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Mackay AS, Payne RJ, Malins LR. Electrochemistry for the Chemoselective Modification of Peptides and Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:23-41. [PMID: 34968405 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although electrochemical strategies for small-molecule synthesis are flourishing, this technology has yet to be fully exploited for the mild and chemoselective modification of peptides and proteins. With the growing number of diverse peptide natural products being identified and the emergence of modified proteins as therapeutic and diagnostic agents, methods for electrochemical modification stand as alluring prospects for harnessing the reactivity of polypeptides to build molecular complexity. As a mild and inherently tunable reaction platform, electrochemistry is arguably well-suited to overcome the chemo- and regioselectivity issues which limit existing bioconjugation strategies. This Perspective will showcase recently developed electrochemical approaches to peptide and protein modification. The article also highlights the wealth of untapped opportunities for the production of homogeneously modified biomolecules, with an eye toward realizing the enormous potential of electrochemistry for chemoselective bioconjugation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus S Mackay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Lin Y, Malins LR. An Electrochemical Approach to Designer Peptide α-Amides Inspired by α-Amidating Monooxygenase Enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11811-11819. [PMID: 34288681 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Designer C-terminal peptide amides are accessed in an efficient and epimerization-free approach by pairing an electrochemical oxidative decarboxylation with a tandem hydrolysis/reduction pathway. Resembling Nature's dual enzymatic approach to bioactive primary α-amides, this method delivers secondary and tertiary amides bearing high-value functional motifs, including isotope labels and handles for bioconjugation. The protocol leverages the inherent reactivity of C-terminal carboxylates, is compatible with the vast majority of proteinogenic functional groups, and proceeds in the absence of epimerization, thus addressing major limitations associated with conventional coupling-based approaches. The utility of the method is exemplified through the synthesis of natural product acidiphilamide A via a key diastereoselective reduction, as well as bioactive peptides and associated analogues, including an anti-HIV lead peptide and blockbuster cancer therapeutic leuprolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Lin
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Le Du E, Garreau M, Waser J. Small peptide diversification through photoredox-catalyzed oxidative C-terminal modification. Chem Sci 2021; 12:2467-2473. [PMID: 34164012 PMCID: PMC8179259 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06180h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A photoredox-catalyzed oxidative decarboxylative coupling of small peptides is reported, giving access to a variety of N,O-acetals. They were used as intermediates for the addition of phenols and indoles, leading to novel peptide scaffolds and bioconjugates. Amino acids with nucleophilic side chains, such as serine, threonine, tyrosine and tryptophan, could also be used as partners to access tri- and tetrapeptide derivatives with non-natural cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliott Le Du
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Marion Garreau
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
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Lin Y, Malins LR. Total synthesis of biseokeaniamides A-C and late-stage electrochemically-enabled peptide analogue synthesis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10752-10758. [PMID: 34094328 PMCID: PMC8162360 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03701j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The first total synthesis of cytotoxic cyanobacterial peptide natural products biseokeaniamides A-C is reported employing a robust solid-phase approach to peptide backbone construction followed by coupling of a key thiazole building block. To rapidly access natural product analogues, we have optimized an operationally simple electrochemical oxidative decarboxylation-nucleophilic addition pathway which exploits the reactivity of native C-terminal peptide carboxylates and abrogates the need for building block syntheses. Electrochemically-generated N,O-acetal intermediates are engaged with electron-rich aromatics and organometallic reagents to forge modified amino acids and peptides. The value of this late-stage modification method is highlighted by the expedient and divergent production of bioactive peptide analogues, including compounds which exhibit enhanced cytotoxicity relative to the biseokeaniamide natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Lin
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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Seebach D. Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure Compounds Employing Anodic Oxidations of Carboxylic Acids – A Late Review of Research Done in the 1980ies. Helv Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201900072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Seebach
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department Chemie und Angewandte BiowissenschaftenETH-Zürich, Hönggerberg HCI Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
