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Sweeney A, Xavierselvan M, Langley A, Solomon P, Arora A, Mallidi S. Vascular regional analysis unveils differential responses to anti-angiogenic therapy in pancreatic xenografts through macroscopic photoacoustic imaging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.27.595784. [PMID: 38854042 PMCID: PMC11160648 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.27.595784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly lethal malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. Despite major innovations in imaging technologies, there are limited surrogate radiographic indicators to aid in therapy planning and monitoring. Amongst the various imaging techniques Ultrasound-guided photoacoustic imaging (US-PAI) is a promising modality based on endogenous blood (hemoglobin) and blood oxygen saturation (StO 2 ) contrast to monitor response to anti-angiogenic therapies. Adaptation of US-PAI to the clinical realm requires macroscopic configurations for adequate depth visualization, illuminating the need for surrogate radiographic markers, including the tumoral microvessel density (MVD). In this work, subcutaneous xenografts with PC cell lines AsPC-1 and MIA-PaCa-2 were used to investigate the effects of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (sunitinib) treatment on MVD and StO 2 . Through histological correlation, we have shown that regions of high and low vascular density (HVD and LVD) can be identified through frequency domain filtering of macroscopic PA images which could not be garnered from purely global analysis. We utilized vascular regional analysis (VRA) of treatment-induced StO 2 and total hemoglobin (HbT) changes. VRA as a tool to monitor treatment response allowed us to identify potential timepoints of vascular remodeling, highlighting its ability to provide insights into the TME not only for sunitinib treatment but also other anti-angiogenic therapies.
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Shinde A, Panchal K, Patra P, Singh S, Enakolla S, Paliwal R, Chaurasiya A. QbD Enabled Development and Evaluation of Pazopanib Loaded Nanoliposomes for PDAC Treatment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:97. [PMID: 38710894 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02806-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the highly fatal types of cancer with high mortality/incidence. Considering the crucial role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in PDAC progression, its inhibition can be a viable strategy for the treatment. Pazopanib, a second-generation VEGF inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of various oncological conditions. However, due to associated limitations like low oral bioavailability (14-39%), high inter/intra-subject variability, stability issues, etc., high doses (800 mg) are required, which further lead to non-specific toxicities and also contribute toward cancer resistance. Thus, to overcome these challenges, pazopanib-loaded PEGylated nanoliposomes were developed and evaluated against pancreatic cancer cell lines. The nanoliposomes were prepared by thin-film hydration method, followed by characterization and stability studies. This QbD-enabled process design successfully led to the development of a suitable pazopanib liposomal formulation with desirable properties. The % entrapment of PZP-loaded non-PEGylated and PEGylated nanoliposomes was found to be 75.2% and 84.9%, respectively, whereas their particle size was found to be 129.7 nm and 182.0 nm, respectively. The developed liposomal formulations exhibited a prolonged release and showed desirable physicochemical properties. Furthermore, these liposomal formulations were also assessed for in vitro cell lines, such as cell cytotoxicity assay and cell uptake. These studies confirm the effectiveness of developed liposomal formulations against pancreatic cancer cell lines. The outcomes of this work provide encouraging results and a way forward to thoroughly investigate its potential for PDAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Shinde
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, Pilani, India
| | - Kanan Panchal
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, Pilani, India
| | - Parameswar Patra
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, Pilani, India
| | - Sonali Singh
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, Pilani, India
| | - Sucharitha Enakolla
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, Pilani, India
| | - Rishi Paliwal
- Nanomedicine and Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India
| | - Akash Chaurasiya
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, Pilani, India.
