1
|
Haque MA, Halder AS, Hossain MJ, Islam MR. Prediction of potential public health risk of the recent multicountry monkeypox outbreak: An update after the end declaration of global public health emergency. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2136. [PMID: 38817885 PMCID: PMC11136639 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims A double-stranded DNA virus called monkeypox virus (MPV) belonging to the Poxviridae family and Orthopoxvirus genus causes monkeypox (mpox) infection. This virus used to infect only Central, East, and West Africa. However, it has spread to an extent outside Africa recently. The range of MPV outbreaks was so high that on July 23, 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). About a year later, the WHO notified the end of a global public health emergency for mpox on May 11, 2023. Here, we aimed to assess the current pathogenicity and potential risk of MPV causing public health emergencies. Methods We searched information from published articles available in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. We used monkeypox, mpox, monkeypox outbreak, and monkeypox virus as keywords during the literature search. Results Many new variants of MPV have emerged throughout the world that created PHEIC for mpox. Considering the low lethality and transmission rate, mpox is no longer a global public health threat. In addition, the availability of therapeutic and preventive measures helped the healthcare authorities fight the mpox infection in an efficient manner. In this review, we have portrayed the history and evolution of mpox from past to present and an idea of its future outcomes. Also, we have discussed the symptoms related to mpox and approved antiviral treatment strategies to fight off the infection in this piece. This review also emphasized the preventive guidelines set by the WHO for patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers to control the outbreak of mpox infection. Conclusion We believe this article would give an idea about the potential public health threats of the recent multi-country monkeypox outbreak to the healthcare authorities for taking measures accordingly.
Collapse
|
2
|
Natami M, Gorgzadeh A, Gholipour A, Fatemi SN, Firouzeh N, Zokaei M, Mohammed Ali SH, Kheradjoo H, Sedighi S, Gholizadeh O, Kalavi S. An overview on mRNA-based vaccines to prevent monkeypox infection. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:86. [PMID: 38429829 PMCID: PMC10908150 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The human monkeypox virus (Mpox) is classified as a member of the Poxviridae family and belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. Mpox possesses double-stranded DNA, and there are two known genetic clades: those originating in West Africa and the Congo Basin, commonly known as Central African clades. Mpox may be treated with either the vaccinia vaccination or the therapeutics. Modifying the smallpox vaccine for treating and preventing Mpox has shown to be beneficial because of the strong link between smallpox and Mpox viruses and their categorization in the same family. Cross-protection against Mpox is effective with two Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved smallpox vaccines (ACAM2000 and JYNNEOSTM). However, ACAM2000 has the potential for significant adverse effects, such as cardiac issues, whereas JYNNEOS has a lower risk profile. Moreover, Mpox has managed to resurface, although with modified characteristics, due to the discontinuation and cessation of the smallpox vaccine for 40 years. The safety and efficacy of the two leading mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its many variants have been shown in clinical trials and subsequent data analysis. This first mRNA treatment model involves injecting patients with messenger RNA to produce target proteins and elicit an immunological response. High potency, the possibility of safe administration, low-cost manufacture, and quick development is just a few of the benefits of RNA-based vaccines that pave the way for a viable alternative to conventional vaccines. When protecting against Mpox infection, mRNA vaccines are pretty efficient and may one day replace the present whole-virus vaccines. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide a synopsis of the ongoing research, development, and testing of an mRNA vaccine against Mpox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Natami
- Department of Urology, Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | - Arsalan Gholipour
- Free Researchers, Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology, Babolsar, Iran
| | | | - Nima Firouzeh
- Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Maryam Zokaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Shaylan Kalavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang X, Lin Z, Qin J, Yu D, Zhang F, Fang G, Chen X, He J, Cen P, Li M, Zhang R, Luo T, Jiang J, An S, Liang H, Ye L, Liang B. Willingness to accept monkeypox vaccine and its correlates among men who have sex with men in Southern China: a web-based online cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1289918. [PMID: 38384873 PMCID: PMC10879393 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1289918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The May 2022 global outbreak of monkeypox (MPX) poses a threat to the health of men who have sex with men. However, there is limited data on the willingness of MSM to receive monkeypox vaccination in Southern China. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of MPX, concerns regarding MPX, and willingness to receive monkeypox vaccination, as well as their correlates, among MSM in China. Methods We conducted a Web-based online survey of MSM in Southern China from August to September 2022. Data were collected on the socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, worries, concerns regarding MPX and willingness to receive monkeypox vaccination. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to explore the factors associated with willingness to receive monkeypox vaccination. Results A total of 1903 participants completed the survey. Among them, approximately 69.9% reported being aware of MPX awareness, 94.1% of the participants supported the promotion of monkeypox vaccination. The majority of participants (91.4%) expressed their willingness to receive monkeypox vaccination. Participants who considered monkeypox vaccination safe [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 4.82, 95% CI: 1.35-17.18], agreed on the necessity of government promotion of monkeypox vaccination in China (aOR = 6.03, 95% CI: 1.07-33.93), believed in prioritizing monkeypox vaccination for MSM (aOR = 5.01, 95% CI: 1.10-22.71), and had friends or sexual partners who had already received the monkeypox or smallpox vaccination (aOR = 10.37, 95% CI: 2.11-50.99) are more likely to be vaccinated. Conversely, married individuals (aOR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.03-0.47), those engaging in anal sex 4-6 times per week in the past 3 months (aOR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.09-0.77) expressed hesitancy toward monkeypox vaccination. Conclusion There was a high willingness to receive monkeypox vaccination among MSM in China. The hesitancy toward the monkeypox vaccine can be effectively mitigated by addressing concerns about its safety and potential adverse reactions. Moreover, increasing acceptance of the monkeypox vaccination among MSM and their peers is crucial, as social influence significantly impacts vaccine attitudes and behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinju Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhifeng Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiao Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dee Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ganggang Fang
- Kaiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kaiyuan, Yunnan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Sanya Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Jinfeng He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ping Cen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Mu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Rongjing Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tong Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Sanqi An
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bingyu Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Obermeier PE, Buder SC, Hillen U. Pockenvirusinfektionen in der Dermatologie: Poxvirus infections in dermatology - the neglected, the notable, and the notorious. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:56-96. [PMID: 38212918 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15257_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Familie Poxviridae umfasst derzeit 22 Gattungen, die Wirbeltiere infizieren können. Humanpathogene Pockenviren gehören den Gattungen Ortho‐, Para‐, Mollusci‐ und Yatapoxvirus an. Bis zur Eradikation der Variola vera im Jahr 1979 waren die Pocken, im Volksmund auch Blattern genannt, eine schwerwiegende Gesundheitsbedrohung für die Bevölkerung. Noch heute sind Dermatologen mit zahlreichen Pockenvirusinfektionen konfrontiert, wie den Bauernhofpocken, die als Zoonosen nach Tierkontakten in ländlichen Gebieten oder nach Massenversammlungen auftreten können. In den Tropen können Erkrankungen durch Tanapox‐ oder Vaccinia‐Viren zu den Differenzialdiagnosen gehören. Dellwarzen sind weltweit verbreitet und werden in bestimmten Fällen als sexuell übertragbare Pockenvirusinfektion angesehen. In jüngster Zeit hatten sich Mpox (Affenpocken) zu einer gesundheitlichen Notlage von internationaler Tragweite entwickelt, die eine rasche Identifizierung und angemessene Behandlung durch Dermatologen und Infektiologen erfordert. Fortschritte und neue Erkenntnisse über Epidemiologie, Diagnose, klinische Manifestationen und Komplikationen sowie Behandlung und Prävention von Pockenvirusinfektionen erfordern ein hohes Maß an Fachwissen und interdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit in den Bereichen Virologie, Infektiologie und Dermatologie. Dieser CME‐Artikel bietet einen aktualisierten systematischen Überblick, um praktizierende Dermatologen bei der Identifizierung, Differenzialdiagnose und Behandlung klinisch relevanter Pockenvirusinfektionen zu unterstützen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Obermeier
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
- Abteilung für Infektionskrankheiten, Vaccine Safety Initiative, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Susanne C Buder
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
- Konsiliarlabor für Gonokokken, Fachgebiet Sexuell übertragbare bakterielle Krankheitserreger, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Uwe Hillen
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Obermeier PE, Buder SC, Hillen U. Poxvirus infections in dermatology - the neglected, the notable, and the notorious. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:56-93. [PMID: 38085140 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The family Poxviridae currently comprises 22 genera that infect vertebrates. Of these, members of the Ortho-, Para-, Mollusci- and Yatapoxvirus genera have been associated with human diseases of high clinical relevance in dermatology. Historically, smallpox had been a notorious health threat until it was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1979. Today, dermatologists are confronted with a variety of poxviral infections, such as farmyard pox, which occurs as a zoonotic infection after contact with animals. In the tropics, tanapox or vaccinia may be in the differential diagnosis as neglected tropical dermatoses. Molluscum contagiosum virus infection accounts for significant disease burden worldwide and is classified as a sexually transmitted infection in certain scenarios. Recently, mpox (monkeypox) has emerged as a public health emergency of international concern, requiring rapid recognition and appropriate management by dermatologists and infectious disease specialists. Advances and new insights into the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestations and complications, treatment, and prevention of poxviral infections require a high level of expertise and interdisciplinary skills from healthcare professionals linking virology, infectious diseases, and dermatology. This CME article provides a systematic overview and update to assist the practicing dermatologist in the identification, differential diagnosis, and management of poxviral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Obermeier
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Safety Initiative, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne C Buder
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
- German Reference Laboratory for Gonococci, Unit Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Pathogens, Department for Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Hillen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramprasadh SV, Rajakumar S, Srinivasan S, Susha D, Sharma S, Chourasiya R. Computer-Aided Multi-Epitope Based Vaccine Design Against Monkeypox Virus Surface Protein A30L: An Immunoinformatics Approach. Protein J 2023; 42:645-663. [PMID: 37615828 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-023-10150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox, a viral zoonotic disease resembling smallpox, has emerged as a significant national epidemic primarily in Africa. Nevertheless, the recent global dissemination of this pathogen has engendered apprehension regarding its capacity to metamorphose into a sweeping pandemic. To effectively combat this menace, a multi-epitope vaccine has been meticulously engineered with the specific aim of targeting the cell envelope protein of Monkeypox virus (MPXV), thereby stimulating a potent immunological response while mitigating untoward effects. This new vaccine uses T-cell and B-cell epitopes from a highly antigenic, non-allergenic, non-toxic, conserved, and non-homologous A30L protein to provide protection against the virus. In order to ascertain the vaccine design with the utmost efficacy, protein-protein docking methodologies were employed to anticipate the intricate interactions with Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8. This meticulous approach led the researchers to discern an optimal vaccine architecture, bolstered by affirmative prognostications derived from both molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and immune simulations. The current research findings indicate that the peptides ATHAAFEYSK, FFIVVATAAV, and MNSLSIFFV exhibited antigenic properties and were determined to be non-allergenic and non-toxic. Through the utilization of codon optimization and in-silico cloning techniques, our investigation revealed that the prospective vaccine exhibited a remarkable expression level within Escherichia coli. Moreover, upon conducting immune simulations, we observed the induction of a robust immune response characterized by elevated levels of both B-cell and T-cell mediated immunity. Moreover, as the initial prediction with in-silico techniques has yielded promising results these epitope-based vaccines can be recommended to in vitro and in silico studies to validate their immunogenic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S V Ramprasadh
