1
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Wang Y, Dai X, Liu H, Peng J, Chen J. A novel ZIC3 mutation in a Chinese family with heterotaxy and multiple types of congenital heart defect. Prenat Diagn 2023; 43:275-279. [PMID: 36567274 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A couple was referred for prenatal counseling at gestational age 21 weeks for revealed situs inversus with levocardia (HP:0,031,592), atrial situs inversus (HP:0,011,538), congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA, HP:0,011,540) with ventricular septal defect (HP:0,001,629) and right aortic arch (HP:0,012,020). The couple had multiple prior pregnancies with complex congenital heart defects (CHDs, HP:0,001,627) in male fetuses. Testing was initiated to identify any fetal abnormality. The genetic cause of the observed prenatal defects was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed on DNA extracted from parental blood samples and skeletal muscle tissue of the aborted fetuses. RESULTS A pathogenic hemizygous missense variant in ZIC3 (NM_003413.4: c.895 T > C) associated with X-linked heterotaxy-1 (HTX1) and multiple types of congenital heart defect-1 (CHTD1) (OMIM #306955) was identified, which was inherited from the mother. CONCLUSION ZIC3 encodes a highly conserved zinc-finger protein that is highly correlated with CHDs. The present study of a Han Chinese family with CHDs expands the mutation spectrum of ZIC3 and provides further evidence that ZIC3 plays important roles in CHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohui Dai
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, National Health Commission of China, Chengdu, China.,The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Peng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Yagi H, Lo CW. Left-Sided Heart Defects and Laterality Disturbance in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10030099. [PMID: 36975863 PMCID: PMC10054755 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a complex congenital heart disease characterized by hypoplasia of left-sided heart structures. The developmental basis for restriction of defects to the left side of the heart in HLHS remains unexplained. The observed clinical co-occurrence of rare organ situs defects such as biliary atresia, gut malrotation, or heterotaxy with HLHS would suggest possible laterality disturbance. Consistent with this, pathogenic variants in genes regulating left-right patterning have been observed in HLHS patients. Additionally, Ohia HLHS mutant mice show splenic defects, a phenotype associated with heterotaxy, and HLHS in Ohia mice arises in part from mutation in Sap130, a component of the Sin3A chromatin complex known to regulate Lefty1 and Snai1, genes essential for left-right patterning. Together, these findings point to laterality disturbance mediating the left-sided heart defects associated with HLHS. As laterality disturbance is also observed for other CHD, this suggests that heart development integration with left-right patterning may help to establish the left-right asymmetry of the cardiovascular system essential for efficient blood oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Yagi
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
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3
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Saba TG, Geddes GC, Ware SM, Schidlow DN, Del Nido PJ, Rubalcava NS, Gadepalli SK, Stillwell T, Griffiths A, Bennett Murphy LM, Barber AT, Leigh MW, Sabin N, Shapiro AJ. A multi-disciplinary, comprehensive approach to management of children with heterotaxy. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:351. [PMID: 36085154 PMCID: PMC9463860 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotaxy (HTX) is a rare condition of abnormal thoraco-abdominal organ arrangement across the left-right axis of the body. The pathogenesis of HTX includes a derangement of the complex signaling at the left-right organizer early in embryogenesis involving motile and non-motile cilia. It can be inherited as a single-gene disorder, a phenotypic feature of a known genetic syndrome or without any clear genetic etiology. Most patients with HTX have complex cardiovascular malformations requiring surgical intervention. Surgical risks are relatively high due to several serious comorbidities often seen in patients with HTX. Asplenia or functional hyposplenism significantly increase the risk for sepsis and therefore require antimicrobial prophylaxis and immediate medical attention with fever. Intestinal rotation abnormalities are common among patients with HTX, although volvulus is rare and surgical correction carries substantial risk. While routine screening for intestinal malrotation is not recommended, providers and families should promptly address symptoms concerning for volvulus and biliary atresia, another serious morbidity more common among patients with HTX. Many patients with HTX have chronic lung disease and should be screened for primary ciliary dyskinesia, a condition of respiratory cilia impairment leading to bronchiectasis. Mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions need to be carefully considered among this population of patients living with a substantial medical burden. Optimal care of children with HTX requires a cohesive team of primary care providers and experienced subspecialists collaborating to provide compassionate, standardized and evidence-based care. In this statement, subspecialty experts experienced in HTX care and research collaborated to provide expert- and evidence-based suggestions addressing the numerous medical issues affecting children living with HTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Saba
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Division, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Gabrielle C Geddes
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie M Ware
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David N Schidlow
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedro J Del Nido
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathan S Rubalcava
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Samir K Gadepalli
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Terri Stillwell
- Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Disease Division, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anne Griffiths
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary/Critical Care Division, Children's Minnesota and Children's Respiratory and Critical Care Specialists, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Laura M Bennett Murphy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, University of Utah, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrew T Barber
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Margaret W Leigh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Necia Sabin
- Heterotaxy Connection, Eagle Mountain, UT, USA
| | - Adam J Shapiro
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
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4
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Destici E, Zhu F, Tran S, Preissl S, Farah EN, Zhang Y, Hou X, Poirion OB, Lee AY, Grinstein JD, Bloomekatz J, Kim HS, Hu R, Evans SM, Ren B, Benner C, Chi NC. Human-gained heart enhancers are associated with species-specific cardiac attributes. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:830-843. [PMID: 36817700 PMCID: PMC9937543 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The heart, a vital organ which is first to develop, has adapted its size, structure and function in order to accommodate the circulatory demands for a broad range of animals. Although heart development is controlled by a relatively conserved network of transcriptional/chromatin regulators, how the human heart has evolved species-specific features to maintain adequate cardiac output and function remains to be defined. Here, we show through comparative epigenomic analysis the identification of enhancers and promoters that have gained activity in humans during cardiogenesis. These cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are associated with genes involved in heart development and function, and may account for species-specific differences between human and mouse hearts. Supporting these findings, genetic variants that are associated with human cardiac phenotypic/disease traits, particularly those differing between human and mouse, are enriched in human-gained CREs. During early stages of human cardiogenesis, these CREs are also gained within genomic loci of transcriptional regulators, potentially expanding their role in human heart development. In particular, we discovered that gained enhancers in the locus of the early human developmental regulator ZIC3 are selectively accessible within a subpopulation of mesoderm cells which exhibits cardiogenic potential, thus possibly extending the function of ZIC3 beyond its conserved left-right asymmetry role. Genetic deletion of these enhancers identified a human gained enhancer that was required for not only ZIC3 and early cardiac gene expression at the mesoderm stage but also cardiomyocyte differentiation. Overall, our results illuminate how human gained CREs may contribute to human-specific cardiac attributes, and provide insight into how transcriptional regulators may gain cardiac developmental roles through the evolutionary acquisition of enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugin Destici
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Fugui Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shaina Tran
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sebastian Preissl
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Elie N. Farah
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yanxiao Zhang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xiameng Hou
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Olivier B. Poirion
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ah Young Lee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Grinstein
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Hong Sook Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sylvia M. Evans
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Chris Benner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Neil C. Chi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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5
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Mesp1 controls the chromatin and enhancer landscapes essential for spatiotemporal patterning of early cardiovascular progenitors. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1114-1128. [PMID: 35817961 PMCID: PMC7613098 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian heart arises from various populations of Mesp1-expressing cardiovascular progenitors (CPs) that are specified during the early stages of gastrulation. Mesp1 is a transcription factor that acts as a master regulator of CP specification and differentiation. However, how Mesp1 regulates the chromatin landscape of nascent mesodermal cells to define the temporal and spatial patterning of the distinct populations of CPs remains unknown. Here, by combining ChIP-seq, RNA-seq and ATAC-seq during mouse pluripotent stem cell differentiation, we defined the dynamic remodelling of the chromatin landscape mediated by Mesp1. We identified different enhancers that are temporally regulated to erase the pluripotent state and specify the pools of CPs that mediate heart development. We identified Zic2 and Zic3 as essential cofactors that act with Mesp1 to regulate its transcription-factor activity at key mesodermal enhancers, thereby regulating the chromatin remodelling and gene expression associated with the specification of the different populations of CPs in vivo. Our study identifies the dynamics of the chromatin landscape and enhancer remodelling associated with temporal patterning of early mesodermal cells into the distinct populations of CPs that mediate heart development.
