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Rimehaug AE, Dale AM, Arkhipov A, Einevoll GT. Uncovering population contributions to the extracellular potential in the mouse visual system using Laminar Population Analysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.15.575805. [PMID: 38293236 PMCID: PMC10827114 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.15.575805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The local field potential (LFP), the low-frequency part of the extracellular potential, reflects transmembrane currents in the vicinity of the recording electrode. Thought mainly to stem from currents caused by synaptic input, it provides information about neural activity complementary to that of spikes, the output of neurons. However, the many neural sources contributing to the LFP, and likewise the derived current source density (CSD), can often make it challenging to interpret. Efforts to improve its interpretability have included the application of statistical decomposition tools like principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) to disentangle the contributions from different neural sources. However, their underlying assumptions of, respectively, orthogonality and statistical independence are not always valid for the various processes or pathways generating LFP. Here, we expand upon and validate a decomposition algorithm named Laminar Population Analysis (LPA), which is based on physiological rather than statistical assumptions. LPA utilizes the multiunit activity (MUA) and LFP jointly to uncover the contributions of different populations to the LFP. To perform the validation of LPA, we used data simulated with the large-scale, biophysically detailed model of mouse V1 developed by the Allen Institute. We find that LPA can identify laminar positions within V1 and the temporal profiles of laminar population firing rates from the MUA. We also find that LPA can estimate the salient current sinks and sources generated by feedforward input from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), recurrent activity in V1, and feedback input from the lateromedial (LM) area of visual cortex. LPA identifies and distinguishes these contributions with a greater accuracy than the alternative statistical decomposition methods, PCA and ICA. Lastly, we also demonstrate the application of LPA on experimentally recorded MUA and LFP from 24 animals in the publicly available Visual Coding dataset. Our results suggest that LPA can be used both as a method to estimate positions of laminar populations and to uncover salient features in LFP/CSD contributions from different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Gaute T. Einevoll
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Schonhaut DR, Rao AM, Ramayya AG, Solomon EA, Herweg NA, Fried I, Kahana MJ. MTL neurons phase-lock to human hippocampal theta. eLife 2024; 13:e85753. [PMID: 38193826 PMCID: PMC10948143 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory formation depends on neural activity across a network of regions, including the hippocampus and broader medial temporal lobe (MTL). Interactions between these regions have been studied indirectly using functional MRI, but the bases for interregional communication at a cellular level remain poorly understood. Here, we evaluate the hypothesis that oscillatory currents in the hippocampus synchronize the firing of neurons both within and outside the hippocampus. We recorded extracellular spikes from 1854 single- and multi-units simultaneously with hippocampal local field potentials (LFPs) in 28 neurosurgical patients who completed virtual navigation experiments. A majority of hippocampal neurons phase-locked to oscillations in the slow (2-4 Hz) or fast (6-10 Hz) theta bands, with a significant subset exhibiting nested slow theta × beta frequency (13-20 Hz) phase-locking. Outside of the hippocampus, phase-locking to hippocampal oscillations occurred only at theta frequencies and primarily among neurons in the entorhinal cortex and amygdala. Moreover, extrahippocampal neurons phase-locked to hippocampal theta even when theta did not appear locally. These results indicate that spike-time synchronization with hippocampal theta is a defining feature of neuronal activity in the hippocampus and structurally connected MTL regions. Theta phase-locking could mediate flexible communication with the hippocampus to influence the content and quality of memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Schonhaut
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Aditya M Rao
- Department of Psychology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Ashwin G Ramayya
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Ethan A Solomon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Nora A Herweg
- Department of Psychology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv UniversityTel-AvivIsrael
| | - Michael J Kahana
- Department of Psychology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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3
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Kokkinos V. Interpretation of the Intracranial Electroencephalogram of the Human Hippocampus. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2024; 35:73-82. [PMID: 38000843 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and discriminating the normal and abnormal elements of the intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG) is essential in decision-making for epilepsy surgery. The hippocampus is widely acknowledged as a key structure in decision-making processes for surgical treatment in temporal lobe epilepsy and epilepsies that involve the mesial temporal structures. This review will provide a summary of the current state of our knowledge and understanding regarding normal and abnormal features of the iEEG of the human hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Kokkinos
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 675 North Street Clair Street, Galter 7-109, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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4
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Sharma H, Chang KA, Hulme J, An SSA. Mammalian Models in Alzheimer's Research: An Update. Cells 2023; 12:2459. [PMID: 37887303 PMCID: PMC10605533 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A form of dementia distinct from healthy cognitive aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multi-stage disease that currently afflicts over 50 million people worldwide. Unfortunately, previous therapeutic strategies developed from murine models emulating different aspects of AD pathogenesis were limited. Consequently, researchers are now developing models that express several aspects of pathogenesis that better reflect the clinical situation in humans. As such, this review seeks to provide insight regarding current applications of mammalian models in AD research by addressing recent developments and characterizations of prominent transgenic models and their contributions to pathogenesis as well as discuss the advantages, limitations, and application of emerging models that better capture genetic heterogeneity and mixed pathologies observed in the clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Sharma
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hulme
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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5
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Seger SE, Kriegel JLS, Lega BC, Ekstrom AD. Memory-related processing is the primary driver of human hippocampal theta oscillations. Neuron 2023; 111:3119-3130.e4. [PMID: 37467749 PMCID: PMC10685603 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Decades of work in rodents suggest that movement is a powerful driver of hippocampal low-frequency "theta" oscillations. Puzzlingly, such movement-related theta increases in primates are less sustained and of lower frequency, leading to questions about their functional relevance. Verbal memory encoding and retrieval lead to robust increases in low-frequency oscillations in humans, and one possibility is that memory might be a stronger driver of hippocampal theta oscillations in humans than navigation. Here, neurosurgical patients navigated routes and then immediately mentally simulated the same routes while undergoing intracranial recordings. We found that mentally simulating the same route that was just navigated elicited oscillations that were of greater power, higher frequency, and longer duration than those involving navigation. Our findings suggest that memory is a more potent driver of human hippocampal theta oscillations than navigation, supporting models of internally generated theta oscillations in the human hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Seger
- Neuroscience Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Jennifer L S Kriegel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brad C Lega
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Neuroscience Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Psychology Department, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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6
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McNerney MW, Gurkoff GG, Beard C, Berryhill ME. The Rehabilitation Potential of Neurostimulation for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Animal and Human Studies. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1402. [PMID: 37891771 PMCID: PMC10605899 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurostimulation carries high therapeutic potential, accompanied by an excellent safety profile. In this review, we argue that an arena in which these tools could provide breakthrough benefits is traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is a major health problem worldwide, with the majority of cases identified as mild TBI (mTBI). MTBI is of concern because it is a modifiable risk factor for dementia. A major challenge in studying mTBI is its inherent heterogeneity across a large feature space (e.g., etiology, age of injury, sex, treatment, initial health status, etc.). Parallel lines of research in human and rodent mTBI can be collated to take advantage of the full suite of neuroscience tools, from neuroimaging (electroencephalography: EEG; functional magnetic resonance imaging: fMRI; diffusion tensor imaging: DTI) to biochemical assays. Despite these attractive components and the need for effective treatments, there are at least two major challenges to implementation. First, there is insufficient understanding of how neurostimulation alters neural mechanisms. Second, there is insufficient understanding of how mTBI alters neural function. The goal of this review is to assemble interrelated but disparate areas of research to identify important gaps in knowledge impeding the implementation of neurostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Windy McNerney
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (M.W.M.); (C.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gene G. Gurkoff
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA 94553, USA
| | - Charlotte Beard
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (M.W.M.); (C.B.)