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bangalore, 560043, India
| | | | - S Srinivasan
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bangalore, 560043, India
| | - D Susha
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bangalore, 560043, India
| | - Sameer Sharma
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bangalore, 560043, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ahmed SK, Abdulqadir SO, Omar RM, Hussein S, Qurbani K, Mohamed MG, Abubaker Blbas HT, Fahrni ML, Lazzarino AI. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Willingness of Healthcare Workers in Iraq's Kurdistan Region to Vaccinate against Human Monkeypox: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1734. [PMID: 38140139 PMCID: PMC10747727 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human monkeypox infections had not been recorded in the Kurdistan region of Iraq as of August 2023, the rapid growth of cases worldwide and the detection of monkeypox in neighboring Middle Eastern nations call for careful planning and timely response measures. Educating and empowering frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) so that they can act to curb the spread of monkeypox infections are core elements of primary prevention and protecting public health. Therefore, this study aimed to assess HCWs' knowledge and attitudes about monkeypox and their willingness to vaccinate against monkeypox. By employing a convenience sampling method, an online survey was disseminated via Google Forms between 1 November 2022 and 15 January 2023. The researchers utilized regression analyses to ascertain the factors associated with the three parameters: knowledge, attitude, and the willingness to vaccinate. A total of 637 HCWs were included in the analysis (ages ranged between 21 and 51 years). The mean overall scores were 8.18 of a max score of 16 (SD 3.37), 3.4 of 5 (SD 1.37), and 2.41 of 5 (SD 1.25) for knowledge, attitude, and willingness to vaccinate, respectively. A multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that HCWs who had heard about monkeypox before 2022 rather than later had a higher level of knowledge (AOR: 4.85; 95% CI: 2.81-8.36; p < 0.001). In addition, those who had newly joined the workforce or had less than 1 year experience in practice had more positive attitudes about curbing monkeypox (AOR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.20-0.59; p < 0.01) than those who practiced for longer. No significant predictors of willingness to vaccinate against monkeypox were identified. The research revealed that HCWs exhibited a relatively low level of monkeypox knowledge. They also had poor attitudes towards monkeypox vaccination and were therefore reluctant to receive the vaccines. Imparting knowledge about the infectious disease can cultivate better awareness and attitudes among HCWs as to their roles in mitigating the spread of an epidemic in the foreseeable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirwan Khalid Ahmed
- Department of Adult Nursing, College of Nursing, University of Raparin, Rania, Sulaymaniyah 46012, Iraq;
- Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Health-Raparin, Rania, Sulaymaniyah 46012, Iraq
| | - Salar Omer Abdulqadir
- Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing, University of Raparin, Rania, Sulaymaniyah 46012, Iraq
| | - Rukhsar Muhammad Omar
- Department of Kindergarten, College of Basic Education, University of Raparin, Rania, Sulaymaniyah 46012, Iraq
| | - Safin Hussein
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Raparin, Rania, Sulaymaniyah 46012, Iraq
| | - Karzan Qurbani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Raparin, Rania, Sulaymaniyah 46012, Iraq
| | - Mona Gamal Mohamed
- Department of Adult Nursing, RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 72603, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mathumalar Loganathan Fahrni
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam 42300, Malaysia
| | - Antonio Ivan Lazzarino
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sarker R, Roknuzzaman A, Shahriar M, Bhuiyan MA, Islam MR. The WHO has ended public health emergency of international concern for mpox: assessment of upside and downside of this decision. Int J Surg 2023; 109:3238-3239. [PMID: 37352521 PMCID: PMC10583918 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Md. Rabiul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ghosh N, Chacko L, Vallamkondu J, Banerjee T, Sarkar C, Singh B, Kalra RS, Bhatti JS, Kandimalla R, Dewanjee S. Clinical Strategies and Therapeutics for Human Monkeypox Virus: A Revised Perspective on Recent Outbreaks. Viruses 2023; 15:1533. [PMID: 37515218 PMCID: PMC10384767 DOI: 10.3390/v15071533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An enveloped double-stranded DNA monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a causative agent of the zoonotic viral disease, human monkeypox (HMPX). MPXV belongs to the genus Orthopoxviridae, a family of notorious smallpox viruses, and so it shares similar clinical pathophysiological features. The recent multicountry HMPX outbreak (May 2022 onwards) is recognized as an emerging global public health emergency by the World Health Organization, shunting its endemic status as opined over the past few decades. Re-emergence of HMPX raises concern to reassess the present clinical strategy and therapeutics as its outbreak evolves further. Keeping a check on these developments, here we provide insights into the HMPX epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical representation. Weighing on its early prevention, we reviewed the strategies that are being enrolled for HMPX diagnosis. In the line of expanded MPXV prevalence, we further reviewed its clinical management and the diverse employed preventive/therapeutic strategies, including vaccines (JYNNEOS, ACAM2000, VIGIV) and antiviral drugs/inhibitors (Tecovirimat, Cidofovir, Brincidofovir). Taken together, with a revised perspective of HMPX re-emergence, the present report summarizes new knowledge on its prevalence, pathology, and prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjan Ghosh
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Leena Chacko
- BioAnalytical Laboratory, Meso Scale Discovery, Rockville, MD 20850-3173, USA
| | | | - Tanmoy Banerjee
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandrima Sarkar