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6
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Bellchambers HM, Ware SM. Loss of Zic3 impairs planar cell polarity leading to abnormal left-right signaling, heart defects and neural tube defects. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:2402-2415. [PMID: 34274973 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function of ZIC3 causes heterotaxy (OMIM #306955), a disorder characterized by organ laterality defects including complex heart defects. Studies using Zic3 mutant mice have demonstrated that loss of Zic3 causes heterotaxy due to defects in establishment of left-right (LR) signaling, but the mechanistic basis for these defects remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate Zic3 null mice undergo cilia positioning defects at the embryonic node consistent with impaired planar cell polarity (PCP). Cell-based assays demonstrate that ZIC3 must enter the nucleus to regulate PCP and identify multiple critical ZIC3 domains required for regulation of PCP signaling. Furthermore, we show that Zic3 displays a genetic interaction with the PCP membrane protein Vangl2 and the PCP effector genes Rac1 and Daam1 resulting in increased frequency and severity of neural tube and heart defects. Gene and protein expression analyses indicate that Zic3 null embryos display disrupted expression of PCP components and reduced phosphorylation of the core PCP protein DVL2 at the time of LR axis determination. These results demonstrate that ZIC3 interacts with PCP signaling during early development, identifying a novel role for this transcription factor, and adding additional evidence about the importance of PCP function for normal LR patterning and subsequent heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie M Ware
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics.,Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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7
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Trimouille A, Tingaud-Sequeira A, Lacombe D, Duelund Hjortshøj T, Kreiborg S, Buciek Hove H, Rooryck C. Description of a family with X-linked oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum associated with polyalanine tract expansion in ZIC3. Clin Genet 2021; 98:384-389. [PMID: 32639022 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS) [MIM:164210], or Goldenhar syndrome, is a developmental disorder associating defects of structures derived from the first and second branchial arches. The genetic origin of OAVS is supported by the description of rare deleterious variants in a few causative genes, and several chromosomal copy number variations. We describe here a large family with eight male members affected by a mild form of the spectrum, mostly auricular defects, harboring a hemizygous ZIC3 variant detected by familial exome sequencing: c.159_161dup p.(Ala55dup), resulting in an expansion of the normal 10 consecutive alanine residues to 11 alanines. Segregation analysis shows its presence in all the affected individuals, with a recessive X-linked transmission. Whole-genome sequencing performed in another affected male allowed to exclude linkage disequilibrium between this ZIC3 variant and another potential pathogenic variant in this family. Furthermore, by screening of a cohort of 274 OAVS patients, we found 1 male patient carrying an expansion of 10 to 12 alanines, a variant previously reported in patient presenting with VACTERL. Loss-of-function variants of ZIC3 are causing heterotaxy or cardiac malformations. These alanine expansion variants could have a different impact on the protein and thereby resulting in a different phenotype within the OAVS/VACTERL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Trimouille
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), INSERM U1211, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Angèle Tingaud-Sequeira
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), INSERM U1211, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), INSERM U1211, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tina Duelund Hjortshøj
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Sven Kreiborg
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry and Clinical Genetics, Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Buciek Hove
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Caroline Rooryck
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), INSERM U1211, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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8
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Hu H, Chen W, Sheng W, Huang G. High Familial Recurrence of Congenital Heart Defects in Laterality Defects Patients: An Evaluation of 184 Families. Pediatr Cardiol 2021; 42:1722-1729. [PMID: 34146135 PMCID: PMC8557144 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-021-02656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a rare disease with genetic pathogenesis, observational study about familial CHD recurrence risk on CHD patients with laterality defects is lacking. This study aimed to investigate familial recurrence among families of patients with CHD and laterality defects, and compare them with CHD patients without laterality defects. A total of 184 patients with CHD and laterality defects treated in Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University were observed from 2008 to 2019. A detailed family history was documented by trained staff using questionnaires, and information about the subtypes of CHD and laterality defects was also collected. In addition, positive family history information, including all three degrees relatives and all affected family members, was reconfirmed by trained medical staff through face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, and letter return visits. Of the 184 included patients, 30 had at least one family member (from among three linear generations and distant relatives) with CHD. The familial recurrence rate of CHD in our cohort was 16.3% (30/184), which was higher than the 3.3% (67/2024) of patients with CHD without laterality defects. This result shows that the recurrence rate among the first-, second-, and third-degree relatives was 11.7% (11/94), 1.5% (3/204), and 3.1% (6/91) and that the recurrence rate among siblings (21.4%, 9/42) was higher than that among parents (3.8%, 2/52). The familial recurrence risk of CHD among patients with CHD and laterality defects is high, which is consistent with the previous study that reported a high familial recurrence of heterotaxy of 10%. First-degree relatives have a higher recurrence rate than second- and third-degree relatives, especially siblings. These findings have important significance for prenatal screening, intervention, and genetic counseling in the Chinese population, but may not be generalizable to other populations that may have different rates of familial and sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Hu
- Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Weicheng Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, No. 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Sheng
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China. .,Institute of Pediatrics, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, 201102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoying Huang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China. .,Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, No. 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Pediatrics, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, 201102, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Nees SN, Chung WK. Genetic Basis of Human Congenital Heart Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a036749. [PMID: 31818857 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common major congenital anomaly with an incidence of ∼1% of live births and is a significant cause of birth defect-related mortality. The genetic mechanisms underlying the development of CHD are complex and remain incompletely understood. Known genetic causes include all classes of genetic variation including chromosomal aneuploidies, copy number variants, and rare and common single-nucleotide variants, which can be either de novo or inherited. Among patients with CHD, ∼8%-12% have a chromosomal abnormality or aneuploidy, between 3% and 25% have a copy number variation, and 3%-5% have a single-gene defect in an established CHD gene with higher likelihood of identifying a genetic cause in patients with nonisolated CHD. These genetic variants disrupt or alter genes that play an important role in normal cardiac development and in some cases have pleiotropic effects on other organs. This work reviews some of the most common genetic causes of CHD as well as what is currently known about the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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10
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Abstract
Heterotaxy is a generalized term for patients who have an abnormality of laterality that cannot be described as situs inversus. Infants with heterotaxy can have significant anatomic and medical complexity and require personalized, specialized care, including comprehensive anatomic assessment. Common and rare anatomic findings are reviewed by system to help guide a thorough phenotypic evaluation. General care guidelines and considerations unique to this patient population are included. Future directions for this unique patient population, particularly in light of improved neonatal survival, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle C Geddes
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Herma Heart Institute, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, MS#716, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Sai-Suma Samudrala
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michael G Earing
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Herma Heart Institute, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, MS#716, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Section of Adult Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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11
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Witman N, Zhou C, Grote Beverborg N, Sahara M, Chien KR. Cardiac progenitors and paracrine mediators in cardiogenesis and heart regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:29-51. [PMID: 31862220 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian hearts have the least regenerative capabilities among tissues and organs. As such, heart regeneration has been and continues to be the ultimate goal in the treatment against acquired and congenital heart diseases. Uncovering such a long-awaited therapy is still extremely challenging in the current settings. On the other hand, this desperate need for effective heart regeneration has developed various forms of modern biotechnologies in recent years. These involve the transplantation of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors or cardiomyocytes generated in vitro and novel biochemical molecules along with tissue engineering platforms. Such newly generated technologies and approaches have been shown to effectively proliferate cardiomyocytes and promote heart repair in the diseased settings, albeit mainly preclinically. These novel tools and medicines give somehow credence to breaking down the barriers associated with re-building heart muscle. However, in order to maximize efficacy and achieve better clinical outcomes through these cell-based and/or cell-free therapies, it is crucial to understand more deeply the developmental cellular hierarchies/paths and molecular mechanisms in normal or pathological cardiogenesis. Indeed, the morphogenetic process of mammalian cardiac development is highly complex and spatiotemporally regulated by various types of cardiac progenitors and their paracrine mediators. Here we discuss the most recent knowledge and findings in cardiac progenitor cell biology and the major cardiogenic paracrine mediators in the settings of cardiogenesis, congenital heart disease, and heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Witman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chikai Zhou
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niels Grote Beverborg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Makoto Sahara
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA.
