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Linus LO, Wang SL, Shi N, Hanson C, Lu YT, Alolga RN, Liu Q, Njokuocha RC, Qi LW. The new plant Parinari kerstingii Engl.: Toxicity studies and anti-inflammatory properties. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 220:26-34. [PMID: 29551451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Parinari kerstingii Engl. extract is traditionally used for the treatment of inflammation, bronchopneumonia, feverish pains, and breast cancer. However, there have not been any scientific reports regarding the medicinal properties of this plant, and no experiments have been done to ascertain the safety of the extract. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of Parinari kerstingii Engl. extracts as an herbal remedy and to investigate its anti-inflammatory potential in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley albino male rats were used in these experiments. 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg of body weight doses of Parinari kerstingii Engl. water extract (PKWE) were used for a 14 day toxicity study. For the anti-inflammatory studies, the carrageenan-induced paw edema model was used to investigate the effect of four fractions of Parinari kerstingii Engl. ethanol extract [petroleum ether (fraction A), ethyl acetate (fraction B), n -butanol (fraction C) and water (fraction D)] on the paw size of rats and to investigate the inhibitory effects of Parinari kerstingii Engl. water (PKWE) and Parinari kerstingii Engl. ethanol extract (PKEE). RESULTS The administration of 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg of body weight doses of Parinari kerstingii Engl. water extract showed no sign of toxicity. However, the 600 mg/kg of body weight dose showed a very significant increase in creatinine concentration. All the fractions of Parinari kerstingii Engl. extract demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects, as shown by a significant reduction in carrageenan-induced paw edema and by a significant decrease in the production of IL-1, TNF-α, COX-2, NF-кB, and PGE2. Moreover, fraction A and B showed enhanced in vivo anti-inflammatory effects compared to aspirin. Furthermore, PKEE was demonstrated to be more effective than PKWE. CONCLUSION We present the first report on the plant Parinari kerstingii Engl. Based on our findings, PKWE at a dose of up to 300 mg/kg of body weight for 14 days is considered safe, and our anti-inflammatory results support its traditional use. Overall, Parinari kerstingii Engl. has been demonstrated to be a potential drug candidate. Thus, further experiments, such as isolation/structural elucidation of the phytochemicals and biological screening of this plant, need to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loveth O Linus
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, # 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shi-Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, # 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ning Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, # 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Christian Hanson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Tong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, # 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Raphael N Alolga
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, # 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, # 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Reginald C Njokuocha
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, # 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Nciki S, Vuuren S, van Eyk A, de Wet H. Plants used to treat skin diseases in northern Maputaland, South Africa: antimicrobial activity and in vitro permeability studies. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2420-2436. [PMID: 27137350 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1158287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ethnobotanical claims of medicinal plants used in northern Maputaland are limited. Objectives To establish scientific validity for a selection of the plants used in Maputaland to treat skin diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous and dichloromethane-methanol extracts were prepared from 37 plant species which were collected from four rural communities in Maputaland. Antimicrobial screening was performed on extracts against 12 dermatological relevant pathogens using the micro-titre plate dilution assay. Their combined effect was evaluated by determining the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentrations (ΣFICs). Chemical analysis was undertaken using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and investigated in vitro across excised intact porcine skin using the ILC07 automated system. RESULTS The organic extract of Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson (Clusiaceae) was found to be the most antimicrobially active displaying an average broad-spectrum MIC value of 270 μg/mL. The combination of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hotsch. (Anacardaceae) with Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex C. Krauss (Myrtaceae) displayed synergistic effects. The four antimicrobially active organic extracts were found to possess mainly anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. The organic extracts of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (Bignoniaceae) and S. cordatum were found to have more compounds capable of permeating intact skin after 10 min of exposure. CONCLUSION More than 80% of the organic extracts tested displayed a correlation between the antimicrobial efficacy and the reported traditional uses of the plants. Furthermore, the traditional use of topically applied plant preparations is validated as some compounds from the active plants are capable of permeating the skin in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibongile Nciki
- a Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Sandy Vuuren