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Birbal Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Station, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajkumar Singh Kalra
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate University (OIST), Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal 506007, Telangana, India
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Spirito F, Guida A, Caponio VCA, Lo Muzio L. Monkeypox: A New Challenge for Global Health System? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1250. [PMID: 37374034 DOI: 10.3390/life13061250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, starting in 2020, has presented a major challenge in terms of early diagnosis and the subsequent containment and management of severe cases. The spread of viruses such as monkeypox in non-endemic countries is now creating new difficulties for healthcare professionals. Proper case definition and clinical examination are crucial for the early identification of suspected cases. For this reason, we performed a review of the literature in order to report the first signs, which are useful for healthcare providers for early case identification. Since 2022 to date, 86,930 laboratory-confirmed cases and 1051 probable cases have been reported worldwide, and of these, 116 were fatal cases and, for the first time, most of the cases were registered in countries that have not historically reported monkeypox and that lack direct or immediate epidemiological links to areas of West or Central Africa where the disease is endemic. Patients with Monkeypox experience prodromal symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and a rash after an incubation period of 5-21 days. The disease is usually self-limiting within 2-4 weeks but can lead to complications, such as pneumonia, encephalitis, kidney injury, and myocarditis in children, pregnant individuals, and those with weakened immune systems. The case-fatality ratio is between 1 and 10%. Today, prevention campaigns and the control of human monkeypox are the best weapons to prevent infection and stop transmission. Prevention strategies, such as avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, and the proper preparation of all foods containing animal meat or parts, should be adopted. Furthermore, close contact with infected people or contaminated materials should be avoided to prevent human-to-human transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spirito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Agostino Guida
- U.O.C. Odontostomatologia, A.O.R.N. "A. Cardarelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vito Carlo Alberto Caponio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Bio-Oncologia, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Saadh MJ, Ghadimkhani T, Soltani N, Abbassioun A, Daniel Cosme Pecho R, Taha A, Jwad Kazem T, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O. Progress and prospects on vaccine development against Monkeypox Infection. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106156. [PMID: 37201635 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPOX) is an uncommon zoonotic illness brought on by an orthopoxvirus (OPXV). MPOX can occur with symptoms similar to smallpox. Since April 25, 2023, 110 nations have reported 87,113 confirmed cases and 111 fatalities. Moreover, the outspread prevalence of MPOX in Africa and a current outbreak of MPOX in the U.S. have made it clear that naturally occurring zoonotic OPXV infections remain a public health concern. Existing vaccines, though they provide cross-protection to MPOX, are not specific for the causative virus, and their effectiveness in the light of the current multi-country outbreak is still to be verified. Furthermore, as a sequel of the eradication and cessation of smallpox vaccination for four decades, MPOX found a possibility to re-emerge, but with distinct characteristics. The World Health Organization (WHO) suggested that nations use affordable MPOX vaccines within a framework of coordinated clinical effectiveness and safety evaluations. Vaccines administered in the smallpox control program and conferred immunity against MPOX. Currently, vaccines approved by WHO for use against MPOX are replicating (ACAM2000), low replicating (LC16m8), and non-replicating (MVA-BN). Although vaccines are accessible, investigations have demonstrated that smallpox vaccination is approximately 85% efficient in inhibiting MPOX. In addition, developing new vaccine methods against MPOX can help prevent this infection. To recognize the most efficient vaccine, it is essential to assess effects, including reactogenicity, safety, cytotoxicity effect, and vaccine-associated side effects, especially for high-risk and vulnerable people. Recently, several orthopoxvirus vaccines have been produced and are being evaluated. Hence, this review aims to provide an overview of the efforts dedicated to several types of vaccine candidates with different strategies for MPOX, including inactivated, live-attenuated, virus-like particles (VLPs), recombinant protein, nucleic acid, and nanoparticle-based vaccines, which are being developed and launched.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Narges Soltani
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Abbassioun
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Taha
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Iraq
| | - Tareq Jwad Kazem
- Scientific Affairs Department, Al-Mustaqbal University, 51001, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Omid Gholizadeh
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stilpeanu RI, Stercu AM, Stancu AL, Tanca A, Bucur O. Monkeypox: a global health emergency. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1094794. [PMID: 37180247 PMCID: PMC10169603 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1094794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 2 years, the world has faced the impactful Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with a visible shift in economy, medicine, and beyond. As of recent times, the emergence of the monkeypox (mpox) virus infections and the growing number of infected cases have raised panic and fear among people, not only due to its resemblance to the now eradicated smallpox virus, but also because another potential pandemic could have catastrophic consequences, globally. However, studies of the smallpox virus performed in the past and wisdom gained from the COVID-19 pandemic are the two most helpful tools for humanity that can prevent major outbreaks of the mpox virus, thus warding off another pandemic. Because smallpox and mpox are part of the same virus genus, the Orthopoxvirus genus, the structure and pathogenesis, as well as the transmission of both these two viruses are highly similar. Because of these similarities, antivirals and vaccines approved and licensed in the past for the smallpox virus are effective and could successfully treat and prevent an mpox virus infection. This review discusses the main components that outline this current global health issue raised by the mpox virus, by presenting it as a whole, and integrating aspects such as its structure, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, prevention, and treatment options, and how this ongoing phenomenon is being globally approached.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Ilinca Stilpeanu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Stercu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Lucia Stancu