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Marian E. Berryhill
- Programs in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, and Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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7
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Vigué-Guix I, Soto-Faraco S. Using occipital ⍺-bursts to modulate behavior in real-time. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9465-9477. [PMID: 37365814 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-stimulus endogenous neural activity can influence the processing of upcoming sensory input and subsequent behavioral reactions. Despite it is known that spontaneous oscillatory activity mostly appears in stochastic bursts, typical approaches based on trial averaging fail to capture this. We aimed at relating spontaneous oscillatory bursts in the alpha band (8-13 Hz) to visual detection behavior, via an electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface (BCI) that allowed for burst-triggered stimulus presentation in real-time. According to alpha theories, we hypothesized that visual targets presented during alpha-bursts should lead to slower responses and higher miss rates, whereas targets presented in the absence of bursts (low alpha activity) should lead to faster responses and higher false alarm rates. Our findings support the role of bursts of alpha oscillations in visual perception and exemplify how real-time BCI systems can be used as a test bench for brain-behavioral theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Vigué-Guix
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Departament de Tecnologies de la Informació i les Comunicacions, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08005, Spain
| | - Salvador Soto-Faraco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Departament de Tecnologies de la Informació i les Comunicacions, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08005, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
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8
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Gallimore CG, Ricci DA, Hamm JP. Spatiotemporal dynamics across visual cortical laminae support a predictive coding framework for interpreting mismatch responses. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9417-9428. [PMID: 37310190 PMCID: PMC10393498 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Context modulates neocortical processing of sensory data. Unexpected visual stimuli elicit large responses in primary visual cortex (V1)-a phenomenon known as deviance detection (DD) at the neural level, or "mismatch negativity" (MMN) when measured with EEG. It remains unclear how visual DD/MMN signals emerge across cortical layers, in temporal relation to the onset of deviant stimuli, and with respect to brain oscillations. Here we employed a visual "oddball" sequence-a classic paradigm for studying aberrant DD/MMN in neuropsychiatric populations-and recorded local field potentials in V1 of awake mice with 16-channel multielectrode arrays. Multiunit activity and current source density profiles showed that although basic adaptation to redundant stimuli was present early (50 ms) in layer 4 responses, DD emerged later (150-230 ms) in supragranular layers (L2/3). This DD signal coincided with increased delta/theta (2-7 Hz) and high-gamma (70-80 Hz) oscillations in L2/3 and decreased beta oscillations (26-36 Hz) in L1. These results clarify the neocortical dynamics elicited during an oddball paradigm at a microcircuit level. They are consistent with a predictive coding framework, which posits that predictive suppression is present in cortical feed-back circuits, which synapse in L1, whereas "prediction errors" engage cortical feed-forward processing streams, which emanate from L2/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor G Gallimore
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - David A Ricci
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Jordan P Hamm
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
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9
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Rimehaug AE, Stasik AJ, Hagen E, Billeh YN, Siegle JH, Dai K, Olsen SR, Koch C, Einevoll GT, Arkhipov A. Uncovering circuit mechanisms of current sinks and sources with biophysical simulations of primary visual cortex. eLife 2023; 12:e87169. [PMID: 37486105 PMCID: PMC10393295 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Local field potential (LFP) recordings reflect the dynamics of the current source density (CSD) in brain tissue. The synaptic, cellular, and circuit contributions to current sinks and sources are ill-understood. We investigated these in mouse primary visual cortex using public Neuropixels recordings and a detailed circuit model based on simulating the Hodgkin-Huxley dynamics of >50,000 neurons belonging to 17 cell types. The model simultaneously captured spiking and CSD responses and demonstrated a two-way dissociation: firing rates are altered with minor effects on the CSD pattern by adjusting synaptic weights, and CSD is altered with minor effects on firing rates by adjusting synaptic placement on the dendrites. We describe how thalamocortical inputs and recurrent connections sculpt specific sinks and sources early in the visual response, whereas cortical feedback crucially alters them in later stages. These results establish quantitative links between macroscopic brain measurements (LFP/CSD) and microscopic biophysics-based understanding of neuron dynamics and show that CSD analysis provides powerful constraints for modeling beyond those from considering spikes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Espen Hagen
- Department of Physics, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Data Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | | | - Josh H Siegle
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Kael Dai
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Christof Koch
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Gaute T Einevoll
- Department of Physics, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
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10
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Herweg NA, Kunz L, Schonhaut D, Brandt A, Wanda PA, Sharan AD, Sperling MR, Schulze-Bonhage A, Kahana MJ. A Learned Map for Places and Concepts in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe. J Neurosci 2023; 43:3538-3547. [PMID: 37001991 PMCID: PMC10184731 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0181-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct lines of research in both humans and animals point to a specific role of the hippocampus in both spatial and episodic memory function. The discovery of concept cells in the hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions suggests that the MTL maps physical and semantic spaces with a similar neural architecture. Here, we studied the emergence of such maps using MTL microwire recordings from 20 patients (9 female, 11 male) navigating a virtual environment featuring salient landmarks with established semantic meaning. We present several key findings. The array of local field potentials in the MTL contains sufficient information for above-chance decoding of subjects' instantaneous location in the environment. Closer examination revealed that as subjects gain experience with the environment the field potentials come to represent both the subjects' locations in virtual space and in high-dimensional semantic space. Similarly, we observe a learning effect on temporal sequence coding. Over time, field potentials come to represent future locations, even after controlling for spatial proximity. This predictive coding of future states, more so than the strength of spatial representations per se, is linked to variability in subjects' navigation performance. Our results thus support the conceptualization of the MTL as a memory space, representing both spatial- and nonspatial information to plan future actions and predict their outcomes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Using rare microwire recordings, we studied the representation of spatial, semantic, and temporal information in the human MTL. Our findings demonstrate that subjects acquire a cognitive map that simultaneously represents the spatial and semantic relations between landmarks. We further show that the same learned representation is used to predict future states, implicating MTL cell assemblies as the building blocks of prospective memory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Herweg
- Computational Memory Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lukas Kunz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schonhaut
- Computational Memory Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Armin Brandt
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul A Wanda
- Computational Memory Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | | | - Michael R Sperling
- Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Andreas Schulze-Bonhage
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael J Kahana
- Computational Memory Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
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11
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Zhu SL, Lakshminarasimhan KJ, Angelaki DE. Computational cross-species views of the hippocampal formation. Hippocampus 2023; 33:586-599. [PMID: 37038890 PMCID: PMC10947336 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of place cells and head direction cells in the hippocampal formation of freely foraging rodents has led to an emphasis of its role in encoding allocentric spatial relationships. In contrast, studies in head-fixed primates have additionally found representations of spatial views. We review recent experiments in freely moving monkeys that expand upon these findings and show that postural variables such as eye/head movements strongly influence neural activity in the hippocampal formation, suggesting that the function of the hippocampus depends on where the animal looks. We interpret these results in the light of recent studies in humans performing challenging navigation tasks which suggest that depending on the context, eye/head movements serve one of two roles-gathering information about the structure of the environment (active sensing) or externalizing the contents of internal beliefs/deliberation (embodied cognition). These findings prompt future experimental investigations into the information carried by signals flowing between the hippocampal formation and the brain regions controlling postural variables, and constitute a basis for updating computational theories of the hippocampal system to accommodate the influence of eye/head movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seren L Zhu
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kaushik J Lakshminarasimhan
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dora E Angelaki
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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12
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Alexander AS, Robinson JC, Stern CE, Hasselmo ME. Gated transformations from egocentric to allocentric reference frames involving retrosplenial cortex, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus. Hippocampus 2023; 33:465-487. [PMID: 36861201 PMCID: PMC10403145 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the recent experimental finding that neurons in behaving rodents show egocentric coding of the environment in a number of structures associated with the hippocampus. Many animals generating behavior on the basis of sensory input must deal with the transformation of coordinates from the egocentric position of sensory input relative to the animal, into an allocentric framework concerning the position of multiple goals and objects relative to each other in the environment. Neurons in retrosplenial cortex show egocentric coding of the position of boundaries in relation to an animal. These neuronal responses are discussed in relation to existing models of the transformation from egocentric to allocentric coordinates using gain fields and a new model proposing transformations of phase coding that differ from current models. The same type of transformations could allow hierarchical representations of complex scenes. The responses in rodents are also discussed in comparison to work on coordinate transformations in humans and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Alexander
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer C Robinson
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chantal E Stern
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael E Hasselmo
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Gallimore CG, Ricci D, Hamm JP. Spatiotemporal dynamics across visual cortical laminae support a predictive coding framework for interpreting mismatch responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.17.537173. [PMID: 37131642 PMCID: PMC10153128 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.17.537173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Context modulates neocortical processing of sensory data. Unexpected visual stimuli elicit large responses in primary visual cortex (V1) -- a phenomenon known as deviance detection (DD) at the neural level, or "mismatch negativity" (MMN) when measured with EEG. It remains unclear how visual DD/MMN signals emerge across cortical layers, in temporal relation to the onset of deviant stimuli, and with respect to brain oscillations. Here we employed a visual "oddball" sequence - a classic paradigm for studying aberrant DD/MMN in neuropsychiatric populations - and recorded local field potentials in V1 of awake mice with 16-channel multielectrode arrays. Multiunit activity and current source density profiles showed that while basic adaptation to redundant stimuli was present early (50ms) in layer 4 responses, DD emerged later (150-230ms) in supragranular layers (L2/3). This DD signal coincided with increased delta/theta (2-7Hz) and high-gamma (70-80Hz) oscillations in L2/3 and decreased beta oscillations (26-36hz) in L1. These results clarify the neocortical dynamics elicited during an oddball paradigm at a microcircuit level. They are consistent with a predictive coding framework, which posits that predictive suppression is present in cortical feed-back circuits, which synapse in L1, while "prediction errors" engage cortical feed-forward processing streams, which emanate from L2/3.