- a Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Armorel van Eyk
- a Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Helene de Wet
- b Department of Botany , University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa , South Africa
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Adjapmoh MFE, Toze FAA, Songue JL, Langat MK, Kapche GDWF, Hameed A, Lateef M, Shaiq MA, Mbaze LM, Wansi JD, Kamdem AFW. A New Ceramide and Biflavonoid from the Leaves of Parinari hypochrysea (Chrysobalanaceae). Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new ceramide and a new biflavonoid named parinaramide (1) and sparinaritin (2), respectively, have been isolated along with ten known compounds, kaempferol, quercetin, taxifolin, taxifolin-3- O-rhamnoside, lupeol, betulinic acid, ursolic acid, 2α-hydroxy-ursolic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanone, and sucrose, from the leaves of Parinari hypochrysea (Chrysobalanaceae). Structures were determined using 1D- and 2D-NMR, MS and by chemical analysis. The methanol extract of leaves, stem bark and roots of P. hypochrysea were screened for their antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition potential and found to be inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial F. E. Adjapmoh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box: 24157 Douala, Cameroon
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Flavien A. A. Toze
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box: 24157 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Jules L. Songue
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box: 24157 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Moses K. Langat
- Natural Products Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Gilbert D. W. F. Kapche
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Abdul Hameed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Lateef
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Shaiq
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Luc M. Mbaze
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box: 24157 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Jean D. Wansi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box: 24157 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Alain F. W. Kamdem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box: 24157 Douala, Cameroon
- Natural Products Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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York T, van Vuuren SF, de Wet H. An antimicrobial evaluation of plants used for the treatment of respiratory infections in rural Maputaland, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:118-127. [PMID: 22960551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Abundant availability of medicinal plants in the study area offers low cost health care, but scientific validation is needed in order to lend credibility to the traditional use against respiratory infections. AIM OF THE STUDY This study focussed on determining the antimicrobial efficacies of 30 plant species (independently and in various combinations) used for respiratory related infections in rural Maputaland. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays were undertaken on dichloromethane-methanol (CH(2)Cl(2): MeOH) and aqueous extracts, as well as the hydro-distilled essential oils (for aromatic plants). Selected plant parts were assessed for antimicrobial activity against a range of respiratory pathogens i.e. Cryptococcus neoformans (ATCC 14116), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883), Moraxella catarrhalis (ATCC 23246), Mycobacterium smegmatis (ATCC 14468) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538). The sum of the fractional inhibitory concentrations (∑FIC) was determined for plants traditionally used in combination. Isobolograms represent MIC values for a selection of interactions where two plants were combined in various ratios. RESULTS The most antimicrobially active aqueous extracts were that of Ozoroa obovata and Sclerocarya birrea (0.10 mg/ml) while organic extracts from Parinari capensis subsp. incohata and Tetradenia riparia demonstrated the most noteworthy (0.03 mg/ml) activity. Although both Lippia javanica and Eucalyptus grandis were by far the most popular plants traditionally used for respiratory infections, the antimicrobial activity was mostly only moderate. Furthermore, the traditional use in a 1:1 combination did not display strong antimicrobial interactions, but isobolograms demonstrate (against some test organisms) that when combined in various ratios, predominant additive interactions are evident where E. grandis was present in larger proportions. The combination of E. grandis with O. obovata demonstrated synergism against both C. neoformans and K. pneumoniae, with ∑FIC values of 0.34 and 0.28 respectively. Various ratios of these two plants also demonstrated a predominantly synergistic profile. CONCLUSION Although this in vitro study supports the traditional use of some plants independently and in combination for the treatment of respiratory ailments in rural Maputaland, results demonstrate that the traditional selection of plants in higher frequency do not necessarily correlate with higher antimicrobial efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T York
- Department of Botany, University of Zululand, Private Bag 1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
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Decades of Phytochemical Research on African Biodiversity. Nat Prod Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0900401020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a panoramic view of Prof. Kurt Hostettmann's contribution to the study of African medicinal plants as documented in over 85 publications with collaborators from about a dozen African countries. Many novel bioactive secondary metabolites were isolated, their structures elucidated by hyphenated HPLC techniques and their biological activity determined.