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Antoanela Tanca
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavian Bucur
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Viron Molecular Medicine Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Genomics Research and Development Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ahmed SK, Mohamed MG, Dabou EA, Abuijlan I, Chandran D, El-Shall NA, Chopra H, Dhama K. Monkeypox (mpox) in immunosuppressed patients. F1000Res 2023; 12:127. [PMID: 37089133 PMCID: PMC10113800 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.130272.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed a public health emergency in July 2022 due to the emergence of Mpox (formerly monkeypox) while the globe was still dealing with the COVID-19 epidemic. The characteristics of mpox in immunocompetent individuals are well-characterized, despite difficulties in diagnostics, immunization, and access to treatment that persist in low-income countries. Patients with weakened immune systems are more likely to spread an illness and die from it than healthy people because they cannot mount a protective immune response against it, such as a neutralizing IgG and poxvirus-specific Th1 response. A health warning on severe mpox in people who are immunocompromised due to Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other illnesses was released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on September 29, 2022. The advice does not specifically include primary immunodeficiency, but it does define other immunocompromising disorders as “having autoimmune disease with immunodeficiency as a clinical component”. Both those with healthy immune systems and those with weakened immune systems, such as those who are immunosuppressed, older people, children, etc., have encountered serious health issues, but the latter group is more likely to do so. According to the advisory, “of the people with severe mpox manifestations for whom CDC has been consulted, the majority have had HIV with CD4 counts 200 cells/ml, indicating substantial immunosuppression”. However, new cases are still expected to be discovered, especially in low-income countries with limited access to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, and where a large percentage of the mpox-infected population also has advanced HIV infection. Thus, further research is always needed to determine the best way to treat mpox in immunocompromised people. In this context, we discussed /reviewed the mpox clinical presentation, available treatment options and current preventive guidelines in immunocompromised patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirwan Khalid Ahmed
- Department of Pediatrics, Rania Pediatric & Maternity Teaching Hospital, Rania, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, 46012, Iraq
| | - Mona Gamal Mohamed
- RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khiamah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Abdelaziz Dabou
- RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khiamah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Israa Abuijlan
- RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khiamah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Deepak Chandran
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 642109, India
| | - Nahed A. El-Shall
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, El-Beheira, 22758, Egypt
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Malik S, Ahmad T, Ahsan O, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Recent Developments in Mpox Prevention and Treatment Options. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030500. [PMID: 36992085 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mpox is an emerging epidemic in the world. The monkey pox virus (MPXV) belongs to the same family of zoonotic Orthopoxviridae as that of the smallpox virus and exhibits similar clinical symptomology. Information regarding its diagnostics, disease epidemiology, surveillance, preventive methods, and treatment strategies are being collated with time. The purpose of this review is to trace the recent events in the scientific platform that have defined new preventive and treatment strategies against mpox. A methodological approach has been used to gather data from the latest literature to comprehensively overview the emerging treatment options. The results portion will cover details regarding the prevention of mpox. It will also shed light on a brief description of contemporary vaccines and antiviral agents that have been evaluated for their treatment potential since the emergence of the mpox threat. These treatment options are setting the pace for controlling the widespread monkeypox infection. However, the limitations attached to these treatment strategies need to be tackled quickly to increase their efficacy so that they can be deployed on a large scale for the prevention of this epidemic becoming another pandemic in this decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Malik
- Bridging Health Foundation, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Ahmad
- Industrial Biotechnology, Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Omar Ahsan
- Department of Medicine, Foundation University School of Health Sciences, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1401, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ahmed SK, Mohamed MG, Dabou EA, Abuijlan I, Chandran D, El-Shall NA, Chopra H, Dhama K. Monkeypox (mpox) in immunosuppressed patients. F1000Res 2023; 12:127. [PMID: 37089133 PMCID: PMC10113800 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.130272.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Assembly declared that smallpox had been completely eradicated from the human population in 1980. Monkeypox, a zoonosis native to damp forested regions in West and Central Africa, is the illness that is most comparable to smallpox clinically and immunologically. Both illnesses could be prevented by the smallpox vaccine. Although the monkeypox virus is a less effective human disease than the smallpox virus, it could now spread among human populations if smallpox had not been eradicated and population-wide immunity had not been developed. A health warning on severe monkeypox in people who are immunocompromised due to Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other illnesses was released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on September 29, 2022. The advise does not specifically include primary immunodeficiency, but it does define other immunocompromising disorders as “having autoimmune disease with immunodeficiency as a clinical component”. The documented severe signs of monkeypox include widespread rashes with secondary fungal or bacterial skin infections or tissue death (necrosis), intestine obstruction, and difficulties with the heart, lungs, urinary system, and nervous system. Both those with healthy immune systems and those with weakened immune systems, such as those who are immunosuppressed, older people, children, etc., have encountered serious health issues, but the latter group is more likely to do so. According to the advisory, “of the people with severe monkeypox manifestations for whom CDC has been consulted, the majority have had HIV with CD4 counts 200 cells/ml, indicating substantial immunosuppression”. The current article goes into great detail about monkeypox disease occurring in immunocompromised patients and preventive guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirwan Khalid Ahmed