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14
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Wang D, Parish G, Shapiro KL, Hanslmayr S. Interaction between Theta Phase and Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity Simulates Theta-Induced Memory Effects. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0333-22.2023. [PMID: 36810147 PMCID: PMC10012328 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0333-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent studies suggest that spike timing relative to hippocampal theta activity determines whether potentiation or depression of synapses arise. Such changes also depend on spike timing between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons, known as spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). STDP, together with theta phase-dependent learning, has inspired several computational models of learning and memory. However, evidence to elucidate how these mechanisms directly link to human episodic memory is lacking. In a computational model, we modulate long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of STDP, by opposing phases of a simulated theta rhythm. We fit parameters to a hippocampal cell culture study in which LTP and LTD were observed to occur in opposing phases of a theta rhythm. Further, we modulated two inputs by cosine waves with 0° and asynchronous phase offsets and replicate key findings in human episodic memory. Learning advantage was found for the in-phase condition, compared with the out-of-phase conditions, and was specific to theta-modulated inputs. Importantly, simulations with and without each mechanism suggest that both STDP and theta phase-dependent plasticity are necessary to replicate the findings. Together, the results indicate a role for circuit-level mechanisms, which bridge the gap between slice preparation studies and human memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danying Wang
- School for Psychology and Neuroscience and Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - George Parish
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kimron L Shapiro
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hanslmayr
- School for Psychology and Neuroscience and Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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15
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Alexander AS, Place R, Starrett MJ, Chrastil ER, Nitz DA. Rethinking retrosplenial cortex: Perspectives and predictions. Neuron 2023; 111:150-175. [PMID: 36460006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has produced exciting new ideas about retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and its role in integrating diverse inputs. Here, we review the diversity in forms of spatial and directional tuning of RSC activity, temporal organization of RSC activity, and features of RSC interconnectivity with other brain structures. We find that RSC anatomy and dynamics are more consistent with roles in multiple sensorimotor and cognitive processes than with any isolated function. However, two more generalized categories of function may best characterize roles for RSC in complex cognitive processes: (1) shifting and relating perspectives for spatial cognition and (2) prediction and error correction for current sensory states with internal representations of the environment. Both functions likely take advantage of RSC's capacity to encode conjunctions among sensory, motor, and spatial mapping information streams. Together, these functions provide the scaffold for intelligent actions, such as navigation, perspective taking, interaction with others, and error detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Alexander
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ryan Place
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael J Starrett
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Chrastil
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Douglas A Nitz
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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16
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Mao D. Neural Correlates of Spatial Navigation in Primate Hippocampus. Neurosci Bull 2022; 39:315-327. [PMID: 36319893 PMCID: PMC9905402 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00968-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus has been extensively implicated in spatial navigation in rodents and more recently in bats. Numerous studies have revealed that various kinds of spatial information are encoded across hippocampal regions. In contrast, investigations of spatial behavioral correlates in the primate hippocampus are scarce and have been mostly limited to head-restrained subjects during virtual navigation. However, recent advances made in freely-moving primates suggest marked differences in spatial representations from rodents, albeit some similarities. Here, we review empirical studies examining the neural correlates of spatial navigation in the primate (including human) hippocampus at the levels of local field potentials and single units. The lower frequency theta oscillations are often intermittent. Single neuron responses are highly mixed and task-dependent. We also discuss neuronal selectivity in the eye and head coordinates. Finally, we propose that future studies should focus on investigating both intrinsic and extrinsic population activity and examining spatial coding properties in large-scale hippocampal-neocortical networks across tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Mao
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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17
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Behaviourally modulated hippocampal theta oscillations in the ferret persist during both locomotion and immobility. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5905. [PMID: 36207304 PMCID: PMC9547075 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Theta oscillations are a hallmark of hippocampal activity across mammals and play a critical role in many hippocampal models of memory and spatial navigation. To reconcile the cross-species differences observed in the presence and properties of theta, we recorded hippocampal local field potentials in rats and ferrets during auditory and visual localisation tasks designed to vary locomotion and sensory attention. Here, we show that theta oscillations occur during locomotion in both ferrets and rats, however during periods of immobility, theta oscillations persist in the ferret, contrasting starkly with the switch to large irregular activity (LIA) in the rat. Theta during immobility in the ferret is identified as analogous to Type 2 theta that has been observed in rodents due to its sensitivity to atropine, and is modulated by behavioural state with the strongest theta observed during reward epochs. These results demonstrate that even under similar behavioural conditions, differences exist between species in the relationship between theta and behavioural state.
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18
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Graves KN, Sherman BE, Huberdeau D, Damisah E, Quraishi IH, Turk-Browne NB. Remembering the pattern: A longitudinal case study on statistical learning in spatial navigation and memory consolidation. Neuropsychologia 2022; 174:108341. [PMID: 35961387 PMCID: PMC9578695 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Distinct brain systems are thought to support statistical learning over different timescales. Regularities encountered during online perceptual experience can be acquired rapidly by the hippocampus. Further processing during offline consolidation can establish these regularities gradually in cortical regions, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). These mechanisms of statistical learning may be critical during spatial navigation, for which knowledge of the structure of an environment can facilitate future behavior. Rapid acquisition and prolonged retention of regularities have been investigated in isolation, but how they interact in the context of spatial navigation is unknown. We had the rare opportunity to study the brain systems underlying both rapid and gradual timescales of statistical learning using intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) longitudinally in the same patient over a period of three weeks. As hypothesized, spatial patterns were represented in the hippocampus but not mPFC for up to one week after statistical learning and then represented in the mPFC but not hippocampus two and three weeks after statistical learning. Taken together, these findings suggest that the hippocampus may contribute to the initial extraction of regularities prior to cortical consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn N Graves
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Brynn E Sherman
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - David Huberdeau
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Eyiyemisi Damisah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Imran H Quraishi
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, 800 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Nicholas B Turk-Browne
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, 100 College St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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19
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Zepeda NC, Crown LM, Medvidovic S, Choi W, Sheth M, Bergosh M, Gifford R, Folz C, Lam P, Lu G, Featherstone R, Liu CY, Siegel SJ, Lee DJ. Frequency-specific medial septal nucleus deep brain stimulation improves spatial memory in MK-801-treated male rats. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105756. [PMID: 35584727 PMCID: PMC9343054 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few treatments exist for the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Pharmacological agents resulting in glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction, such as MK-801, mimic many of these symptoms and disrupt neural activity. Recent evidence suggests that deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the medial septal nucleus (MSN) can modulate medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampal activity and improve spatial memory. OBJECTIVE Here, we examine the effects of acute MK-801 administration on oscillatory activity within the septohippocampal circuit and behavior. We also evaluate the potential for MSN stimulation to improve cognitive behavioral measures following MK-801 administration. METHODS 59 Sprague Dawley male rats received either acute intraperitoneal (IP) saline vehicle injections or MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg). Theta (5-12 Hz), low gamma (30-50 Hz) and high frequency oscillatory (HFO) power were analyzed in the mPFC, MSN, thalamus and hippocampus. Rats underwent MSN theta (7.7 Hz), gamma (100 Hz) or no stimulation during behavioral tasks (Novel object recognition (NOR), elevated plus maze, Barnes maze (BM)). RESULTS Injection of MK-801 resulted in frequency-specific changes in oscillatory activity, decreasing theta while increasing HFO power. Theta, but not gamma, stimulation enhanced the anxiolytic effects of MK-801 on the elevated plus maze. While MK-801 treated rats exhibited spatial memory deficits on the Barnes maze, those that also received MSN theta, but not gamma, stimulation found the escape hole sooner. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that acute MK-801 administration leads to altered neural activity in the septohippocampal circuit and impaired spatial memory. Further, these findings suggest that MSN theta-frequency stimulation improves specific spatial memory deficits and may be a possible treatment for cognitive impairments caused by NMDA hypofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C. Zepeda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Lindsey M. Crown
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sasha Medvidovic
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Wooseong Choi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Megha Sheth
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Matthew Bergosh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Raymond Gifford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Caroline Folz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Phillip Lam
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Gengxi Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Robert Featherstone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Charles Y. Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Steven J. Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Darrin J. Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1200 North State Street, Suite 3300, Los Angeles, CA 90033. (D.J. Lee)
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20
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Changes in Brain Electrical Activity after Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats. Neurol Int 2022; 14:547-560. [PMID: 35893279 PMCID: PMC9326608 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint14030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives. Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. To search for new therapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic strategies, numerous models of this disease have been proposed, the most popular being transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Behavioral and sensorimotor testing, biochemical, and histological methods are traditionally used in conjunction with this model to assess the effectiveness of potential treatment options. Despite its wide overall popularity, electroencephalography/electrocorticography is quite rarely used in such studies. Materials and methods. In the present work, we explored the changes in brain electrical activity at days 3 and 7 after 30- and 45-min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Results. Cerebral ischemia altered the amplitude and spectral electrocorticogram characteristics, and led to a reorganization of inter- and intrahemispheric functional connections. Ischemia duration affected the severity as well as the nature of the observed changes. Conclusions. The dynamics of changes in brain electrical activity may indicate a spontaneous partial recovery of impaired cerebral functions at post-surgery day 7. Our results suggest that electrocorticography can be used successfully to assess the functional status of the brain following ischemic stroke in rats as well as to investigate the dynamics of functional recovery.