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Pierpont ME, Brueckner M, Chung WK, Garg V, Lacro RV, McGuire AL, Mital S, Priest JR, Pu WT, Roberts A, Ware SM, Gelb BD, Russell MW. Genetic Basis for Congenital Heart Disease: Revisited: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 138:e653-e711. [PMID: 30571578 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an updated summary of the state of our knowledge of the genetic contributions to the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. Since 2007, when the initial American Heart Association scientific statement on the genetic basis of congenital heart disease was published, new genomic techniques have become widely available that have dramatically changed our understanding of the causes of congenital heart disease and, clinically, have allowed more accurate definition of the pathogeneses of congenital heart disease in patients of all ages and even prenatally. Information is presented on new molecular testing techniques and their application to congenital heart disease, both isolated and associated with other congenital anomalies or syndromes. Recent advances in the understanding of copy number variants, syndromes, RASopathies, and heterotaxy/ciliopathies are provided. Insights into new research with congenital heart disease models, including genetically manipulated animals such as mice, chicks, and zebrafish, as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell-based approaches are provided to allow an understanding of how future research breakthroughs for congenital heart disease are likely to happen. It is anticipated that this review will provide a large range of health care-related personnel, including pediatric cardiologists, pediatricians, adult cardiologists, thoracic surgeons, obstetricians, geneticists, genetic counselors, and other related clinicians, timely information on the genetic aspects of congenital heart disease. The objective is to provide a comprehensive basis for interdisciplinary care for those with congenital heart disease.
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13
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Genetic architecture of laterality defects revealed by whole exome sequencing. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:563-573. [PMID: 30622330 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant left-right patterning in the developing human embryo can lead to a broad spectrum of congenital malformations. The causes of most laterality defects are not known, with variants in established genes accounting for <20% of cases. We sought to characterize the genetic spectrum of these conditions by performing whole-exome sequencing of 323 unrelated laterality cases. We investigated the role of rare, predicted-damaging variation in 1726 putative laterality candidate genes derived from model organisms, pathway analyses, and human phenotypes. We also evaluated the contribution of homo/hemizygous exon deletions and gene-based burden of rare variation. A total of 28 candidate variants (26 rare predicted-damaging variants and 2 hemizygous deletions) were identified, including variants in genes known to cause heterotaxy and primary ciliary dyskinesia (ACVR2B, NODAL, ZIC3, DNAI1, DNAH5, HYDIN, MMP21), and genes without a human phenotype association, but with prior evidence for a role in embryonic laterality or cardiac development. Sanger validation of the latter variants in probands and their parents revealed no de novo variants, but apparent transmitted heterozygous (ROCK2, ISL1, SMAD2), and hemizygous (RAI2, RIPPLY1) variant patterns. Collectively, these variants account for 7.1% of our study subjects. We also observe evidence for an excess burden of rare, predicted loss-of-function variation in PXDNL and BMS1- two genes relevant to the broader laterality phenotype. These findings highlight potential new genes in the development of laterality defects, and suggest extensive locus heterogeneity and complex genetic models in this class of birth defects.
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14
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Korzh V, Kondrychyn I, Winata C. The Zebrafish as a New Model System for Experimental Biology. CYTOL GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545271806004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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A novel ZIC3 gene mutation identified in patients with heterotaxy and congenital heart disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12386. [PMID: 30120289 PMCID: PMC6098004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotaxy syndrome (HTX) is characterized by left-right (LR) asymmetry disturbances associated with severe heart malformations. However, the exact genetic cause of HTX pathogenesis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenic mechanism underlying heterotaxy syndrome. Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed for twenty-two candidate genes correlated with LR axis development in sixty-six HTX patients from unrelated families. Variants were filtered from databases and predicted in silico using prediction programs. A total of twenty-one potential disease-causing variants were identified in seven genes. Next, we used Sanger sequencing to confirm the identified variants in the family pedigree and found a novel hemizygous mutation (c.890G > T, p.C297F) in the ZIC3 gene in a male patient that was inherited from his mother, who was a carrier. The results of functional indicated that this ZIC3 mutation decreases transcriptional activity, affects the affinity of the GLI-binding site and results in aberrant cellular localization in transfected cells. Moreover, morpholino-knockdown experiments in zebrafish demonstrated that zic3 mutant mRNA failed to rescue the abnormal phenotype, suggesting a role for the novel ZIC3 mutation in heterotaxy syndrome.