- Department of Pediatrics, Rania Pediatric & Maternity Teaching Hospital, Rania, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, 46012, Iraq
| | - Mona Gamal Mohamed
- RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khiamah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Abdelaziz Dabou
- RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khiamah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Israa Abuijlan
- RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khiamah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Deepak Chandran
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 642109, India
| | - Nahed A. El-Shall
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, El-Beheira, 22758, Egypt
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li Y, Peng X, Fu L, Wang B, Sun Y, Chen Y, Lin YF, Wu X, Liu Q, Gao Y, Zheng W, Bian J, Lu Z, Meng X, Xue H, Li H, Jiang H, Zou H. Monkeypox awareness and low vaccination hesitancy among men who have sex with men in China. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28567. [PMID: 36786385 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Men who have sex with men (MSM) have been recommended for targeted monkeypox vaccination. We aimed to investigate monkeypox awareness and explore the correlates of monkeypox vaccination hesitancy among MSM in China. We conducted a cross-sectional survey from August 10 to September 9, 2022. Awareness related to monkeypox and attitude toward monkeypox vaccination among MSM aged ≥18 years were collected. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to evaluate correlates of vaccination hesitancy. The discrepancy in awareness between subgroups regarding HIV status was assessed. A total of 1090 MSM were included (age: median 30 years, interquartile range [IQR], 25-35; HIV-infected: 53.12%). Only 13.85% of respondents expressed high monkeypox vaccination hesitancy. Hesitancy was associated with no fixed income (adjuster odds ratio [aOR], 2.46, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48-4.11), infrequent information following (sometimes, 3.01, 1.55-5.83; seldom or never, 5.66, 2.58-12.45), and lack of worries about monkeypox endemic (1.78, 1.11-2.87). Participants who believed that HIV-infected cases accounted for a smaller proportion (1.62, 1.01-2.60), disagreed that monkeypox virus could be detected in semen (2.21, 1.26-3.88), and considered either replication-competent (1.84, 1.14-2.96) or replication-deficient (4.80, 2.26-10.21) monkeypox vaccine unsuitable for HIV-infected people were generally more hesitant. Compared with HIV-uninfected MSM, HIV-infected MSM supported more for vaccination promotion. MSM in China had low hesitancy toward monkeypox vaccination. Safety and affordability of vaccine and availability of information were essential aspects to reduce hesitancy. Education on vaccination benefits should be encouraged to promote future vaccination plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Peng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Leiwen Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bingyi Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinghui Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanyi Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi-Fan Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinsheng Wu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanxiao Gao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiran Zheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junye Bian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaojun Meng
- Wuxi Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, China
| | - Hui Xue
- Beijing BlueCity Youning Health Management Co., Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shizhong District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Hongbo Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jokar M, Rahmanian V. Potential use of Google Search Trend analysis for risk communication during the mpox (formerly monkeypox) outbreak in Iran. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1081. [PMID: 36698716 PMCID: PMC9850433 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jokar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj BranchIslamic Azad UniversityKarajIran
| | - Vahid Rahmanian
- Department of Public HealthTorbat Jam Faculty of Medical SciencesTorbat JamIran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Islam MR, Nowshin DT, Khan MR, Shahriar M, Bhuiyan MA. Monkeypox and sex: Sexual orientations and encounters are key factors to consider. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1069. [PMID: 36698709 PMCID: PMC9850259 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The monkeypox (mpox) virus was endemic to some African countries that have recently spread worldwide creating multicountry outbreaks outside of Africa. This most current mpox outbreak is caused by a variety of factors. However, there are some conflicting ideas and pejorative claims about this. Therefore, we conducted this narrative review to highlight the associations of mpox infection with sexual orientations and encounters and to break the misconception about mpox. Methods To find pertinent information and data, we searched Google, Google Scholar, and PubMed. The results of the study were supported by a large number of studies that demonstrated a connection between the mpox and sexual orientation. To gather information, we read the pertinent articles. Results According to the available documents, we have seen that there are normally two ways of monkeypox transmission. However, the LGBTQ and MSM communities are disproportionately affected by mpox infection. Numerous research have only focused on the sexual orientation of victims. According to a study, there were 54,709 laboratory-confirmed cases of mpox where the majority of these cases were in men who had sex with men and reported recent sexual activity with one or more partners. According to a study from Italy, the mpoxvirus was recently discovered in a sample of human semen from cases of confirmed mpox. However, this finding has not yet been confirmed because there is a chance that the specimen was contaminated by another means. Conclusion The present study suggests that there might have a prominent association between epidemiology of mpox infection and sexual orientations patients. Therefore, the general public should be made aware of mpox infections by healthcare authorities. They should let the people know about the facts about mpox. Only comprehensive planning and preventive measures will be able to halt this epidemic infection's pandemic progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Md. Robin Khan
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Asia PacificDhakaBangladesh