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Kishida A, Nagaoka H. Samarium(II) iodide-induced cascade reaction for tricyclic γ-lactone synthesis from acyclic keto diesters. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nigro P, Dal Piaz F, Gallotta D, De Tommasi N, Belisario MA. Inhibition of the thioredoxin system is a basis for the antileukemic potential of 13-hydroxy-15-oxo-zoapatlin. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:875-84. [PMID: 18638547 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian thioredoxin (Trx) system, composed of Trx, Trx reductase (TrxR), and NADPH, is the most important thiol system involved in the redox control of signaling and regulatory proteins in apoptosis and cell proliferation. Here we addressed the inhibition of the Trx system by 13-hydroxy-15-oxo-zoapatlin (OZ), a nor-kaurane diterpene previously shown to possess proapoptotic potential and to cause cell cycle arrest in leukemia cells. OZ was found, by both biochemical and mass spectrometry-based approaches, to target Trx1 and TrxR in a cell-free system. In particular, the formation of reversible OZ adducts to Trx1 Cys35, Cys62, and Cys73 was demonstrated. We next showed that OZ efficiently inhibited Trx and TrxR catalytic activity in Molt4 cells. The occurrence of oxidative modifications of Trx molecules was assessed by "redox Western blot" analyses. OZ-mediated Trx oxidation resulted in apoptosis signaling kinase-1 release and activation of downstream JNK and p38 pathways. By means of specific inhibitors of these two stress-activated protein kinases, we demonstrated that the JNK pathway plays a major role in determining the apoptotic fate of OZ-exposed cells, whereas p38 activation seems to be involved mainly in OZ-induced G2/M block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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Braca A, Abdel-Razik AF, Mendez J, Morelli I. A new kaurane diterpene dimer from Parinari campestris. Fitoterapia 2005; 76:614-9. [PMID: 16242262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new kaurane diterpene dimer, 15-oxozoapatlin-13alpha-yl-10'alpha,16'alpha-dihydroxy-9'alpha-methyl-20'-nor-kauran-19'-oic acid gamma-lactone-17'-oate (1), together with the known 13-hydroxy-15-oxozoapatlin (2), 10alpha,13alpha,16alpha,17-tetrahydroxy-9alpha-methyl-15-oxo-20-nor-kauran-19-oic acid gamma-lactone (3), 2alpha,10alpha,13alpha,16alpha,17-pentahydroxy-9alpha-methyl-15-oxo-20-nor-kauran-19-oic acid (19,10)-lactone (4), 3alpha,10alpha,13alpha,16alpha,17-pentahydroxy-9alpha-methyl-15-oxo-20-nor-kauran-19-oic acid gamma-lactone (5), and 1beta,16alpha,17-trihydroxy-ent-kaurane (6) were isolated from the leaves of Parinari campestris and identified on the basis of detailed spectral analysis, including 2D NMR spectrometry and ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Braca
- Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno, 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Castilho RO, de Oliveira RR, Kaplan MAC. Licanolide, a new triterpene lactone from Licania tomentosa. Fitoterapia 2005; 76:562-6. [PMID: 15970398 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Licanolide (3beta-hydroxylupane-20,28-olide), a novel triterpene lactone with new stereochemical pattern, was isolated from fresh fruits of Licania tomentosa in addition to betulinic and palmitoleic acid. The structure elucidation was based on spectroscopic methods including two-dimensional NMR experiments (HSQC, HMBC and NOESY).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel O Castilho
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, R.J., Brazil.
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Britton RA, Piers E, Patrick BO. Total synthesis of (+/-)-13-methoxy-15-oxozoapatlin, a rearranged kaurane diterpenoid. J Org Chem 2004; 69:3068-75. [PMID: 15104445 DOI: 10.1021/jo030389j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 21-step linear synthesis of the structurally novel and biologically intriguing diterpenoid (+/-)-13-methoxy-15-oxozoapatlin (6) is described. Of particular note in this work is the development of a new method for the construction of the functionalized bicyclo[3.2.1]octane unit present in the target substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Britton
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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Abstract
The antimalarial activity of the raw petroleum ether and dichloromethane extracts of the stems of Parinari capensis (Chrysobalanceae) was determined. Phytochemical investigation of these extracts led to the isolation of three diterpene lactones that possess antimalarial activity with IC(50) values of 0.54, 0.67, and 1.57 microg/mL. Although their antimalarial activity is promising, the toxicity profiles of these diterpene lactones prevent further biological evaluation. They could however be used effectively as lead compounds in the synthesis of novel antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina C U Uys
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, Private Bag X6001, 2520, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Rundle NT, Xu L, Andersen RJ, Roberge M. G2 DNA damage checkpoint inhibition and antimitotic activity of 13-hydroxy-15-oxozoapatlin. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48231-6. [PMID: 11572854 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103990200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoints activated in response to DNA damage cause arrest in the G(1) and G(2) phases of the cell cycle. Inhibitors of the G(2) checkpoint may be used as tools to study this response and also to increase the effectiveness of DNA-damaging therapies against cancers lacking p53 function. Using a cell-based assay for G(2) checkpoint inhibitors, we have screened extracts from the NCI National Institutes of Health Natural Products Repository and have identified 13-hydroxy-15-oxozoapatlin (OZ) from the African tree Parinari curatellifolia. Flow cytometry with a mitosis-specific antibody showed that checkpoint inhibition by OZ was maximal at 10 microm, which released 20% of irradiated MCF-7 cells expressing defective p53 and 30% of irradiated HCT116p53(-/-) cells from G(2) arrest. OZ additively increased the response to the checkpoint inhibitors isogranulatimide and debromohymenialdisine, but it did not augment the effects of UCN-01 or caffeine. Unlike other checkpoint inhibitors, OZ did not inhibit ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM and Rad3-related (ATR), Chk1, Chk2, Plk1, or Ser/Thr protein phosphatases in vitro. Treatment with OZ also caused G(2)-arrested and cycling cells to arrest in mitosis in a state resembling prometaphase. In these cells, the chromosomes were condensed and scattered over disordered mitotic spindles. The results demonstrate that OZ is both a G(2) checkpoint inhibitor and an antimitotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Rundle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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