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16
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Lyu G, Zhang C, Ling T, Liu R, Zong L, Guan Y, Huang X, Sun L, Zhang L, Li C, Nie Y, Tao W. Genome and epigenome analysis of monozygotic twins discordant for congenital heart disease. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:428. [PMID: 29866040 PMCID: PMC5987557 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the leading non-infectious cause of death in infants. Monozygotic (MZ) twins share nearly all of their genetic variants before and after birth. Nevertheless, MZ twins are sometimes discordant for common complex diseases. The goal of this study is to identify genomic and epigenomic differences between a pair of twins discordant for a form of congenital heart disease, double outlet right ventricle (DORV). RESULTS A monoamniotic monozygotic (MZ) twin pair discordant for DORV were subjected to genome-wide sequencing and methylation analysis. We identified few genomic differences but 1566 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the MZ twins. Twenty percent (312/1566) of the DMRs are located within 2 kb upstream of transcription start sites (TSS), containing 121 binding sites of transcription factors. Particularly, ZIC3 and NR2F2 are found to have hypermethylated promoters in both the diseased twin and additional patients suffering from DORV. CONCLUSIONS The results showed a high correlation between hypermethylated promoters at ZIC3 and NR2F2 and down-regulated gene expression levels of these two genes in patients with DORV compared to normal controls, providing new insight into the potential mechanism of this rare form of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Te Ling
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Center for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Le Zong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Yiting Guan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Xiaoke Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Lei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Cheng Li
- Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Yu Nie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Center for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Wei Tao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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17
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Thomford NE, Dzobo K, Yao NA, Chimusa E, Evans J, Okai E, Kruszka P, Muenke M, Awandare G, Wonkam A, Dandara C. Genomics and Epigenomics of Congenital Heart Defects: Expert Review and Lessons Learned in Africa. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 22:301-321. [PMID: 29762087 PMCID: PMC6016577 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are structural malformations found at birth with a prevalence of 1%. The clinical trajectory of CHD is highly variable and thus in need of robust diagnostics and therapeutics. Major surgical interventions are often required for most CHDs. In Africa, despite advances in life sciences infrastructure and improving education of medical scholars, the limited clinical data suggest that CHD detection and correction are still not at par with the rest of the world. But the toll and genetics of CHDs in Africa has seldom been systematically investigated. We present an expert review on CHD with lessons learned on Africa. We found variable CHD phenotype prevalence in Africa across countries and populations. There are important gaps and paucity in genomic studies of CHD in African populations. Among the available genomic studies, the key findings in Africa were variants in GATA4 (P193H), MTHFR 677TT, and MTHFR 1298CC that were associated with atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect (VSD), Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), and patent ductus arteriosus phenotypes and 22q.11 deletion, which is associated with TOF. There were no data on epigenomic association of CHD in Africa, however, other studies have shown an altered expression of miR-421 and miR-1233-3p to be associated with TOF and hypermethylation of CpG islands in the promoter of SCO2 gene also been associated with TOF and VSD in children with non-syndromic CHD. These findings signal the urgent need to develop and implement genetic and genomic research on CHD to identify the hereditary and genome-environment interactions contributing to CHD. These projected studies would also offer comparisons on CHD pathophysiology between African and other populations worldwide. Genomic research on CHD in Africa should be developed in parallel with next generation technology policy research and responsible innovation frameworks that examine the social and political factors that shape the emergence and societal embedding of new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- 1 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
- 2 School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast , Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Kevin Dzobo
- 3 ICGEB, Cape Town Component, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
- 4 Division of Medical Biochemistry, IIDMM, Department of IBM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nana Akyaa Yao
- 5 National Cardiothoracic Centre, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital , Accra, Ghana
- 6 University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana , Accra, Ghana
| | - Emile Chimusa
- 1 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Evans
- 1 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Okai
- 2 School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast , Cape Coast, Ghana
- 7 Cape Coast Teaching Hospital , Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Paul Kruszka
- 8 National Human Genome Research Institute, Medical Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- 8 National Human Genome Research Institute, Medical Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gordon Awandare
- 9 Department of Biochemistry, WACCBIP, University of Ghana , Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- 1 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- 1 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
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18
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ZIC1 Function in Normal Cerebellar Development and Human Developmental Pathology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1046:249-268. [PMID: 29442326 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7311-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zic genes are strongly expressed in the cerebellum. This feature leads to their initial identification and their name "zic," as the abbreviation of "zinc finger protein of the cerebellum." Zic gene function in cerebellar development has been investigated mainly in mice. However, association of heterozygous loss of ZIC1 and ZIC4 with Dandy-Walker malformation, a structural birth defect of the human cerebellum, highlights the clinical relevance of these studies. Two proposed mechanisms for Zic-mediated cerebellar developmental control have been documented: regulation of neuronal progenitor proliferation-differentiation and the patterning of the cerebellar primordium. Clinical studies have also revealed that ZIC1 gain of function mutations contribute to coronal craniosynostosis, a rare skull malformation. The molecular pathways contributing to these phenotypes are not fully explored; however, embryonic interactions with sonic hedgehog signaling, retinoic acid signaling, and TGFβ signaling have been described during mouse cerebellar development. Further, Zic1/2 target a multitude of genes associated with cerebellar granule cell maturation during postnatal mouse cerebellar development.
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19
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Diamand KEM, Barratt KS, Arkell RM. Overview of Rodent Zic Genes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1046:179-207. [PMID: 29442323 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7311-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The five murine Zic genes encode multifunctional transcriptional regulator proteins important for a large number of processes during embryonic development. The genes and proteins are highly conserved with respect to the orthologous human genes, an attribute evidently mirrored by functional conservation, since the murine and human genes mutate to give the same phenotypes. Each ZIC protein contains a zinc finger domain that participates in both protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. The ZIC proteins are capable of interacting with the key transcriptional mediators of the SHH, WNT and NODAL signalling pathways as well as with components of the transcriptional machinery and chromatin-modifying complexes. It is possible that this diverse range of protein partners underlies characteristics uncovered by mutagenesis and phenotyping of the murine Zic genes. These features include redundant and unique roles for ZIC proteins, regulatory interdependencies amongst family members and pleiotropic Zic gene function. Future investigations into the complex nature of the Zic gene family activity should be facilitated by recent advances in genome engineering and functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koula E M Diamand
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kristen S Barratt
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ruth M Arkell
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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20
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Bellchambers HM, Ware SM. ZIC3 in Heterotaxy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1046:301-327. [PMID: 29442328 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7311-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of ZIC3 causes X-linked heterotaxy, a syndrome in which the laterality of internal organs is disrupted. Analysis of model organisms and gene expression during early development suggests ZIC3-related heterotaxy occurs due to defects at the earliest stage of left-right axis formation. Although there are data to support abnormalities of the node and cilia as underlying causes, it is unclear at the molecular level why loss of ZIC3 function causes such these defects. ZIC3 has putative roles in a number of developmental signalling pathways that have distinct roles in establishing the left-right axis. This complicates the understanding of the mechanistic basis of Zic3 in early development and left-right patterning. Here we summarise our current understanding of ZIC3 function and describe the potential role ZIC3 plays in important signalling pathways and their links to heterotaxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Bellchambers