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Oral Brincidofovir Therapy for Monkeypox Outbreak: A Focused Review on the Therapeutic Potential, Clinical Studies, Patent Literature, and Prospects. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020278. [PMID: 36830816 PMCID: PMC9953536 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox disease (MPX) outbreak of 2022 has been reported in more than one hundred countries and is becoming a global concern. Unfortunately, only a few treatments, such as tecovirimat (TCV), are available against MPX. Brincidofovir (BCV) is a United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)-approved antiviral against smallpox. This article reviews the potential of BCV for treating MPX and other Orthopoxvirus (OPXVs) diseases. The literature for this review was collected from PubMed, authentic websites (USFDA, Chimerix), and freely available patent databases (USPTO, Espacenet, and Patentscope). BCV (a lipophilic derivative of cidofovir) has been discovered and developed by Chimerix Incorporation, USA. Besides smallpox, BCV has also been tested clinically for various viral infections (adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, ebola virus, herpes simplex virus, and double-stranded DNA virus). Many health agencies and reports have recommended using BCV for MPX. However, no health agency has yet approved BCV for MPX. Accordingly, the off-label use of BCV is anticipated for MPX and various viral diseases. The patent literature revealed some important antiviral compositions of BCV. The authors believe there is a huge opportunity to create novel, inventive, and patentable BCV-based antiviral therapies (new combinations with existing antivirals) for OPXVs illnesses (MPX, smallpox, cowpox, camelpox, and vaccinia). It is also advised to conduct drug interaction (food, drug, and disease interaction) and drug resistance investigations on BCV while developing its combinations with other medications. The BCV-based drug repurposing options are also open for further exploration. BCV offers a promising opportunity for biosecurity against OPXV-based bioterrorism attacks and to control the MPX outbreak of 2022.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ranjan S, Vashishth K, Sak K, Tuli HS. The Emergence of Mpox: Epidemiology and Current Therapeutic Options. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 9:144-153. [PMID: 37213566 PMCID: PMC10160711 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-023-00318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The world recently witnessed the emergence of new epidemic outbreaks like COVID-19 and mpox. The 2022 outbreak of mpox amid COVID-19 presents an intricate situation and requires strategies to combat the status quo. Some of the challenges to controlling an epidemic include present knowledge of the disease, available treatment options, appropriate health infrastructures facilities, current scientific methods, operations concepts, availability of technical staff, financial funds, and lastly international policies to control an epidemic state. These insufficiencies often hinder the control of disease spread and jeopardize the health of countless people. Also, disease outbreaks often put a huge burden on the developing economies. These countries are the worst affected and are immensely dependent on assistance provided from the larger economies to control such outbreaks. The first case of mpox was reported in the 1970s and several outbreaks were detected thereafter in the endemic areas eventually leading to the recent outbreak. Approximately, more than 80,000 individuals were infected, and 110 countries were affected by this outbreak. Yet, no definite vaccines and drugs are available to date. The lack of human clinical trials affected thousands of individuals in availing definite disease management. This paper focuses on the epidemiology of mpox, scientific concepts, and treatment options including future treatment modalities for mpox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samriddhi Ranjan
- College of Public Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive Fairfax, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA
| | - Kanupriya Vashishth
- Advance Cardiac Centre Department of Cardiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | | | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207 India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Niu L, Liang D, Ling Q, Zhang J, Li Z, Zhang D, Xia P, Zhu Z, Lin J, Shi A, Ma J, Yu P, Liu X. Insights into monkeypox pathophysiology, global prevalence, clinical manifestation and treatments. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1132250. [PMID: 37026012 PMCID: PMC10070694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1132250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
On 23rd July 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized the ongoing monkeypox outbreak as a public medical crisis. Monkeypox virus (MPV), the etiological agent of monkeypox, is a zoonotic, linear, double-stranded DNA virus. In 1970, the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported the first case of MPV infection. Human-to-human transmission can happen through sexual contact, inhaled droplets, or skin-to-skin contact. Once inoculated, the viruses multiply rapidly and spread into the bloodstream to cause viremia, which then affect multiple organs, including the skin, gastrointestinal tract, genitals, lungs, and liver. By September 9, 2022, more than 57,000 cases had been reported in 103 locations, especially in Europe and the United States. Infected patients are characterized by physical symptoms such as red rash, fatigue, backache, muscle aches, headache, and fever. A variety of medical strategies are available for orthopoxviruses, including monkeypox. Monkeypox prevention following the smallpox vaccine has shown up to 85% efficacy, and several antiviral drugs, such as Cidofovir and Brincidofovir, may slow the viral spread. In this article, we review the origin, pathophysiology, global epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and possible treatments of MPV to prevent the propagation of the virus and provide cues to generate specific drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Niu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Huan Kui College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dingfa Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qin Ling
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ziwen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Deju Zhang
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Panpan Xia
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zicheng Zhu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jitao Lin
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ao Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- School of Medicine, St. George University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jianyong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Peng Yu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao Liu, ; Peng Yu,
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao Liu, ; Peng Yu,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sohan M, Shahriar M, Bhuiyan MA, Islam MR. Recent outbreak of Marburg virus disease: Could it be a threat for global public health? Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e971. [DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sohan