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Shaib WL, Manali R, Liu Y, El-Rayes B, Loehrer P, O'Neil B, Cohen S, Khair T, Robin E, Huyck T, Bekaii-Saab T. Phase II randomised, double-blind study of mFOLFIRINOX plus ramucirumab versus mFOLFIRINOX plus placebo in advanced pancreatic cancer patients (HCRN GI14-198). Eur J Cancer 2023; 189:112847. [PMID: 37268519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-mediated signalling contributes to andgiogenesis and therapy resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Ramucirumab (RAM) is a VEGFR2 monoclonal antibody. We conducted a randomised phase II trial to compare progression-free survival (PFS) between mFOLFIRINOX with or without RAM in first line therapy of metastatic PDAC. METHODS This phase II randomised, multi-centre, placebo controlled, double-blinded, trial randomly assigned to recurrent/metastatic PDAC patients to either mFOLFIRINOX/RAM (Arm A) or mFOLFIRINOX/placebo (Arm B). The primary endpoint is PFS at 9 months, and the secondary endpoints include overall survival (OS), response rate and toxicity evaluation. RESULTS A total of 86 subjects enrolled, 82 eligible (42 in Arm A versus 40 in Arm B). The mean age was comparable (61.7 versus 63.0, respectively). Majority were White (N = 69) and males (N = 43). The median PFS was 5.6 compared to 6.7 months, for Arm A and B, respectively. At 9 months, the PFS rates were 25.1% and 35.0% for Arms A and B, respectively (p = 0.322). The median OS in Arm A was 10.3 compared to 9.7 months for Arm B (p = 0.094). The disease response rate for Arm A was 17.7% compared to Arm B of 22.6%. FOLFIRINOX/RAM combination was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS The addition of RAM to FOLFIRINOX did not significantly impact PFS or OS. The combination was well tolerated (Funded by Eli Lilly; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02581215).
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid L Shaib
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Rupji Manali
- Department of Biostatistics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel El-Rayes
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patrick Loehrer
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bert O'Neil
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Steven Cohen
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tina Khair
- Gettysburg Cancer Center, Pennsylvania Cancer Specialists, PA, USA
| | - Erwin Robin
- NorthShore University Health System-Metro Chicago, Evanston, IL, USA
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Manne A, Kasi A, Esnakula AK, Paluri RK. Predictive Value of MUC5AC Signature in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Hypothesis Based on Preclinical Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8087. [PMID: 37175794 PMCID: PMC10178741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) glycoprotein plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis and drug sensitivity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), both individually and in combination with other mucins. Its function and localization are glycoform-specific. The immature isoform (detected by the CLH2 monoclonal antibody, or mab) is usually in the perinuclear (cytoplasmic) region, while the mature (45 M1, 2-11, Nd2) variants are in apical and extracellular regions. There is preclinical evidence suggesting that mature MUC5AC has prognostic and predictive (response to treatment) value. However, these findings were not validated in clinical studies. We propose a MUC5AC signature with three components of MUC5AC-localization, variant composition, and intensity-suggesting a reliable marker in combination of variants than with individual MUC5AC variants alone. We also postulate a theory to explain the occurrence of different MUC5AC variants in abnormal pancreatic lesions (benign, precancerous, and cancerous). We also analyzed the effect of mature MUC5AC on sensitivity to drugs often used in PDAC management, such as gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, cisplatin, and paclitaxel. We found preliminary evidence of its predictive value, but there is a need for large-scale studies to validate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Manne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology at the Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anup Kasi
- Medical Oncology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 2330 Shawnee Mission Pkwy, Westwood, KS 66025, USA
| | - Ashwini Kumar Esnakula
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ravi Kumar Paluri
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 475 Vine St, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Falcomatà C, Bärthel S, Schneider G, Rad R, Schmidt-Supprian M, Saur D. Context-Specific Determinants of the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:278-297. [PMID: 36622087 PMCID: PMC9900325 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies have shown benefits across a range of human cancers, but not pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Recent evidence suggests that the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) constitutes an important roadblock to their efficacy. The landscape of the TME differs substantially across PDAC subtypes, indicating context-specific principles of immunosuppression. In this review, we discuss how PDAC cells, the local TME, and systemic host and environmental factors drive immunosuppression in context. We argue that unraveling the mechanistic drivers of the context-specific modes of immunosuppression will open new possibilities to target PDAC more efficiently by using multimodal (immuno)therapeutic interventions. SIGNIFICANCE Immunosuppression is an almost universal hallmark of pancreatic cancer, although this tumor entity is highly heterogeneous across its different subtypes and phenotypes. Here, we provide evidence that the diverse TME of pancreatic cancer is a central executor of various different context-dependent modes of immunosuppression, and discuss key challenges and novel opportunities to uncover, functionalize, and target the central drivers and functional nodes of immunosuppression for therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Falcomatà