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie M Ware
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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21
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Cowan JR, Tariq M, Shaw C, Rao M, Belmont JW, Lalani SR, Smolarek TA, Ware SM. Copy number variation as a genetic basis for heterotaxy and heterotaxy-spectrum congenital heart defects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0406. [PMID: 27821535 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic disorders and rare copy number abnormalities are identified in 15-25% of patients with syndromic conditions, but their prevalence in individuals with isolated birth defects is less clear. A spectrum of congenital heart defects (CHDs) is seen in heterotaxy, a highly heritable and genetically heterogeneous multiple congenital anomaly syndrome resulting from failure to properly establish left-right (L-R) organ asymmetry during early embryonic development. To identify novel genetic causes of heterotaxy, we analysed copy number variants (CNVs) in 225 patients with heterotaxy and heterotaxy-spectrum CHDs using array-based genotyping methods. Clinically relevant CNVs were identified in approximately 20% of patients and encompassed both known and putative heterotaxy genes. Patients were carefully phenotyped, revealing a significant association of abdominal situs inversus with pathogenic or likely pathogenic CNVs, while d-transposition of the great arteries was more frequently associated with common CNVs. Identified cytogenetic abnormalities ranged from large unbalanced translocations to smaller, kilobase-scale CNVs, including a rare, single exon deletion in ZIC3, a gene known to cause X-linked heterotaxy. Morpholino loss-of-function experiments in Xenopus support a role for one of these novel candidates, the platelet isoform of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFKP) in heterotaxy. Collectively, our results confirm a high CNV yield for array-based testing in patients with heterotaxy, and support use of CNV analysis for identification of novel biological processes relevant to human laterality.This article is part of the themed issue 'Provocative questions in left-right asymmetry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Cowan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chad Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mitchell Rao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John W Belmont
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seema R Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Teresa A Smolarek
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Stephanie M Ware
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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22
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Martinez HR, Ware SM, Schamberger MS, Parent JJ. Noncompaction cardiomyopathy and heterotaxy syndrome. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2017; 46:23-27. [PMID: 29445263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) is characterized by compact and trabecular layers of the left ventricular myocardium. This cardiomyopathy may occur with congenital heart disease (CHD). Single cases document co-occurrence of LVNC and heterotaxy, but no data exist regarding the prevalence of this association. This study sought to determine whether a non-random association of LVNC and heterotaxy exists by evaluating the prevalence of LVNC in patients with heterotaxy. In a retrospective review of the Indiana Network for Patient Care, we identified 172 patients with heterotaxy (69 male, 103 female). Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging results were independently reviewed by two cardiologists to ensure reproducibility of LVNC. A total of 13/172 (7.5%) patients met imaging criteria for LVNC. The CHD identified in this subgroup included atrioventricular septal defects [11], dextrocardia [10], systemic and pulmonary venous return abnormalities [7], and transposition of the great arteries [5]. From this subgroup, 61% (n = 8) of the patients developed arrhythmias; and 61% (n = 8) required medical management for chronic heart failure. This study indicates that LVNC has increased prevalence among patients with heterotaxy when compared to the general population (0.014-1.3%) suggesting possible common genetic mechanisms. Interestingly, mice with a loss of function of Scrib or Vangl2 genes showed abnormal compaction of the ventricles, anomalies in cardiac looping, and septation defects in previous studies. Recognition of the association between LVNC and heterotaxy is important for various reasons. First, the increased risk of arrhythmias demonstrated in our population. Secondly, theoretical risk of thromboembolic events remains in any LVNC population. Finally, many patients with heterotaxy undergo cardiac surgery (corrective and palliative) and when this is associated with LVNC, patients should be presumed to incur a higher peri-operative morbidity based on previous studies. Further research will continue to determine long-term and to corroborate genetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Martinez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Riley Research 127, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Stephanie M Ware
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Riley Research 127, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Riley Research 127, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Marcus S Schamberger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Riley Research 127, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - John J Parent
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Riley Research 127, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
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23
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Zhang M, Li FX, Liu XY, Huang RT, Xue S, Yang XX, Li YJ, Liu H, Shi HY, Pan X, Qiu XB, Yang YQ. MESP1 loss-of-function mutation contributes to double outlet right ventricle. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2747-2754. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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24
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Catana A, Apostu AP. The determination factors of left-right asymmetry disorders- a short review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 90:139-146. [PMID: 28559696 PMCID: PMC5433564 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Laterality defects in humans, situs inversus and heterotaxy, are rare disorders, with an incidence of 1:8000 to 1:10 000 in the general population, and a multifactorial etiology. It has been proved that 1.44/10 000 of all cardiac problems are associated with malformations of left-right asymmetry and heterotaxy accounts for 3% of all congenital heart defects. It is considered that defects of situs appear due to genetic and environmental factors. Also, there is evidence that the ciliopathies (defects of structure or function) are involved in development abnormalities. Over 100 genes have been reported to be involved in left-right patterning in model organisms, but only a few are likely to candidate for left-right asymmetry defects in humans. Left-right asymmetry disorders are genetically heterogeneous and have variable manifestations (from asymptomatic to serious clinical problems). The discovery of the right mechanism of left-right development will help explain the clinical complexity and may contribute to a therapy of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Catana
- Genetics Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adina Patricia Apostu
- Genetics Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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25
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Li YJ, Yang YQ. An update on the molecular diagnosis of congenital heart disease: focus on loss-of-function mutations. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:393-401. [PMID: 28274167 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Wen B, Yuan H, Liu X, Wang H, Chen S, Chen Z, de The H, Zhou J, Zhu J. GATA5 SUMOylation is indispensable for zebrafish cardiac development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1691-1701. [PMID: 28285006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SUMOylation is a critical regulatory protein modification in eukaryotic cells and plays a pivotal role in cardiac development and disease. Several cardiac transcription factors are modified by SUMO, but little is known about the impact of SUMOylation on their function during cardiac development. METHODS We used a zebrafish model to address the impact of SUMOylation on GATA5, an essential transcription factor in zebrafish cardiac development. GATA5 SUMOylation was probed by western blot, the subcellular localization and transcriptional activity of GATA5 mutants were examined by immunostaining and luciferase reporter assay. The in vivo function of GATA5 SUMOylation was evaluated by gata5 mutants mRNA microinjection and in situ hybridization in gata5 morphants and ubc9 mutants. RESULTS Firstly, we identified GATA5 as a SUMO substrate, and lysine 324 (K324) and lysine 360 (K360) as two major modification sites. Conversion of lysine to arginine at these two sites did not affect subcellular localization, but did affect the transcriptional activity of GATA5. Secondly, in vivo experiments demonstrated that the wild type (WT) and K324R mutant of gata5 could rescue impaired cardiac precursor differentiation, while the K360R mutant of gata5 drastically lost this potency in gata5 morphant. Furthermore, in SUMOylation-deficient ubc9 mutants, the abnormal expression pattern displayed by the early markers of cardiac development (nkx2.5 and mef2cb) could be restored using a sumo-gata5 fusion, but not with a WT gata5. CONCLUSION GATA5 SUMOylation is indispensable for early zebrafish cardiac development. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our studies highlight the potential importance of transcription factor SUMOylation in cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wen
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihong Wang
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Saijuan Chen
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hugues de The
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Université de Paris 7/INSERM/CNRS UMR 944/7212, Equipe Labellisée No. 11 Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris, France
| | - Jun Zhou
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun Zhu
- CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Université de Paris 7/INSERM/CNRS UMR 944/7212, Equipe Labellisée No. 11 Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris, France.