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21
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The anterior thalamic nuclei: core components of a tripartite episodic memory system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:505-516. [PMID: 35478245 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Standard models of episodic memory focus on hippocampal-parahippocampal interactions, with the neocortex supplying sensory information and providing a final repository of mnemonic representations. However, recent advances have shown that other regions make distinct and equally critical contributions to memory. In particular, there is growing evidence that the anterior thalamic nuclei have a number of key cognitive functions that support episodic memory. In this article, we describe these findings and argue for a core, tripartite memory system, comprising a 'temporal lobe' stream (centred on the hippocampus) and a 'medial diencephalic' stream (centred on the anterior thalamic nuclei) that together act on shared cortical areas. We demonstrate how these distributed brain regions form complementary and necessary partnerships in episodic memory formation.
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22
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Staudigl T, Minxha J, Mamelak AN, Gothard KM, Rutishauser U. Saccade-related neural communication in the human medial temporal lobe is modulated by the social relevance of stimuli. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl6037. [PMID: 35302856 PMCID: PMC8932656 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl6037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Humans predominantly explore their environment by moving their eyes. To optimally communicate and process visual information, neural activity needs to be coordinated with the execution of eye movements. We investigated the coordination between visual exploration and interareal neural communication by analyzing local field potentials and single neuron activity in patients with epilepsy. We demonstrated that during the free viewing of images, neural communication between the human amygdala and hippocampus is coordinated with the execution of eye movements. The strength and direction of neural communication and hippocampal saccade-related phase alignment were strongest for fixations that landed on human faces. Our results argue that the state of the human medial temporal lobe network is selectively coordinated with motor behavior. Interareal neural communication was facilitated for social stimuli as indexed by the category of the attended information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Staudigl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Juri Minxha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Adam N. Mamelak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Katalin M. Gothard
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucscon, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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23
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Penner C, Minxha J, Chandravadia N, Mamelak AN, Rutishauser U. Properties and hemispheric differences of theta oscillations in the human hippocampus. Hippocampus 2022; 32:335-341. [PMID: 35231153 PMCID: PMC9067167 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The left and right primate hippocampi (LH and RH) are thought to support distinct functions, but little is known about differences between the hemispheres at the neuronal level. We recorded single-neuron and local field potentials from the human hippocampus in epilepsy patients implanted with depth electrodes. We detected theta-frequency bouts of oscillatory activity while patients performed a visual recognition memory task. Theta appeared in bouts of 3.16 cycles, with sawtooth-shaped oscillations that had a prolonged downswing period. Outside the seizure onset zone, the average frequency of theta bouts was higher in the RH compared to the LH (6.0 vs. 5.3 Hz). LH theta bouts had lower amplitudes and a higher prevalence compared to the RH (26% vs. 21% of total time). Additionally, the RH contained a population of thin spiking visually tuned neurons that were not present in the LH. These data show that human theta appears in short oscillatory bouts whose properties vary between hemispheres, thereby revealing neurophysiological properties of the hippocampus that differ between the hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper Penner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Juri Minxha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nand Chandravadia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adam N Mamelak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Ghafarimoghadam M, Mashayekh R, Gholami M, Fereydani P, Shelley-Tremblay J, Kandezi N, Sabouri E, Motaghinejad M. A review of behavioral methods for the evaluation of cognitive performance in animal models: Current techniques and links to human cognition. Physiol Behav 2022; 244:113652. [PMID: 34801559 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Memory is defined as the ability to store, maintain and retrieve information. Learning is the acquisition of information that changes behavior and memory. Stress, dementia, head trauma, amnesia, Alzheimer's, Huntington, Parkinson's, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) may be mentioned among the diseases in which memory and learning are affected. The task of understanding deficits in memory and learning in humans is daunting due to the complexity of neural and cognitive mechanisms in the nervous system. This job is made more difficult for clinicians and researchers by the fact that many techniques used to research memory are not ethically acceptable or technically feasible for use in humans. Thus, animal models have been necessary alternative for studying normal and disordered learning and memory. This review attempts to bridge these domains to allow biomedical researchers to have a firm grasp of "memory" and "learning" as constructs in humans whereby they may then select the proper animal cognitive test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Various tests (open field habituation test, Y-maze test, passive avoidance test, step-down inhibitory avoidance test, active avoidance test, 8-arms radial maze test, Morris water maze test, radial arm water maze, novel object recognition test and gait function test) have been designed to evaluate different kinds of memory. Each of these tests has their strengths and limits. Abnormal results obtained using these tasks in non-human animals indicate malfunctions in memory which may be due to several physiological and psychological diseases of nervous system. Further studies by using the discussed tests can be very beneficial for achieving a therapeutic answer to these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghafarimoghadam
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, faculty of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Mashayekh
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, faculty of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Gholami
- School of medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Fereydani
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, faculty of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Niyoosha Kandezi
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA
| | - Erfan Sabouri
- Clinical Research Development Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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del Campo-Vera RM, Tang AM, Gogia AS, Chen KH, Sebastian R, Gilbert ZD, Nune G, Liu CY, Kellis S, Lee B. Neuromodulation in Beta-Band Power Between Movement Execution and Inhibition in the Human Hippocampus. Neuromodulation 2022; 25:232-244. [PMID: 35125142 PMCID: PMC8727636 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hippocampus is thought to be involved in movement, but its precise role in movement execution and inhibition has not been well studied. Previous work with direct neural recordings has found beta-band (13-30 Hz) modulation in both movement execution and inhibition throughout the motor system, but the role of beta-band modulation in the hippocampus during movement inhibition is not well understood. Here, we perform a Go/No-Go reaching task in ten patients with medically refractory epilepsy to study human hippocampal beta-power changes during movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten epilepsy patients (5 female; ages 21-46) were implanted with intracranial depth electrodes for seizure monitoring and localization. Local field potentials were sampled at 2000 Hz during a Go/No-Go movement task. Comparison of beta-band power between Go and No-Go conditions was conducted using Wilcoxon signed-rank hypothesis testing for each patient. Sub-analyses were conducted to assess differences in the anterior vs posterior contacts, ipsilateral vs contralateral contacts, and male vs female beta-power values. RESULTS Eight out of ten patients showed significant beta-power decreases during the Go movement response (p < 0.05) compared to baseline. Eight out of ten patients also showed significant beta-power increases in the No-Go condition, occurring in the absence of movement. No significant differences were noted between ipsilateral vs contralateral contacts nor in anterior vs posterior hippocampal contacts. Female participants had a higher task success rate than males and had significantly greater beta-power increases in the No-Go condition (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that increases in hippocampal beta power are associated with movement inhibition. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report this phenomenon in the human hippocampus. The beta band may represent a state-change signal involved in motor processing. Future focus on the beta band in understanding human motor and impulse control will be vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Martin del Campo-Vera
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Austin M. Tang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Angad S. Gogia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kuang-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rinu Sebastian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zachary D. Gilbert
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - George Nune
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Charles Y. Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Spencer Kellis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Brian Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
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26
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Kragel JE, Voss JL. Looking for the neural basis of memory. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:53-65. [PMID: 34836769 PMCID: PMC8678329 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Memory neuroscientists often measure neural activity during task trials designed to recruit specific memory processes. Behavior is championed as crucial for deciphering brain-memory linkages but is impoverished in typical experiments that rely on summary judgments. We criticize this approach as being blind to the multiple cognitive, neural, and behavioral processes that occur rapidly within a trial to support memory. Instead, time-resolved behaviors such as eye movements occur at the speed of cognition and neural activity. We highlight successes using eye-movement tracking with in vivo electrophysiology to link rapid hippocampal oscillations to encoding and retrieval processes that interact over hundreds of milliseconds. This approach will improve research on the neural basis of memory because it pinpoints discrete moments of brain-behavior-cognition correspondence.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Kragel
