifically, we detected enhanced activation in the contralateral SI and ipsilateral motor cortex assumingly caused by deficient inhibition and decreased activation in later stages of somatosensory processing (SII, cingulate cortex) in elderly subjects. These results indicate that, in addition to over-activation to compensate for impaired brain functions, there are complex mechanisms of modified inhibition and excitability involved in somatosensory processing in the ageing brain.
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EBIHARA S, EBIHARA T, YAMASAKI M, KOHZUKI M. Stimulating Oral and Nasal Chemoreceptors for Preventing Aspiration Pneumonia in the Elderly. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:1677-81. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru EBIHARA
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takae EBIHARA
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University
| | - Miyako YAMASAKI
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University
| | - Masahiro KOHZUKI
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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Effect of Aging on Cough and Swallowing Reflexes: Implications for Preventing Aspiration Pneumonia. Lung 2011; 190:29-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00408-011-9334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Malandraki GA, Johnson S, Robbins J. Functional MRI of swallowing: from neurophysiology to neuroplasticity. Head Neck 2011; 33 Suppl 1:S14-20. [PMID: 21901779 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Swallowing is a complex neurogenic sensorimotor process involving all levels of the neuraxis and a vast number of muscles and anatomic structures. Disruption of any of these anatomic or functional components can lead to swallowing disorders (also known as dysphagia). Understanding the neural pathways that govern swallowing is necessary in diagnosing and treating patients with dysphagia. Functional MRI (fMRI) is a prevalent and effective neuroimaging method that has been used to study the complex neurophysiologic control of swallowing in vivo. This article presents a summary of the research studies that have used fMRI to study the neural control of swallowing in normal subjects and dysphagic patients, and to investigate the effects of swallowing treatments on neuroplasticity. Methodologic challenges and caveats are discussed, and a case study of a pre-posttreatment paradigm is presented to highlight potential future directions of fMRI applications in swallowing research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia A Malandraki
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Program of Speech and Language Pathology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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Degardin A, Devos D, Cassim F, Bourriez JL, Defebvre L, Derambure P, Devanne H. Deficit of sensorimotor integration in normal aging. Neurosci Lett 2011; 498:208-12. [PMID: 21600958 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sensorimotor performance declines with normal aging. The present study explored age-related changes in sensorimotor integration by conditioning a supra-threshold transcranial magnetic stimulation pulse with a peripheral nerve shock at different interstimulus intervals. Cortical motor threshold of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle, intracortical inhibition and facilitation were measured. We also assessed the influence of median nerve stimulation on motor cortex excitability at intervals which evoked short- and long-latency afferent inhibition (SAI and LAI, respectively) and afferent-induced facilitation (AIF). We observed a marked decrease of the long latency influence of proprioceptive inputs on M1 excitability in the elderly, with the loss of AIF and LAI. The SAI, motor thresholds and intracortical inhibition and facilitation were not age-related. Decreased sensorimotor performance with aging appears to be associated with a decrease in the influence of proprioceptive inputs on motor cortex excitability at longer intervals (probably via higher order cortical areas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Degardin
- Université Lille-Nord de France, CHRU de Lille, Neurophysiologie Clinique, Hôpital Roger Salengro, F-59037 Lille Cedex, France
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