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27
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Paulussen ADC, Steyls A, Vanoevelen J, van Tienen FHJ, Krapels IPC, Claes GRF, Chocron S, Velter C, Tan-Sindhunata GM, Lundin C, Valenzuela I, Nagy B, Bache I, Maroun LL, Avela K, Brunner HG, Smeets HJM, Bakkers J, van den Wijngaard A. Rare novel variants in the ZIC3 gene cause X-linked heterotaxy. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:1783-1791. [PMID: 27406248 PMCID: PMC5117940 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in the ZIC3 gene are rare, but have demonstrated their profound clinical significance in X-linked heterotaxy, affecting in particular male patients with abnormal arrangement of thoracic and visceral organs. Several reports have shown relevance of ZIC3 gene variants in both familial and sporadic cases and with a predominance of mutations detected in zinc-finger domains. No studies so far have assessed the functional consequences of ZIC3 variants in an in vivo model organism. A study population of 348 patients collected over more than 10 years with a large variety of congenital heart disease including heterotaxy was screened for variants in the ZIC3 gene. Functional effects of three variants were assessed both in vitro and in vivo in the zebrafish. We identified six novel pathogenic variants (1,7%), all in either male patients with heterotaxy (n=5) or a female patient with multiple male deaths due to heterotaxy in the family (n=1). All variants were located within the zinc-finger domains or leading to a truncation before these domains. Truncating variants showed abnormal trafficking of mutated ZIC3 proteins, whereas the missense variant showed normal trafficking. Overexpression of wild-type and mutated ZIC protein in zebrafish showed full non-functionality of the two frame-shift variants and partial activity of the missense variant compared with wild-type, further underscoring the pathogenic character of these variants. Concluding, we greatly expanded the number of causative variants in ZIC3 and delineated the functional effects of three variants using in vitro and in vivo model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee D C Paulussen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Steyls
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jo Vanoevelen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Florence HJ van Tienen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid P C Krapels
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Godelieve RF Claes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Chocron
- Cardiac Development and Genetics, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Crool Velter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gita M Tan-Sindhunata
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catarina Lundin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Office for Medical Services, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Irene Valenzuela
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Cytogenetics, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Balint Nagy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Iben Bache
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisa Leth Maroun
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert J M Smeets
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Cardiac Development and Genetics, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur van den Wijngaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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28
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Chen Y, Liu Z, Chen J, Zuo Y, Liu S, Chen W, Liu G, Qiu G, Giampietro PF, Wu N, Wu Z. The genetic landscape and clinical implications of vertebral anomalies in VACTERL association. J Med Genet 2016; 53:431-7. [PMID: 27084730 PMCID: PMC4941148 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
VACTERL association is a condition comprising multisystem congenital malformations, causing severe physical disability in affected individuals. It is typically defined by the concurrence of at least three of the following component features: vertebral anomalies (V), anal atresia (A), cardiac malformations (C), tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TE), renal dysplasia (R) and limb abnormalities (L). Vertebral anomaly is one of the most important and common defects that has been reported in approximately 60–95% of all VACTERL patients. Recent breakthroughs have suggested that genetic factors play an important role in VACTERL association, especially in those with vertebral phenotypes. In this review, we summarised the genetic studies of the VACTERL association, especially focusing on the genetic aetiology of patients with vertebral anomalies. Furthermore, genetic reports of other syndromes with vertebral phenotypes overlapping with VACTERL association are also included. We aim to provide a further understanding of the genetic aetiology and a better evidence for genetic diagnosis of the association and vertebral anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlei Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhi Zuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Weisheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Philip F Giampietro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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LU CAIXIA, GONG HAIRONG, LIU XINGYUAN, WANG JUAN, ZHAO CUIMEI, HUANG RITAI, XUE SONG, YANG YIQING. A novel HAND2 loss-of-function mutation responsible for tetralogy of Fallot. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:445-51. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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30
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A Novel TBX1 Loss-of-Function Mutation Associated with Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:1400-10. [PMID: 25860641 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most prevalent type of birth defect in humans and is the leading non-infectious cause of infant death worldwide. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that genetic defects play an important role in the pathogenesis of CHD. However, CHD is a genetically heterogeneous disease and the genetic basis underpinning CHD in an overwhelming majority of patients remains unclear. In this study, the coding exons and splice junction sites of the TBX1 gene, which encodes a T-box homeodomain transcription factor essential for proper cardiovascular morphogenesis, were sequenced in 230 unrelated children with CHD. The available family members of the index patient carrying an identified mutation and 200 unrelated ethnically matched healthy individuals used as controls were subsequently genotyped for TBX1. The functional effect of the TBX1 mutation was predicted by online program MutationTaster and characterized by using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. As a result, a novel heterozygous TBX1 mutation, p.Q277X, was identified in an index patient with double outlet right ventricle (DORV) and ventricular septal defect (VSD). Genetic analysis of the proband's available relatives showed that the mutation co-segregated with CHD transmitted in an autosomal dominant pattern with complete penetrance. The nonsense mutation, which was absent in 400 control chromosomes, altered the amino acid that was completely conserved evolutionarily across species and was predicted to be disease-causing by MutationTaster. Biochemical analysis revealed that Q277X-mutant TBX1 lost transcriptional activating function when compared with its wild-type counterpart. This study firstly associates TBX1 loss-of-function mutation with enhanced susceptibility to DORV and VSD in humans, which provides novel insight into the molecular mechanism underlying CHD and suggests potential implications for the development of new preventive and therapeutic strategies for CHD.
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31
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Twigg SRF, Forecki J, Goos JAC, Richardson ICA, Hoogeboom AJM, van den Ouweland AMW, Swagemakers SMA, Lequin MH, Van Antwerp D, McGowan SJ, Westbury I, Miller KA, Wall SA, van der Spek PJ, Mathijssen IMJ, Pauws E, Merzdorf CS, Wilkie AOM. Gain-of-Function Mutations in ZIC1 Are Associated with Coronal Craniosynostosis and Learning Disability. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:378-88. [PMID: 26340333 PMCID: PMC4564895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ZIC1 (zinc finger protein of cerebellum 1), one of five homologs of the Drosophila pair-rule gene odd-paired, encodes a transcription factor previously implicated in vertebrate brain development. Heterozygous deletions of ZIC1 and its nearby paralog ZIC4 on chromosome 3q25.1 are associated with Dandy-Walker malformation of the cerebellum, and loss of the orthologous Zic1 gene in the mouse causes cerebellar hypoplasia and vertebral defects. We describe individuals from five families with heterozygous mutations located in the final (third) exon of ZIC1 (encoding four nonsense and one missense change) who have a distinct phenotype in which severe craniosynostosis, specifically involving the coronal sutures, and variable learning disability are the most characteristic features. The location of the nonsense mutations predicts escape of mutant ZIC1 transcripts from nonsense-mediated decay, which was confirmed in a cell line from an affected individual. Both nonsense and missense mutations are associated with altered and/or enhanced expression of a target gene, engrailed-2, in a Xenopus embryo assay. Analysis of mouse embryos revealed a localized domain of Zic1 expression at embryonic days 11.5-12.5 in a region overlapping the supraorbital regulatory center, which patterns the coronal suture. We conclude that the human mutations uncover a previously unsuspected role for Zic1 in early cranial suture development, potentially by regulating engrailed 1, which was previously shown to be critical for positioning of the murine coronal suture. The diagnosis of a ZIC1 mutation has significant implications for prognosis and we recommend genetic testing when common causes of coronal synostosis have been excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R F Twigg
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jennifer Forecki
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, 513 Leon Johnson Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Jacqueline A C Goos