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Joel L Voss
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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27
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Ibarra-Lecue I, Haegens S, Harris AZ. Breaking Down a Rhythm: Dissecting the Mechanisms Underlying Task-Related Neural Oscillations. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:846905. [PMID: 35310550 PMCID: PMC8931663 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.846905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A century worth of research has linked multiple cognitive, perceptual and behavioral states to various brain oscillations. However, the mechanistic roles and circuit underpinnings of these oscillations remain an area of active study. In this review, we argue that the advent of optogenetic and related systems neuroscience techniques has shifted the field from correlational to causal observations regarding the role of oscillations in brain function. As a result, studying brain rhythms associated with behavior can provide insight at different levels, such as decoding task-relevant information, mapping relevant circuits or determining key proteins involved in rhythmicity. We summarize recent advances in this field, highlighting the methods that are being used for this purpose, and discussing their relative strengths and limitations. We conclude with promising future approaches that will help unravel the functional role of brain rhythms in orchestrating the repertoire of complex behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ibarra-Lecue
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Saskia Haegens
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States.,Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Z Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
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28
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroencephalography (EEG) findings following cardiovascular collapse in death are uncertain. We aimed to characterize EEG changes immediately preceding and following cardiac death. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed EEGs of patients who died from cardiac arrest while undergoing standard EEG monitoring in an intensive care unit. Patients with brain death preceding cardiac death were excluded. Three events during fatal cardiovascular failure were investigated: (1) last recorded QRS complex on electrocardiogram (QRS0), (2) cessation of cerebral blood flow (CBF0) estimated as the time that blood pressure and heart rate dropped below set thresholds, and (3) electrocerebral silence on EEG (EEG0). We evaluated EEG spectral power, coherence, and permutation entropy at these time points. RESULTS Among 19 patients who died while undergoing EEG monitoring, seven (37%) had a comfort-measures-only status and 18 (95%) had a do-not-resuscitate status in place at the time of death. EEG0 occurred at the time of QRS0 in five patients and after QRS0 in two patients (cohort median - 2.0, interquartile range - 8.0 to 0.0), whereas EEG0 was seen at the time of CBF0 in six patients and following CBF0 in 11 patients (cohort median 2.0 min, interquartile range - 1.5 to 6.0). After CBF0, full-spectrum log power (p < 0.001) and coherence (p < 0.001) decreased on EEG, whereas delta (p = 0.007) and theta (p < 0.001) permutation entropy increased. CONCLUSIONS Rarely may patients have transient electrocerebral activity following the last recorded QRS (less than 5 min) and estimated cessation of cerebral blood flow. These results may have implications for discussions around cardiopulmonary resuscitation and organ donation.
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29
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Mao D, Avila E, Caziot B, Laurens J, Dickman JD, Angelaki DE. Spatial modulation of hippocampal activity in freely moving macaques. Neuron 2021; 109:3521-3534.e6. [PMID: 34644546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation is linked to spatial navigation, but there is little corroboration from freely moving primates with concurrent monitoring of head and gaze stances. We recorded neural activity across hippocampal regions in rhesus macaques during free foraging in an open environment while tracking their head and eye. Theta activity was intermittently present at movement onset and modulated by saccades. Many neurons were phase-locked to theta, with few showing phase precession. Most neurons encoded a mixture of spatial variables beyond place and grid tuning. Spatial representations were dominated by facing location and allocentric direction, mostly in head, rather than gaze, coordinates. Importantly, eye movements strongly modulated neural activity in all regions. These findings reveal that the macaque hippocampal formation represents three-dimensional (3D) space using a multiplexed code, with head orientation and eye movement properties being dominant during free exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Mao
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Eric Avila
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Baptiste Caziot
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Jean Laurens
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J David Dickman
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dora E Angelaki
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA.
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30
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Zheng J, Liang M, Sinha S, Ge L, Yu W, Ekstrom A, Hsieh F. time-frequency analysis of scalp EEG with Hilbert-Huang transform and deep learning. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021; 26:1549-1559. [PMID: 34516381 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2021.3110267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a brain imaging approach that has been widely used in neuroscience and clinical settings. The conventional EEG analyses usually require pre-defined frequency bands when characterizing neural oscillations and extracting features for classifying EEG signals. However, neural responses are naturally heterogeneous by showing variations in frequency bands of brainwaves and peak frequencies of oscillatory modes across individuals. Fail to account for such variations might result in information loss and classifiers with low accuracy but high variation across individuals. To address these issues, we present a systematic time-frequency analysis approach for analyzing scalp EEG signals. In particular, we propose a data-driven method to compute the subject-specific frequency bands for brain oscillations via Hilbert-Huang Transform, lifting the restriction of using fixed frequency bands for all subjects. Then, we propose two novel metrics to quantify the power and frequency aspects of brainwaves represented by sub-signals decomposed from the EEG signals. The effectiveness of the proposed metrics are tested on two scalp EEG datasets and compared with four commonly used features sets extracted from wavelet and Hilbert-Huang Transform. The validation results show that the proposed metrics are more discriminatory than other features leading to accuracies in the range of 94.93% to 99.84%. Besides classification, the proposed metrics show great potential in quantification of neural oscillations and serving as biomarkers in the neuroscience research.
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31
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Sinha M, Narayanan R. Active Dendrites and Local Field Potentials: Biophysical Mechanisms and Computational Explorations. Neuroscience 2021; 489:111-142. [PMID: 34506834 PMCID: PMC7612676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurons and glial cells are endowed with membranes that express a rich repertoire of ion channels, transporters, and receptors. The constant flux of ions across the neuronal and glial membranes results in voltage fluctuations that can be recorded from the extracellular matrix. The high frequency components of this voltage signal contain information about the spiking activity, reflecting the output from the neurons surrounding the recording location. The low frequency components of the signal, referred to as the local field potential (LFP), have been traditionally thought to provide information about the synaptic inputs that impinge on the large dendritic trees of various neurons. In this review, we discuss recent computational and experimental studies pointing to a critical role of several active dendritic mechanisms that can influence the genesis and the location-dependent spectro-temporal dynamics of LFPs, spanning different brain regions. We strongly emphasize the need to account for the several fast and slow dendritic events and associated active mechanisms - including gradients in their expression profiles, inter- and intra-cellular spatio-temporal interactions spanning neurons and glia, heterogeneities and degeneracy across scales, neuromodulatory influences, and activitydependent plasticity - towards gaining important insights about the origins of LFP under different behavioral states in health and disease. We provide simple but essential guidelines on how to model LFPs taking into account these dendritic mechanisms, with detailed methodology on how to account for various heterogeneities and electrophysiological properties of neurons and synapses while studying LFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Sinha
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayanan
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
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32
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Reddy L, Self MW, Zoefel B, Poncet M, Possel JK, Peters JC, Baayen JC, Idema S, VanRullen R, Roelfsema PR. Theta-phase dependent neuronal coding during sequence learning in human single neurons. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4839. [PMID: 34376673 PMCID: PMC8355141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to maintain a sequence of items in memory is a fundamental cognitive function. In the rodent hippocampus, the representation of sequentially organized spatial locations is reflected by the phase of action potentials relative to the theta oscillation (phase precession). We investigated whether the timing of neuronal activity relative to the theta brain oscillation also reflects sequence order in the medial temporal lobe of humans. We used a task in which human participants learned a fixed sequence of pictures and recorded single neuron and local field potential activity with implanted electrodes. We report that spikes for three consecutive items in the sequence (the preferred stimulus for each cell, as well as the stimuli immediately preceding and following it) were phase-locked at distinct phases of the theta oscillation. Consistent with phase precession, spikes were fired at progressively earlier phases as the sequence advanced. These findings generalize previous findings in the rodent hippocampus to the human temporal lobe and suggest that encoding stimulus information at distinct oscillatory phases may play a role in maintaining sequential order in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Reddy
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
- CNRS, UMR 5549, Faculté de Médecine de Purpan, Toulouse, France.
- Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute (ANITI), Toulouse, France.
| | - Matthew W Self
- Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benedikt Zoefel
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR 5549, Faculté de Médecine de Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Marlène Poncet
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR 5549, Faculté de Médecine de Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Jessy K Possel
- Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith C Peters
- Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes C Baayen
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Departments of Neurophysiology and Neurosurgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Idema
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Departments of Neurophysiology and Neurosurgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rufin VanRullen
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR 5549, Faculté de Médecine de Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute (ANITI), Toulouse, France
| | - Pieter R Roelfsema
- Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Psychiatry Department, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Ruby P, Eskinazi M, Bouet R, Rheims S, Peter-Derex L. Dynamics of hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex activity during arousing reactions from sleep: An intracranial electroencephalographic study. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:5188-5203. [PMID: 34355461 PMCID: PMC8519849 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is punctuated by transient elevations of vigilance level called arousals or awakenings depending on their durations. Understanding the dynamics of brain activity modifications during these transitional phases could help to better understand the changes in cognitive functions according to vigilance states. In this study, we investigated the activity of memory‐related areas (hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex) during short (3 s to 2 min) arousing reactions detected from thalamic activity, using intracranial recordings in four drug‐resistant epilepsy patients. The average power of the signal between 0.5 and 128 Hz was compared across four time windows: 10 s of preceding sleep, the first part and the end of the arousal/awakening, and 10 s of wakefulness. We observed that (a) in most frequency bands, the spectral power during hippocampal arousal/awakenings is intermediate between wakefulness and sleep whereas frontal cortex shows an early increase in low and fast activities during non‐rapid‐eye‐movement (NREM) sleep arousals/awakenings; (b) this pattern depends on the preceding sleep stage with fewer modifications for REM than for non‐REM sleep arousal/awakenings, potentially reflecting the EEG similarities between REM sleep and wakefulness; (c) a greater activation at the arousing reaction onset in the prefrontal cortex predicts longer arousals/awakenings. Our findings suggest that hippocampus and prefrontal arousals/awakenings are progressive phenomena modulated by sleep stage, and, in the neocortex, by the intensity of the early activation. This pattern of activity could underlie the link between sleep stage, arousal/awakening duration and restoration of memory abilities including dream recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Ruby
- INSERM U1028 - PAM Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France
| | - Mickael Eskinazi
- INSERM U1028 - PAM Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France
| | - Romain Bouet
- INSERM U1028 - DYCOG Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Rheims
- Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France.,Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1028 - TIGER Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France
| | - Laure Peter-Derex
- INSERM U1028 - PAM Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France.,Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France.,Center for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
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34
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Qasim SE, Fried I, Jacobs J. Phase precession in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Cell 2021; 184:3242-3255.e10. [PMID: 33979655 PMCID: PMC8195854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowing where we are, where we have been, and where we are going is critical to many behaviors, including navigation and memory. One potential neuronal mechanism underlying this ability is phase precession, in which spatially tuned neurons represent sequences of positions by activating at progressively earlier phases of local network theta oscillations. Based on studies in rodents, researchers have hypothesized that phase precession may be a general neural pattern for representing sequential events for learning and memory. By recording human single-neuron activity during spatial navigation, we show that spatially tuned neurons in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex exhibit phase precession. Furthermore, beyond the neural representation of locations, we show evidence for phase precession related to specific goal states. Our findings thus extend theta phase precession to humans and suggest that this phenomenon has a broad functional role for the neural representation of both spatial and non-spatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman E Qasim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joshua Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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35
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Sweeney-Reed CM, Buentjen L, Voges J, Schmitt FC, Zaehle T, Kam JWY, Kaufmann J, Heinze HJ, Hinrichs H, Knight RT, Rugg MD. The role of the anterior nuclei of the thalamus in human memory processing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 126:146-158. [PMID: 33737103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extensive neuroanatomical connectivity between the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) and hippocampus and neocortex renders them well-placed for a role in memory processing, and animal, lesion, and neuroimaging studies support such a notion. The deep location and small size of the ATN have precluded their real-time electrophysiological investigation during human memory processing. However, ATN electrophysiological recordings from patients receiving electrodes implanted for deep brain stimulation for pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy have enabled high temporal resolution study of ATN activity. Theta frequency synchronization of ATN and neocortical oscillations during successful memory encoding, enhanced phase alignment, and coupling between ATN local gamma frequency activity and frontal neocortical and ATN theta oscillations provide evidence of an active role for the ATN in memory encoding, potentially integrating information from widespread neocortical sources. Greater coupling of a broader gamma frequency range with theta oscillations at rest than during memory encoding provides additional support for the hypothesis that the ATN play a role in selecting local, task-relevant high frequency activity associated with particular features of a memory trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Sweeney-Reed
- Neurocybernetics and Rehabilitation, Dept. of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Lars Buentjen
- Dept. of Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Voges
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Dept. of Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Tino Zaehle
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Dept. of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Julia W Y Kam
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jörn Kaufmann
- Dept. of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Dept. of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Dept. of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Hinrichs
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Dept. of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Dept. of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
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36
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Wang DX, Schmitt K, Seger S, Davila CE, Lega BC. Cross-regional phase amplitude coupling supports the encoding of episodic memories. Hippocampus 2021; 31:481-492. [PMID: 33544408 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phase amplitude coupling (PAC) between theta and gamma oscillations represents a key neurophysiological mechanism that promotes the temporal organization of oscillatory activity. For this reason, PAC has been implicated in item/context integration for episodic processes, including coordinating activity across multiple cortical regions. While data in humans has focused principally on PAC within a single brain region, data in rodents has revealed evidence that the phase of the hippocampal theta oscillation modulates gamma oscillations in the cortex (and vice versa). This pattern, termed cross-regional PAC (xPAC), has not previously been observed in human subjects engaged in mnemonic processing. We use a unique dataset with intracranial electrodes inserted simultaneously into the hippocampus and seven cortical regions across 40 human subjects to (1) test for the presence of significant cross-regional PAC (xPAC), (2) to establish that the magnitude of xPAC predicts memory encoding success, (3) to describe specific frequencies within the broad 2-9 Hz theta range that govern hippocampal-cortical interactions in xPAC, and (4) compare anterior versus posterior hippocampal xPAC patterns. We find that strong functional xPAC occurs principally between the hippocampus and other mesial temporal structures, namely entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices, and that xPAC is overall stronger for posterior hippocampal connections. We also show that our results are not confounded by alternative factors such as inter-regional phase synchrony, local PAC occurring within cortical regions, or artifactual theta oscillatory waveforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David X Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kelsey Schmitt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah Seger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos E Davila
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bradley C Lega
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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37
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Thomschewski A, Trinka E, Jacobs J. Temporo-Frontal Coherences and High-Frequency iEEG Responses during Spatial Navigation in Patients with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020162. [PMID: 33530531 PMCID: PMC7911024 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex and hippocampus function in tight coordination during multiple cognitive processes. During spatial navigation, prefrontal neurons are linked to hippocampal theta oscillations, presumably in order to enhance communication. Hippocampal ripples have been suggested to reflect spatial memory processes. Whether prefrontal-hippocampal-interaction also takes place within the ripple band is unknown. This intracranial EEG study aimed to investigate whether ripple band coherences can also be used to show this communication. Twelve patients with epilepsy and intracranial EEG evaluation completed a virtual spatial navigation task. We calculated ordinary coherence between prefrontal and temporal electrodes during retrieval, re-encoding, and pre-task rest. Coherences were compared between the conditions via permutation testing. Additionally, ripples events were automatically detected and changes in occurrence rates were investigated excluding ripples on epileptic spikes. Ripple-band coherences yielded no general effect of the task on coherences across all patients. Furthermore, we did not find significant effects of task conditions on ripple rates. Subsequent analyses pointed to rather short periods of synchrony as opposed to general task-related changes in ripple-band coherence. Specifically designed tasks and adopted measures might be necessary in order to map these interactions in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljoscha Thomschewski
- Affiliated Centre of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Neurology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian-Doppler Medical Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Affiliated Centre of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Neurology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian-Doppler Medical Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Julia Jacobs
- Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Epilepsy Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, University Hospital Freiburg, Mathildenstraße 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Room 293, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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38