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bärthel
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Corresponding Authors: Dieter Saur, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany. Phone: 49-89-4140-5255; Fax: 49-89-4140-7289; E-mail: ; and Chiara Falcomatà,
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6
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Hashimoto A, Handa H, Hata S, Hashimoto S. Orchestration of mesenchymal plasticity and immune evasiveness via rewiring of the metabolic program in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1005566. [PMID: 36408139 PMCID: PMC9669439 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1005566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most fatal cancer in humans, due to its difficulty of early detection and its high metastatic ability. The occurrence of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in preinvasive pancreatic lesions has been implicated in the early dissemination, drug resistance, and cancer stemness of PDAC. PDAC cells also have a reprogrammed metabolism, regulated by driver mutation-mediated pathways, a desmoplastic tumor microenvironment (TME), and interactions with stromal cells, including pancreatic stellate cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Such metabolic reprogramming and its functional metabolites lead to enhanced mesenchymal plasticity, and creates an acidic and immunosuppressive TME, resulting in the augmentation of protumor immunity via cancer-associated inflammation. In this review, we summarize our recent understanding of how PDAC cells acquire and augment mesenchymal features via metabolic and immunological changes during tumor progression, and how mesenchymal malignancies induce metabolic network rewiring and facilitate an immune evasive TME. In addition, we also present our recent findings on the interesting relevance of the small G protein ADP-ribosylation factor 6-based signaling pathway driven by KRAS/TP53 mutations, inflammatory amplification signals mediated by the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 and RNA-binding protein ARID5A on PDAC metabolic reprogramming and immune evasion, and finally discuss potential therapeutic strategies for the quasi-mesenchymal subtype of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ari Hashimoto, ; Shigeru Hashimoto,
| | - Haruka Handa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Hata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hashimoto
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ari Hashimoto, ; Shigeru Hashimoto,
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Raja Arul GL, Toruner MD, Gatenby RA, Carr RM. Ecoevolutionary biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology 2022; 22:730-740. [PMID: 35821188 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common histological subtype of pancreatic cancer, is an aggressive disease predicted to be the 2nd cause of cancer mortality in the US by 2040. While first-line therapy has improved, 5-year overall survival has only increased from 5 to ∼10%, and surgical resection is only available for ∼20% of patients as most present with advanced disease, which is invariably lethal. PDAC has well-established highly recurrent mutations in four driver genes including KRAS, TP53, CDKN2A, and SMAD4. Unfortunately, these genetic drivers are not currently therapeutically actionable. Despite extensive sequencing efforts, few additional significantly recurrent and druggable drivers have been identified. In the absence of targetable mutations, chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for most patients. Further, the role of the above driver mutations on PDAC initiation and early development is well-established. However, these mutations alone cannot account for PDAC heterogeneity nor discern early from advanced disease. Taken together, management of PDAC is an example highlighting the shortcomings of the current precision medicine paradigm. PDAC, like other malignancies, represents an ecoevolutionary process. Better understanding the disease through this lens can facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies to better control and cure PDAC. This review aims to integrate the current understanding of PDAC pathobiology into an ecoevolutionary framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Merih D Toruner
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert A Gatenby
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ryan M Carr
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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8
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Li W, Han S, Hu P, Chen D, Zeng Z, Hu Y, Xu F, Tang J, Wang F, Zhao Y, Huang M, Zhao G. LncRNA ZNFTR functions as an inhibitor in pancreatic cancer by modulating ATF3/ZNF24/VEGFA pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:830. [PMID: 34480024 PMCID: PMC8417266 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The majority of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been discovered to be overexpressed in pancreatic cancer (PC) and served as promoters in the tumorigenesis of PC, while the inhibitory functions of lncRNAs in the development of PC have not been fully elucidated yet. LncRNA microarray was adopted to analyze the differential expression of lncRNAs in PC tissues and that in normal peritumoral (NP) tissues. Functional role of lncRNA BM466146.1 on PC was evaluated by gain- and loss-of-function experiments in vivo and in vitro. RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter, and Chromatin-immunoprecipitation assays were performed to assess the mechanism of ZNFTR, respectively. The correlation between the expression of ZNFTR and various clinicopathological characteristics was accessed in PC specimens. This study displayed lncRNA BM466146.1 was downregulated in PC tissues and functioned as a suppressor through regulating the expression of adjacent gene Zinc finger protein 24 (ZNF24), which was assigned as ZNFTR. Mechanistically, ZNFTR interacted with activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and sequestered ATF3 away from the ZNF24 promoter, which consequently increased the expression of ZNF24. Further, ZNF24 inhibited the proliferative, metastatic, and pro-angiogenic abilities of PC cells by suppressing transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Therefore, the downregulation of ZNFTR in PC led to the decreased expression of ZNF24, which further resulted in the upregulation of VEGFA to facilitate the development of PC. Meanwhile, ZNFTR was transcriptionally inhibited by the HIF-1α/HDAC1 complex-mediated deacetylation. Clinical results further demonstrated that the low expression of ZNFTR was associated with poor overall survival time. Taken together, our results implicated that ZNFTR was a hypoxia-responsive lncRNA, and functioned as an inhibitor by modulating ATF3/ZNF24/VEGFA pathway in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shengbo Han