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ivy C A Richardson
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - A Jeannette M Hoogeboom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ans M W van den Ouweland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sigrid M A Swagemakers
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten H Lequin
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Van Antwerp
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, 513 Leon Johnson Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Simon J McGowan
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Isabelle Westbury
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Kerry A Miller
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Steven A Wall
- Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irene M J Mathijssen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin Pauws
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Christa S Merzdorf
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, 513 Leon Johnson Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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32
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Lopez KN, Marengo LK, Canfield MA, Belmont JW, Dickerson HA. Racial disparities in heterotaxy syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 103:941-50. [PMID: 26333177 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterotaxy syndrome (HTX) is a constellation of defects including abnormal organ lateralization and often including congenital heart defects. HTX has widely divergent population-based estimates of prevalence, racial and ethnic predominance, and mortality in current literature. METHODS The objective of this study was to use a population-based registry to investigate potential racial and ethnic disparities in HTX. Using the Texas Birth Defects Registry, we described clinical features and mortality of HTX among infants delivered from 1999 to 2006. We calculated birth prevalence and crude prevalence (cPR) ratios for infant sex, maternal diabetes, and sociodemographic factors. RESULTS A total of 353 HTX cases were identified from 2,993,604 births (prevalence ratio = 1.18 per 10,000 live births. HTX prevalence was approximately 70% higher among infants of Hispanic and non-Hispanic black mothers and 28% higher among female infants (cPR = 1.28; 95% confidence interval,1.04-1.59). There was a twofold higher female preponderance for infants of mothers who were non-Hispanic white or black. Mothers with diabetes were three times more likely to have a child with HTX compared with nondiabetics (cPR = 3.13; 95% confidence interval, 2.12-4.45). Among nondiabetics, HTX cases were 86% more likely to have a Hispanic mother and 72% a non-Hispanic black mother. First-year mortality for live born children with HTX was 30.9%. CONCLUSION This study represents one of the largest population-based studies of HTX to date, with a novel finding of higher rates of HTX among Hispanic infants of mostly Mexican origin, as well as among female infants of only non-Hispanic white and black mothers. These findings warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa K Marengo
- Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Section, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas
| | - Mark A Canfield
- Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Section, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas
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Transcriptional master regulator analysis in breast cancer genetic networks. Comput Biol Chem 2015; 59 Pt B:67-77. [PMID: 26362298 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks account for the delicate mechanisms that control gene expression. Under certain circumstances, gene regulatory programs may give rise to amplification cascades. Such transcriptional cascades are events in which activation of key-responsive transcription factors called master regulators trigger a series of gene expression events. The action of transcriptional master regulators is then important for the establishment of certain programs like cell development and differentiation. However, such cascades have also been related with the onset and maintenance of cancer phenotypes. Here we present a systematic implementation of a series of algorithms aimed at the inference of a gene regulatory network and analysis of transcriptional master regulators in the context of primary breast cancer cells. Such studies were performed in a highly curated database of 880 microarray gene expression experiments on biopsy-captured tissue corresponding to primary breast cancer and healthy controls. Biological function and biochemical pathway enrichment analyses were also performed to study the role that the processes controlled - at the transcriptional level - by such master regulators may have in relation to primary breast cancer. We found that transcription factors such as AGTR2, ZNF132, TFDP3 and others are master regulators in this gene regulatory network. Sets of genes controlled by these regulators are involved in processes that are well-known hallmarks of cancer. This kind of analyses may help to understand the most upstream events in the development of phenotypes, in particular, those regarding cancer biology.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND CHD is the leading cause of mortality due to birth defects. Array comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH) detects submicroscopic copy number changes and may improve identification of the genetic basis of CHD. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of 1252 patients from a regional referral centre who had undergone aCGH. Of the patients, 173 had CHD. A whole-genome custom-designed oligonucleotide array with >44,000 probes was used to detect copy number changes. RESULTS Of the 1252 patients, 335 (26.76%) had abnormal aCGH results. Of the 173 patients with CHD, 50 (28.9%) had abnormal aCGH results versus 284 (26.3%) of 1079 non-cardiac patients. There were six patients with CHD who had well-described syndromes such as Wolf-Hirschhorn, trisomy 13, DiGeorge, and Williams. Of the patients with CHD, those with left-sided heart disease had the highest proportion (14/31; 45.13%) of abnormal aCGH results, followed by those with conotruncal heart disease (10/29; 34.48%), endocardial cushion defects (13/50; 26%), complex/other heart disease (12/52; 23.08%), and patent ductus arteriosus (1/11; 9.09%). CONCLUSIONS Patients with CHD are at a substantial risk of having microdeletions and microduplications. The incidence of abnormalities on aCGH analysis is higher than identified with karyotype, and identification of copy number changes may help identify the genetic basis of the specific heart defects. However, aCGH may not have a significant diagnostic yield in those with isolated CHD. Further research using larger data sets may help identify candidate genes associated with CHD.
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35
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Winata CL, Kondrychyn I, Korzh V. Changing Faces of Transcriptional Regulation Reflected by Zic3. Curr Genomics 2015; 16:117-27. [PMID: 26085810 PMCID: PMC4467302 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666150205124519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of genomics in the study of developmental mechanisms has brought a trove of information
on gene datasets and regulation during development, where the Zic family of zinc-finger proteins
plays an important role. Genomic analysis of the modes of action of Zic3 in pluripotent cells demonstrated its
requirement for maintenance of stem cells pluripotency upon binding to the proximal regulatory regions
(promoters) of genes associated with cell pluripotency (Nanog, Sox2, Oct4, etc.) as well as cell cycle, proliferation, oncogenesis
and early embryogenesis. In contrast, during gastrulation and neurulation Zic3 acts by binding the distal regulatory
regions (enhancers, etc) associated with control of gene transcription in the Nodal and Wnt signaling pathways, including
genes that act to break body symmetry. This illustrates a general role of Zic3 as a transcriptional regulator that
acts not only alone, but in many instances in conjunction with other transcription factors. The latter is done by binding to
adjacent sites in the context of multi-transcription factor complexes associated with regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lanny Winata
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | - Vladimir Korzh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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36
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A systematic variant screening in familial cases of congenital heart defects demonstrates the usefulness of molecular genetics in this field. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:228-36. [PMID: 26014430 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of congenital heart defect (CHD) combines environmental and genetic factors. So far, there were studies reporting on the screening of a single gene on unselected CHD or on familial cases selected for specific CHD types. Our goal was to systematically screen a proband of familial cases of CHD on a set of genetic tests to evaluate the prevalence of disease-causing variant identification. A systematic screening of GATA4, NKX2-5, ZIC3 and Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) P311 Kit was setup on the proband of 154 families with at least two cases of non-syndromic CHD. Additionally, ELN screening was performed on families with supravalvular arterial stenosis. Twenty-two variants were found, but segregation analysis confirmed unambiguously the causality of 16 variants: GATA4 (1 ×), NKX2-5 (6 ×), ZIC3 (3 ×), MLPA (2 ×) and ELN (4 ×). Therefore, this approach was able to identify the causal variant in 10.4% of familial CHD cases. This study demonstrated the existence of a de novo variant even in familial CHD cases and the impact of CHD variants on adult cardiac condition even in the absence of CHD. This study showed that the systematic screening of genetic factors is useful in familial CHD cases with up to 10.4% elucidated cases. When successful, it drastically improved genetic counseling by discovering unaffected variant carriers who are at risk of transmitting their variant and are also exposed to develop cardiac complications during adulthood thus prompting long-term cardiac follow-up. This study provides an important baseline at dawning of the next-generation sequencing era.