- Department of Pharmacy University of Asia Pacific Farmgate, Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shahriar
- Department of Pharmacy University of Asia Pacific Farmgate, Dhaka Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Rabiul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy University of Asia Pacific Farmgate, Dhaka Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
El-Qushayri AE, Tawfik AG, Mahmoud-Elsayed H. Cardiovascular manifestations of monkeypox virus outbreak: An overview of the reported cases. Heart Lung 2023; 59:67-72. [PMID: 36739643 PMCID: PMC9896978 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic DNA virus related to the orthopoxvirus family that causes also smallpox infection. OBJECTIVES In this paper, we aimed to study the cardiovascular manifestations of Mpox. METHOD A literature databases search was conducted on 20th October 2022 and limited to 2022 (the new outbreak) to collect all the relevant papers that discussed cardiovascular manifestations in Mpox. RESULTS The literature included 6 cases of myocarditis, one case of pericarditis, one case of myopericarditis and one case of atrial fibrillation. Of total 6 cases with completed data, ECG results and troponin levels were abnormal in 5 cases while only three cases had abnormal ECHO and CMR results. In the four cases who undergone chest X-rays, only one patient had non-specific retro-cardiac opacities. All patients (9 cases) recovered well from their cardiovascular manifestations with no deaths and only 3 of them required ICU admission. CONCLUSION With the limited reported cases, we recommend performing cardiovascular examinations -in particular ECG and troponin levels- in order to exclude cardiovascular insult in patients with suspected Mpox -cardiovascular involvement. However, in our series the infection was mild in most patients with no mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdelrahman G. Tawfik
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Hani Mahmoud-Elsayed
- Department of Adult Cardiology, Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Foundation, Aswan, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Khan MR, Hossain MJ, Roy A, Islam MR. Decreasing trend of monkeypox cases in Europe and America shows hope for the world: Evidence from the latest epidemiological data. Health Sci Rep 2022; 6:e1030. [PMID: 36620508 PMCID: PMC9798990 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Robin Khan
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Asia PacificDhakaBangladesh
| | | | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & TechnologySharda UniversityGreater NoidaIndia
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Monkeypox Infection 2022: An Updated Narrative Review Focusing on the Neonatal and Pediatric Population. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121832. [PMID: 36553276 PMCID: PMC9776986 DOI: 10.3390/children9121832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox disease has been endemic in sub-Saharan Africa for decades, attracting remarkable attention only i23n 2022 through the occurrence of a multi-country outbreak. The latter has raised serious public health concerns and is considered a public health emergency by the World Health Organization. Although the disease is usually self-limiting, it can cause severe illness in individuals with compromised immune systems, in children, and/or the pregnant woman-fetus dyad. Patients generally present with fever, lymphadenopathy, and a vesicular rash suggestive of mild smallpox. Serious eye, lung and brain complications, and sepsis can occur. However, cases with subtler clinical presentations have been reported in the recent outbreak. A supportive care system is usually sufficient; otherwise, treatment options are needed in patients who are immunocompromised or with comorbidities. A replication-deficient modified and a live infectious vaccinia virus vaccine can be used both before and after exposure. Due to the persistent spread of monkeypox, it is necessary to focus on the pediatric population, pregnant women, and newborns, who represent fragile contagion groups. Here we assess and summarize the available up-to-date information, focusing on available therapeutic options, with insights into social and school management, breastfeeding, and prevention that will be useful for the scientific community and in particular neonatal and pediatric health professionals.
Collapse
|
26
|
Chowdhury PPD, Haque MA, Ahamed B, Tanbir M, Islam MR. A Brief Report on Monkeypox Outbreak 2022: Historical Perspective and Disease Pathogenesis. Clin Med Insights Pathol 2022; 15:2632010X221131660. [PMID: 36313586 PMCID: PMC9597016 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x221131660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). It was an epidemic infection among African countries over the last few decades. In 2022, MPXV has been broke through in Africa, America, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, South-East Asia, and Western Pacific region. This widespread infection of MPXV has created panic across the nations, and the WHO has declared a global public health emergency due to the multi-country MPX outbreak. We prepared this brief report on the MPX outbreak 2022 by extracting data from Scopus, PubMed, and website databases. We manually read all the relevant articles from our target databases. The rapid spread of MPX infection in around a 100 countries has threatened the global healthcare systems. The available epidemiological data revealed that sexual orientations and encounters are potential contributing factors for monkeypox infections. However, it has not been categorized as a sexually transmitted infection. Also, MPXV can transfer from 1 individual to others in many ways. The empowerment of this old foe has created additional pressure and threat on the healthcare authorities during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. Effective preventive measures, social awareness, and therapeutic approaches can reduce this extra burden on the healthcare system across the countries. Focusing only on sexual orientations and encounters as risk factors for MPX infection might increase stigma that will be another barrier to controlling and preventing MPXV spread. Therefore, we should be careful in delivering messages about MPX infection to the general population. Also, we recommend repositioning the existing smallpox vaccines and antivirals in MPX infection until the development of specific antiviral agents against this infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Md. Rabiul Islam
- Md. Rabiul Islam, PhD, Associate Professor,
Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A Green Road, Farmgate,
Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sohan M, Akter MS, Islam MR. Expedition of monkeypox virus from Africa to rest of the world: What has made this old foe so powerful? Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104688. [PMID: 36160298 PMCID: PMC9493280 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
28
|
Shaik TA, Voloshyna D, Nasr TH, Makki A, Kosuru SH, Khan MH, Ghobriel NG, Sandhu QI, Saleem F. Monkeypox-Associated Pericarditis: A Maiden Case. Cureus 2022; 14:e29638. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|