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Mazurkiewicz R, Październiok-Holewa A, Adamek J, Zielińska K. α-Amidoalkylating Agents. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420160-6.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Katritzky AR, Todadze E, Angrish P, Draghici B. Efficient Peptide Coupling Involving Sterically Hindered Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5794-801. [PMID: 17580899 DOI: 10.1021/jo0704255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hindered amino acids have been introduced into peptide chains by coupling N-(Cbz- and Fmoc-alpha-aminoacyl)benzotriazoles with amino acids, wherein at least one of the components was sterically hindered, to provide compounds 3a-e, (3c +3 c'), 5a-d, (5a + 5a'), 6a-c, (6b + 6b'), 8a-c, 9a-e, 10a-d, and (10a + 10a') in isolated yields of 41-95% with complete retention of chirality as evidenced by NMR and HPLC analysis. The benzotriazole activation methodology is a new route for the synthesis of sterically hindered peptides. (Note: compound numbers written within brackets represent diastereomeric mixtures or racemates; compound numbers without brackets represent enantiomers.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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Al-Ali F, Lebugle A, Rico-Lattes I, Etemad-Moghadam G. Preparation and characterization of new hybrid organic/inorganic systems derived from calcium (α-aminoalkyl)-phosphonates and -phosphonocarboxylates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2005; 289:504-11. [PMID: 16112233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the phenomenon of calcium complexation by lab synthesized amphiphilic (alpha-aminoalkyl)-phosphonocarboxylic or -phosphonic acids. The electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of sodium salts of all these acids was measured versus the volume of a calcium salt solution added. It appeared that calcium complexes are formed in a Ca/P atomic ratio close to 1. Calcium phosphonocarboxylates and calcium phosphonates were also precipitated by mixing aqueous solutions of disodium salts of phosphorus amphiphiles and calcium nitrate solutions. Before chemical analysis, these complexes were calcined to remove the organic part. In the mineralized products, calcium and phosphate were assayed: the Ca/P atomic ratio was equal to 1. X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy showed that they are made entirely of beta pyrophosphate (Ca2P2O7), a result in agreement with previous chemical analysis. The chemical formula of the starting calcium complexes could be written as CaL2H2O (L=ligand). The SEM micrographs of these complexes show plate-like structures. XRD patterns are characteristic of layered structures. These facts suggest that calcium complexes are composed of alternating bimolecular layers of calcium alkylphosphonocarboxylates or calcium alkylphosphonates, the chains being tilted and partially interdigitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Al-Ali
- Laboratoire des IMRCP (UMR CNRS No 5623), Université Paul Sabatier 118, route de Narbonne, Bât. 2R1, 31062 Toulouse cedex 04, France.
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Seebach D, Kimmerlin T, Šebesta R, Campo MA, Beck AK. How we drifted into peptide chemistry and where we have arrived at. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kanosue Y, Kojima S, Hiraga Y, Ohkata K. Relationship between the Hydrophobicity of Dipeptides and the Michaelis–Menten ConstantKmof Their Hydrolysis by Carboxypeptidase-Y and Carboxypeptidase-A. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.77.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Vercruysse K, Déjugnat C, Munoz A, Etemad-Moghadam G. An Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of New Polyfunctional Phosphorus Acid Amphiphiles. European J Org Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(200001)2000:2<281::aid-ejoc281>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hammerschmidt F, Wuggenig F. Enzymes in organic chemistry. Part 9:Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of phosphonic acid analogues of l-valine, l-leucine, l-isoleucine, l-methionine and l-α-aminobutyric acid of high enantiomeric excess. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(99)00152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hatam M, Goerlich JR, Schmutzler R, Gröger H, Martens J. The Totally Protected Hydroxy Containing α-Amino Phosphonic Esters and α-Amino Phosphinoxides as well as Their Carbamoyl Derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919608003785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Drescher M, Li YF, Hammerschmidt F. Enzymes in organic chemistry, part 2: Lipase-catalysed hydrolysis of 1-acyloxy-2-arylethylphosphonates and synthesis of phosphonic acid analogues of L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)98691-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sommerfeld TL, Seebach D. Herstellung von Ψ[SCH2]-, Ψ[SOCH2]- und Ψ[SO2CH2]-Peptid-Isosteren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951070516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bossler HG, Seebach D. Peptide Enolates.C-Alkylation of Glycine Residues in linear tri-, tetra-, and pentapeptidesvia dilithium azadienediolates. Helv Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19940770424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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