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Beppi C, Ribeiro Violante I, Scott G, Sandrone S. EEG, MEG and neuromodulatory approaches to explore cognition: Current status and future directions. Brain Cogn 2021; 148:105677. [PMID: 33486194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neural oscillations and their association with brain states and cognitive functions have been object of extensive investigation over the last decades. Several electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) analysis approaches have been explored and oscillatory properties have been identified, in parallel with the technical and computational advancement. This review provides an up-to-date account of how EEG/MEG oscillations have contributed to the understanding of cognition. Methodological challenges, recent developments and translational potential, along with future research avenues, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Beppi
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Inês Ribeiro Violante
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (C3NL), Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
| | - Gregory Scott
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (C3NL), Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Stefano Sandrone
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (C3NL), Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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39
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Ondek K, Pevzner A, Tercovich K, Schedlbauer AM, Izadi A, Ekstrom AD, Cowen SL, Shahlaie K, Gurkoff GG. Recovery of Theta Frequency Oscillations in Rats Following Lateral Fluid Percussion Corresponds With a Mild Cognitive Phenotype. Front Neurol 2020; 11:600171. [PMID: 33343499 PMCID: PMC7746872 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.600171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether from a fall, sports concussion, or even combat injury, there is a critical need to identify when an individual is able to return to play or work following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Electroencephalogram (EEG) and local field potentials (LFP) represent potential tools to monitor circuit-level abnormalities related to learning and memory: specifically, theta oscillations can be readily observed and play a critical role in cognition. Following moderate traumatic brain injury in the rat, lasting changes in theta oscillations coincide with deficits in spatial learning. We hypothesized, therefore, that theta oscillations can be used as an objective biomarker of recovery, with a return of oscillatory activity corresponding with improved spatial learning. In the current study, LFP were recorded from dorsal hippocampus and anterior cingulate in awake, behaving adult Sprague Dawley rats in both a novel environment on post-injury days 3 and 7, and Barnes maze spatial navigation on post-injury days 8–11. Theta oscillations, as measured by power, theta-delta ratio, peak theta frequency, and phase coherence, were significantly altered on day 3, but had largely recovered by day 7 post-injury. Injured rats had a mild behavioral phenotype and were not different from shams on the Barnes maze, as measured by escape latency. Injured rats did use suboptimal search strategies. Combined with our previous findings that demonstrated a correlation between persistent alterations in theta oscillations and spatial learning deficits, these new data suggest that neural oscillations, and particularly theta oscillations, have potential as a biomarker to monitor recovery of brain function following TBI. Specifically, we now demonstrate that oscillations are depressed following injury, but as oscillations recover, so does behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn Ondek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Aleksandr Pevzner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kayleen Tercovich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Amber M Schedlbauer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ali Izadi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Stephen L Cowen
- Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kiarash Shahlaie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gene G Gurkoff
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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40
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Shah D, Verhoye M, Van der Linden A, D'Hooge R. Acquisition of Spatial Search Strategies and Reversal Learning in the Morris Water Maze Depend on Disparate Brain Functional Connectivity in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4519-4529. [PMID: 30590460 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning has been proposed to coincide with changes in connections between brain regions. In the present study, we used resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) to map brain-wide functional connectivity (FC) in mice that were trained in the hidden-platform version of the Morris water maze. C57BL6 mice were investigated in a small animal MRI scanner following 2, 10, or 15 days of acquisition learning, or 5 days of reversal learning. Spatial learning coincided with progressive and changing FC between telencephalic regions that have been implemented in spatial learning (such as hippocampus, cingulate, visual, and motor cortex). Search strategy assessment demonstrated that the use of cognitively advanced spatial strategies correlated positively with extensive telencephalic connectivity, whereas non-spatial strategies correlated negatively with connectivity. FC patterns were different and more extensive after reversal learning compared with after extended acquisition learning, which could explain why reversal learning has been shown to be more sensitive to subtle functional defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha Shah
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, VIB center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, O&N4 Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Annemie Van der Linden
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Leuven, Belgium
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41
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Tal I, Neymotin S, Bickel S, Lakatos P, Schroeder CE. Oscillatory Bursting as a Mechanism for Temporal Coupling and Information Coding. Front Comput Neurosci 2020; 14:82. [PMID: 33071765 PMCID: PMC7533591 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2020.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Even the simplest cognitive processes involve interactions between cortical regions. To study these processes, we usually rely on averaging across several repetitions of a task or across long segments of data to reach a statistically valid conclusion. Neuronal oscillations reflect synchronized excitability fluctuations in ensembles of neurons and can be observed in electrophysiological recordings in the presence or absence of an external stimulus. Oscillatory brain activity has been viewed as sustained increase in power at specific frequency bands. However, this perspective has been challenged in recent years by the notion that oscillations may occur as transient burst-like events that occur in individual trials and may only appear as sustained activity when multiple trials are averaged together. In this review, we examine the idea that oscillatory activity can manifest as a transient burst as well as a sustained increase in power. We discuss the technical challenges involved in the detection and characterization of transient events at the single trial level, the mechanisms that might generate them and the features that can be extracted from these events to study single-trial dynamics of neuronal ensemble activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Tal
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Translational Neuroscience Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, United States
| | - Samuel Neymotin
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stephan Bickel
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, United States.,Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States.,Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter Lakatos
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Translational Neuroscience Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, United States
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42
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Soltani Zangbar H, Ghadiri T, Vafaee MS, Ebrahimi Kalan A, Karimipour M, Fallahi S, Ghorbani M, Shahabi P. A potential entanglement between the spinal cord and hippocampus: Theta rhythm correlates with neurogenesis deficiency following spinal cord injury in male rats. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2451-2467. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Soltani Zangbar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Aging Research Institute Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC) Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Tahereh Ghadiri
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | | | - Abbas Ebrahimi Kalan
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Solmaz Fallahi
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Meysam Ghorbani
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Parviz Shahabi
- Aging Research Institute Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC) Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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43
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Mousavi N, Nazari MA, Babapour J, Jahan A. Electroencephalographic characteristics of word finding during phonological and semantic verbal fluency tasks. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2020; 40:254-261. [PMID: 32757253 PMCID: PMC7722674 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Verbal Fluency is sensitive to brain damage and is employed to assess language abilities like the size of vocabulary and the semantic‐lexical networks’ integrity and executive functioning abilities particularly inhibition, working memory, and self‐monitoring. Various studies revealed oscillatory changes related to word retrieval during different tasks. However, there are not enough studies on electroencephalographic characteristics of word retrieval routes (phonological or semantic pathway) during free recall. The purpose of our study was to investigate electroencephalography power relationship with semantic and phonological word finding routes during verbal fluency. Methods In this within‐subject study, the electroencephalography of 20 healthy participants was recorded during written category and letter fluency tasks and compared with the rest state. Absolute power of the signals in delta (1‐3.5 Hz), theta (4‐7.5 Hz), alpha (8‐12 Hz), and beta (12.5‐30 Hz) was calculated in three lobes (frontal, parietal, and temporal). Results A repeated measures ANOVA showed significant interaction of condition × lobe × frequency × side (P < .001). Post hoc test for each lobe showed significant changes in the absolute power of delta, theta and beta for frontal, delta and theta for parietal, and theta and beta for temporal lobes (P‐values < .05). Conclusion Searching the words by phonological entries is associated with decreased beta and increased theta in left frontal lobe. These changes are not necessary for semantic word retrieval strategy. Word retrieval either by phonological entries or semantic categories is accompanied by increased delta in frontal and parietal lobes. Decreased beta and increased theta bands in the left frontal lobe are associated with phonological word retrieval strategy while during semantic word finding, increased beta was observed in the left temporal lobe.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Najva Mousavi
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Jalil Babapour
- Psychology Department, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Jahan
- Department of Speech Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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44
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Abstract
Contemporary brain research seeks to understand how cognition is reducible to neural activity. Crucially, much of this effort is guided by a scientific paradigm that views neural activity as essentially driven by external stimuli. In contrast, recent perspectives argue that this paradigm is by itself inadequate and that understanding patterns of activity intrinsic to the brain is needed to explain cognition. Yet, despite this critique, the stimulus-driven paradigm still dominates-possibly because a convincing alternative has not been clear. Here, we review a series of findings suggesting such an alternative. These findings indicate that neural activity in the hippocampus occurs in one of three brain states that have radically different anatomical, physiological, representational, and behavioral correlates, together implying different functional roles in cognition. This three-state framework also indicates that neural representations in the hippocampus follow a surprising pattern of organization at the timescale of ∼1 s or longer. Lastly, beyond the hippocampus, recent breakthroughs indicate three parallel states in the cortex, suggesting shared principles and brain-wide organization of intrinsic neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kay
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Loren M Frank
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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45