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ding Chen
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuhang Hu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Fengyu Xu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiang Tang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Mengqi Huang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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9
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Khamis T, Abdelalim AF, Saeed AA, Edress NM, Nafea A, Ebian HF, Algendy R, Hendawy DM, Arisha AH, Abdallah SH. Breast milk MSCs upregulated β-cells PDX1, Ngn3, and PCNA expression via remodeling ER stress /inflammatory /apoptotic signaling pathways in type 1 diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 905:174188. [PMID: 34004210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the autoimmune diseases characterized by beta-cell dysfunction with serious health complications. Br-MSCs represent a novel valid candidate in regenerative medicine disciplines. Yet, the full potential of Br-MSCs in managing type 1 diabetes remains elusive. Indeed, this study was designed to explore a novel approach investigating the possible regenerative capacity of Br-MSCs in type1 diabetic islet on the level of the cellular mRNA expression of different molecular pathways involved in pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. Sixty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups (20 rats each); the control group, type1 diabetic group, and the type 1 diabetic Br-MSCs treated group. And, for the first time, our results revealed that intraperitoneally transplanted Br-MSCs homed to the diabetic islet and improved fasting blood glucose, serum insulin level, pancreatic oxidative stress, upregulated pancreatic mRNA expression for: regenerative markers (Pdx1, Ngn3, PCNA), INS, beta-cell receptors (IRS1, IRβ, PPARγ), pancreatic growth factors (IGF-1, VEGFβ1, FGFβ), anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL10) and anti-apoptotic marker (BCL2) too, Br-MSCs downregulated pancreatic mRNA expression for: inflammatory markers (NFKβ, TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL8, MCP1), apoptotic markers for both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways (FAS, FAS-L, P53, P38, BAX, Caspase3), ER stress markers (ATF6, ATF3, ATF4, BIP, CHOP, JNK, XBP1) and autophagy inhibitor (mTOR). In conclusion, Br-MSCs could be considered as a new insight in beta cell regenerative therapy improving the deteriorated diabetic islet microenvironment via modulating; ER stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic signaling pathways besides, switching on the cellular quality control system (autophagy) thus enhancing beta-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Abdelalim F Abdelalim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Saeed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nagah M Edress
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Alaa Nafea
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Huda F Ebian
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reem Algendy
- Department of Milk Hygiene, Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Hendawy
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hamed Arisha
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Somia Hassan Abdallah
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
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10
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da Silva Filho AF, Tavares LB, Pitta MGR, Beltrão EIC, Rêgo MJBM. Galectin-3 is modulated in pancreatic cancer cells under hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. Biol Chem 2021; 401:1153-1165. [PMID: 32755098 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive tumors with a microenvironment marked by hypoxia and starvation. Galectin-3 has been evaluated in solid tumors and seems to present both pro/anti-tumor effects. So, this study aims to characterize the expression of Galectin-3 from pancreatic tumor cells and analyze its influence for cell survive and motility in mimetic microenvironment. For this, cell cycle and cell death were accessed through flow cytometry. Characterization of inside and outside Galectin-3 was performed through Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence, Western blot, and ELISA. Consequences of Galectin-3 extracellular inhibition were investigated using cell death and scratch assays. PANC-1 showed increased Galectin-3 mRNA expression when cultivated in hypoxia for 24 and 48 h. After 24 h in simultaneously hypoxic/deprived incubation, PANC-1 shows increased Galectin-3 protein and secreted levels. For Mia PaCa-2, cultivation in deprivation was determinant for the increasing in Galectin-3 mRNA expression. When cultivated in simultaneously hypoxic/deprived condition, Mia PaCa-2 also presented increasing for the Galectin-3 secreted levels. Treatment of PANC-1 cells with lactose increased the death rate when cells were incubated simultaneously hypoxic/deprived condition. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the microenvironmental conditions modulate the Galectin-3 expression on the transcriptional and translational levels for pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio F da Silva Filho