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37
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Zhao CM, Peng LY, Li L, Liu XY, Wang J, Zhang XL, Yuan F, Li RG, Qiu XB, Yang YQ. PITX2 Loss-of-Function Mutation Contributes to Congenital Endocardial Cushion Defect and Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124409. [PMID: 25893250 PMCID: PMC4404345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD), the most common type of birth defect, is still the leading non-infectious cause of infant morbidity and mortality in humans. Aggregating evidence demonstrates that genetic defects are involved in the pathogenesis of CHD. However, CHD is genetically heterogeneous and the genetic components underpinning CHD in an overwhelming majority of patients remain unclear. In the present study, the coding exons and flanking introns of the PITX2 gene, which encodes a paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2essential for cardiovascular morphogenesis as well as maxillary facial development, was sequenced in 196 unrelated patients with CHD and subsequently in the mutation carrier's family members available. As a result, a novel heterozygous PITX2 mutation, p.Q102X for PITX2a, or p.Q148X for PITX2b, or p.Q155X for PITX2c, was identified in a family with endocardial cushion defect (ECD) and Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS). Genetic analysis of the pedigree showed that the nonsense mutation co-segregated with ECD and ARS transmitted in an autosomal dominant pattern with complete penetrance. The mutation was absent in 800 control chromosomes from an ethnically matched population. Functional analysis by using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system revealed that the mutant PITX2 had no transcriptional activity and that the mutation eliminated synergistic transcriptional activation between PITX2 and NKX2.5, another transcription factor pivotal for cardiogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the association of PITX2 loss-of-function mutation with increased susceptibility to ECD and ARS. The findings provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms underpinning ECD and ARS, suggesting the potential implications for the antenatal prophylaxis and personalized treatment of CHD and ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Mei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Division of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu-Ying Peng
- Division of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Division of Medical Genetics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Yuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Ling Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruo-Gu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Biao Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Wang J, Mao JH, Ding KK, Xu WJ, Liu XY, Qiu XB, Li RG, Qu XK, Xu YJ, Huang RT, Xue S, Yang YQ. A novel NKX2.6 mutation associated with congenital ventricular septal defect. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:646-56. [PMID: 25380965 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-014-1060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect and is the most prevalent non-infectious cause of infant death. Aggregating evidence demonstrates that genetic defects are involved in the pathogenesis of CHD. However, CHD is genetically heterogeneous and the genetic determinants for CHD in an overwhelming majority of patients remain unknown. In this study, the coding regions and splice junctions of the NKX2.6 gene, which encodes a homeodomain transcription factor crucial for cardiovascular development, were sequenced in 210 unrelated CHD patients. As a result, a novel heterozygous NKX2.6 mutation, p.K152Q, was identified in an index patient with ventricular septal defect (VSD). Genetic analysis of the proband's available family members showed that the mutation cosegregated with VSD transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait with complete penetrance. The missense mutation was absent in 400 control chromosomes and the altered amino acid was completely conserved evolutionarily across species. Due to unknown transcriptional targets of NKX2.6, the functional characteristics of the identified mutation at transcriptional activity were analyzed by using NKX2.5 as a surrogate. Alignment between human NKX2.6 and NKX2.5 proteins displayed that K152Q-mutant NKX2.6 was equivalent to K158Q-mutant NKX2.5, and introduction of K158Q into NKX2.5 significantly reduced its transcriptional activating function when compared with its wild-type counterpart. This study firstly links NKX2.6 loss-of-function mutation with increased susceptibility to isolated VSD, providing novel insight into the molecular mechanism underpinning VSD and contributing to the development of new preventive and therapeutic strategies for this common form of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China,
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Abstract
Humans and other vertebrates exhibit left-right (LR) asymmetric arrangement of the internal organs, and failure to establish normal LR asymmetry leads to internal laterality disorders, including situs inversus and heterotaxy. Situs inversus is complete mirror-imaged arrangement of the internal organs along LR axis, whereas heterotaxy is abnormal arrangement of the internal thoraco-abdominal organs across LR axis of the body, most of which are associated with complex cardiovascular malformations. Both disorders are genetically heterogeneous with reduced penetrance, presumably because of monogenic, polygenic or multifactorial causes. Research in genetics of LR asymmetry disorders has been extremely prolific over the past 17 years, and a series of loci and disease genes involved in situs inversus and heterotaxy have been described. The review highlights the classification, chromosomal abnormalities, pathogenic genes and the possible mechanism of human LR asymmetry disorders.
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PAN YUN, GENG RUI, ZHOU NING, ZHENG GUIFEN, ZHAO HONG, WANG JUAN, ZHAO CUIMEI, QIU XINGBIAO, YANG YIQING, LIU XINGYUAN. TBX20 loss-of-function mutation contributes to double outlet right ventricle. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1058-66. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Prevalence and spectrum of Nkx2.6 mutations in patients with congenital heart disease. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:579-86. [PMID: 25195019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common form of birth defect and is the most prevalent non-infectious cause of infant death. A growing body of evidence documents that genetic defects are involved in the pathogenesis of CHD. However, CHD is a genetically heterogeneous disease and the genetic basis underpinning CHD in an overwhelming majority of patients remain unclear. In this study, the coding exons and flanking introns of the Nkx2.6 gene, which codes for a homeodomain-containing transcription factor important for normal cardiovascular development, were sequenced in 320 unrelated patients with CHD, and two novel heterozygous Nkx2.6 mutations, p.V176M and p.K177X, were identified in two unrelated patients with CHD, respectively, including a patient with tetralogy of Fallot and a patient with double outlet of right ventricle and ventricular septal defect. The mutations were absent in 400 control chromosomes and the altered amino acids were completely conserved evolutionarily across species. Due to unknown transcriptional targets of Nkx2.6, the functional consequences of the identified mutations at transcriptional activity were evaluated by using Nkx2.5 as a surrogate. Alignment between human Nkx2.6 and Nkx2.5 proteins showed that V176M-mutant Nkx2.6 was equivalent to V182M-mutant Nkx2.5 and K177X-mutant Nkx2.6 was equal to K183X-mutant Nkx2.5, and introduction of V182M or K183X into Nkx2.5 significantly diminished its transcriptional activating function when compared with its wild-type counterpart. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the association of Nkx2.6 loss-of-function mutation with increased susceptibility to tetralogy of Fallot or double outlet of right ventricle and ventricular septal defect, providing novel insight into the molecular mechanism of CHD.
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He Q, He Q, Liu X, Wei Y, Shen S, Hu X, Li Q, Peng X, Wang L, Yu L. Genome-wide prediction of cancer driver genes based on SNP and cancer SNV data. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:394-410. [PMID: 25057442 PMCID: PMC4106657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying cancer driver genes and exploring their functions are essential and the most urgent need in basic cancer research. Developing efficient methods to differentiate between driver and passenger somatic mutations revealed from large-scale cancer genome sequencing data is critical to cancer driver gene discovery. Here, we compared distinct features of SNP with SNV data in detail and found that the weighted ratio of SNV to SNP (termed as WVPR) is an excellent indicator for cancer driver genes. The power of WVPR was validated by accurate predictions of known drivers. We ranked most of human genes by WVPR and did functional analyses on the list. The results demonstrate that driver genes are usually highly enriched in chromatin organization related genes/pathways. And some protein complexes, such as histone acetyltransferase, histone methyltransferase, telomerase, centrosome, sin3 and U12-type spliceosomal complexes, are hot spots of driver mutations. Furthermore, this study identified many new potential driver genes (e.g. NTRK3 and ZIC4) and pathways including oxidative phosphorylation pathway, which were not deemed by previous methods. Taken together, our study not only developed a method to identify cancer driver genes/pathways but also provided new insights into molecular mechanisms of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanze He
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University220 Handan Rd, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Quanyuan He
- Verna and Marrs Mclean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineOne Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
| | - Youheng Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University220 Handan Rd, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Suqin Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University220 Handan Rd, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University220 Handan Rd, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiao Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Genetics, Fudan University220 Handan Rd, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiangwen Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Genetics, Fudan University220 Handan Rd, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009, China
| | - Long Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University220 Handan Rd, Shanghai 200433, China
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Reutter H, Gurung N, Ludwig M. Evidence for annular pancreas as an associated anomaly in the VATER/VACTERL association and investigation of the gene encoding pancreas specific transcription factor 1A as a candidate gene. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1611-3. [PMID: 24668915 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Reutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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