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Goyal A, Miller J, Qasim SE, Watrous AJ, Zhang H, Stein JM, Inman CS, Gross RE, Willie JT, Lega B, Lin JJ, Sharan A, Wu C, Sperling MR, Sheth SA, McKhann GM, Smith EH, Schevon C, Jacobs J. Functionally distinct high and low theta oscillations in the human hippocampus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2469. [PMID: 32424312 PMCID: PMC7235253 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on rodent models, researchers have theorized that the hippocampus supports episodic memory and navigation via the theta oscillation, a ~4-10 Hz rhythm that coordinates brain-wide neural activity. However, recordings from humans have indicated that hippocampal theta oscillations are lower in frequency and less prevalent than in rodents, suggesting interspecies differences in theta's function. To characterize human hippocampal theta, we examine the properties of theta oscillations throughout the anterior-posterior length of the hippocampus as neurosurgical subjects performed a virtual spatial navigation task. During virtual movement, we observe hippocampal oscillations at multiple frequencies from 2 to 14 Hz. The posterior hippocampus prominently displays oscillations at ~8-Hz and the precise frequency of these oscillations correlates with the speed of movement, implicating these signals in spatial navigation. We also observe slower ~3 Hz oscillations, but these signals are more prevalent in the anterior hippocampus and their frequency does not vary with movement speed. Our results converge with recent findings to suggest an updated view of human hippocampal electrophysiology. Rather than one hippocampal theta oscillation with a single general role, high- and low-frequency theta oscillations, respectively, may reflect spatial and non-spatial cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Goyal
- Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jonathan Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Salman E Qasim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Honghui Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Joel M Stein
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Cory S Inman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Robert E Gross
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jon T Willie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bradley Lega
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jui-Jui Lin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ashwini Sharan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 9107, USA
- Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chengyuan Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 9107, USA
| | - Michael R Sperling
- Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Sameer A Sheth
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Guy M McKhann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Elliot H Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Catherine Schevon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Joshua Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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46
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Abstract
In epilepsy research, the analysis of rodent electroencephalogram (EEG) has been performed by many laboratories with a variety of techniques. However, the acquisition and basic analysis of rodent EEG have only recently been standardized. Since a number of software platforms and increased computational power have become widely available, advanced rodent EEG analysis is now more accessible to investigators working with rodent models of epilepsy. In this review, the approach to the analysis of rodent EEG will be examined, including the evaluation of both epileptiform and background activity. Major caveats when employing these analyses, cellular and circuit-level correlates of EEG changes, and important differences between rodent and human EEG are also reviewed. The currently available techniques show great promise in gaining a deeper understanding of the complexities hidden within the EEG in rodent models of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Maheshwari
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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47
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Choi K, Bagen L, Robinson L, Umbach G, Rugg M, Lega B. Longitudinal Differences in Human Hippocampal Connectivity During Episodic Memory Processing. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa010. [PMID: 32864613 PMCID: PMC7446229 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The question of longitudinal hippocampal functional specialization is critical to human episodic memory because an accurate understanding of this phenomenon would impact theories of mnemonic function and entail practical consequences for the clinical management of patients undergoing temporal lobe surgery. The implementation of the robotically assisted stereo electroencephalography technique for seizure mapping has provided our group with the opportunity to obtain recordings simultaneously from the anterior and posterior human hippocampus, allowing us to create an unparalleled data set of human subjects with simultaneous anterior and posterior hippocampal recordings along with several cortical regions. Using these data, we address several key questions governing functional hippocampal connectivity in human memory. First, we ask whether functional networks during episodic memory encoding and retrieval are significantly different for the anterior versus posterior hippocampus (PH). We also examine how connections differ across the 2-5 Hz versus 4-9 Hz theta frequency ranges, directly addressing the relative contribution of each of these separate bands in hippocampal-cortical interactions. While we report some overlapping connections, we observe evidence of distinct anterior versus posterior hippocampal networks during memory encoding related to frontal and parietal connectivity as well as hemispheric differences in aggregate connectivity. We frame these findings in light of the proposed AT/PM memory systems. We also observe distinct encoding versus retrieval connectivity patterns between anterior and posterior hippocampal networks, we find that overall connectivity is greater for the PH in the right hemisphere, and further that these networks significantly differ in terms of frontal and parietal connectivity. We place these findings in the context of existing theoretical treatments of human memory systems, especially the proposed AT/PM system. During memory retrieval, we observe significant differences between slow-theta (2-5 Hz) and fast-theta (4-9 Hz) connectivity between the cortex and hippocampus. Finally, we test how these distinct theta frequency oscillations propagate within the hippocampus, using phase slope index to estimate the direction slow-theta and fast-theta oscillations travel during encoding and retrieval. We uncover evidence that 2-5 Hz oscillations travel in the posterior-to-anterior direction, while 5-9 Hz oscillations travel from anterior-to-posterior. Taken together, our findings describe mnemonically relevant functional connectivity differences along the longitudinal axis of the human hippocampus that will inform interpretation of models of hippocampal function that seek to integrate rodent and human data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuwan Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lisa Bagen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Linley Robinson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gray Umbach
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bradley Lega
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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48
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Soltani Zangbar H, Ghadiri T, Seyedi Vafaee M, Ebrahimi Kalan A, Fallahi S, Ghorbani M, Shahabi P. Theta Oscillations Through Hippocampal/Prefrontal Pathway: Importance in Cognitive Performances. Brain Connect 2020; 10:157-169. [PMID: 32264690 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2019.0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Among various hippocampal rhythms, including sharp-wave ripples, gamma, and theta, theta rhythm is crucial for cognitive processing, particularly learning and memory. Theta oscillations are observable in both humans and rodents during spatial navigations. However, the hippocampus (Hip) is well known as the generator of current rhythm, and other brain areas, such as prefrontal cortex (PFC), can be affected by theta rhythm, too. The PFC is a core structure for the execution of diverse higher cortical functions defined as cognition. This region is connected to the hippocampus through the hippocampal/prefrontal pathway; hereby, theta oscillations convey hippocampal inputs to the PFC and simultaneously synchronize the activity of these two regions during memory, learning and other cognitive tasks. Importantly, thalamic nucleus reunions (nRE) and basolateral amygdala are salient relay structures modulating the synchronization, firing rate, and phase-locking of the hippocampal/prefrontal oscillations. Herein, we summarized experimental studies, chiefly animal researches in which the theta rhythm of the Hip-PFC axis was investigated using either electrophysiological assessments in rodent or integrated diffusion-weighted imaging and electroencephalography in human cases under memory-based tasks. Moreover, we briefly reviewed alterations of theta rhythm in some CNS diseases with the main feature of cognitive disturbance. Interestingly, animal studies implied the interruption of theta synchronization in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. To disclose the precise role of theta rhythm fluctuations through the Hip-PFC axis in cognitive performances, further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Soltani Zangbar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Ghadiri
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Ebrahimi Kalan
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Fallahi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Meysam Ghorbani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parviz Shahabi
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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49
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Kragel JE, VanHaerents S, Templer JW, Schuele S, Rosenow JM, Nilakantan AS, Bridge DJ. Hippocampal theta coordinates memory processing during visual exploration. eLife 2020; 9:e52108. [PMID: 32167468 PMCID: PMC7069726 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus supports memory encoding and retrieval, which may occur at distinct phases of the theta cycle. These processes dynamically interact over rapid timescales, especially when sensory information conflicts with memory. The ability to link hippocampal dynamics to memory-guided behaviors has been limited by experiments that lack the temporal resolution to segregate encoding and retrieval. Here, we simultaneously tracked eye movements and hippocampal field potentials while neurosurgical patients performed a spatial memory task. Phase-locking at the peak of theta preceded fixations to retrieved locations, indicating that the hippocampus coordinates memory-guided eye movements. In contrast, phase-locking at the trough of theta followed fixations to novel object-locations and predicted intact memory of the original location. Theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling increased during fixations to conflicting visual content, but predicted memory updating. Hippocampal theta thus supports learning through two interleaved processes: strengthening encoding of novel information and guiding exploration based on prior experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Kragel
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoUnited States
| | - Stephen VanHaerents
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoUnited States
| | - Jessica W Templer
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoUnited States
| | - Stephan Schuele
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoUnited States
| | - Joshua M Rosenow
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoUnited States
| | - Aneesha S Nilakantan
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoUnited States
| | - Donna J Bridge
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoUnited States
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50
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Herweg NA, Solomon EA, Kahana MJ. Theta Oscillations in Human Memory. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:208-227. [PMID: 32029359 PMCID: PMC8310425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Theta frequency (4-8 Hz) fluctuations of the local field potential have long been implicated in learning and memory. Human studies of episodic memory, however, have provided mixed evidence for theta's role in successful learning and remembering. Re-evaluating these conflicting findings leads us to conclude that: (i) successful memory is associated both with increased narrow-band theta oscillations and a broad-band tilt of the power spectrum; (ii) theta oscillations specifically support associative memory, whereas the spectral tilt reflects a general index of activation; and (iii) different cognitive contrasts (generalized versus specific to memory), recording techniques (invasive versus noninvasive), and referencing schemes (local versus global) alter the balance between the two phenomena to make one or the other more easily detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Herweg
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ethan A Solomon
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Kahana
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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