- Immunomodulation and New Therapy Approach Laboratory (LINAT), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.,Therapeutic Innovation Research Center- Suelly Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Biochemistry Departament, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Lucas B Tavares
- Immunomodulation and New Therapy Approach Laboratory (LINAT), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.,Therapeutic Innovation Research Center- Suelly Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Biochemistry Departament, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Maira G R Pitta
- Immunomodulation and New Therapy Approach Laboratory (LINAT), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.,Therapeutic Innovation Research Center- Suelly Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Biochemistry Departament, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Eduardo I C Beltrão
- Laboratory of Biomarkers in Cancer (BmC), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Moacyr J B M Rêgo
- Immunomodulation and New Therapy Approach Laboratory (LINAT), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.,Therapeutic Innovation Research Center- Suelly Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Biochemistry Departament, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
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11
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Xelwa N, Candy GP, Devar J, Omoshoro-Jones J, Smith M, Nweke EE. Targeting Growth Factor Signaling Pathways in Pancreatic Cancer: Towards Inhibiting Chemoresistance. Front Oncol 2021; 11:683788. [PMID: 34195085 PMCID: PMC8236623 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.683788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly cancers, ranking amongst the top leading cause of cancer related deaths in developed countries. Features such as dense stroma microenvironment, abnormal signaling pathways, and genetic heterogeneity of the tumors contribute to its chemoresistant characteristics. Amongst these features, growth factors have been observed to play crucial roles in cancer cell survival, progression, and chemoresistance. Here we review the role of the individual growth factors in pancreatic cancer chemoresistance. Importantly, the interplay between the tumor microenvironment and chemoresistance is explored in the context of pivotal role played by growth factors. We further describe current and future potential therapeutic targeting of these factors.
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12
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da Silva Filho AF, de Sousa LM, Consonni SR, da Rocha Pitta MG, Carvalho HF, de Melo Rêgo MJB. Galectin-3 Expression in Pancreatic Cell Lines Under Distinct Autophagy-Inducing Stimulus. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:1187-1197. [PMID: 33107424 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620024526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia and nutrient deprivation are responsible for inducing malignant behavior in neoplastic cells. In these conditions, metabolic stress leads the cells to enhance their autophagic flux and to activate key molecules for homeostasis maintenance. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is upregulated in pancreatic cancer and it is activated under the hypoxic atmosphere. We aimed to analyze the most effective autophagic-inducing conditions in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells and the effect exerted under these conditions in association with hypoxia on the Gal-3 expression. Gal-3 and the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 beta (LC3) were accessed through western blot and immunofluorescence. Degradative vacuole quantification was analyzed by transmission electronic microscopy, and inhibition of Gal-3 was performed using siRNA. According to the analyses, the most effective conditions in the inducement of autophagy for PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells were nutritional deprivation and complete amino acid/glucose deprivation, respectively. PANC-1 cells presented higher Gal-3 when they were submitted to 24 h of nutritional deprivation alone and simultaneously nutritional and oxygen deprivation. Inhibition of Gal-3 causes a decrease of LC3 levels in all experimental conditions. These results confirm that Gal-3 is modulated by microenvironment factors and the possibility of Gal-3 participating in an adaptive response from PDAC cells to extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Felix da Silva Filho
- Immunomodulation and New Therapy Approaches Laboratory (LINAT), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco50670-901, Brazil
| | - Lizandra Maia de Sousa
- Laboratory of Cytochemistry and Immunocytochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo13083-970, Brazil
| | - Silvio Roberto Consonni
- Laboratory of Cytochemistry and Immunocytochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo13083-970, Brazil
| | - Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta
- Immunomodulation and New Therapy Approaches Laboratory (LINAT), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco50670-901, Brazil
| | - Hernandes Faustino Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo13083-970, Brazil
| | - Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo Rêgo
- Immunomodulation and New Therapy Approaches Laboratory (LINAT), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco50670-901, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas (LINAT), Therapeutic Innovation Research Center- Suelly Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco50670-901, Brazil
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13
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Hosein AN, Brekken RA, Maitra A. Pancreatic cancer stroma: an update on therapeutic targeting strategies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:487-505. [PMID: 32393771 PMCID: PMC8284850 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the Western world with limited therapeutic options and dismal long-term survival. The neoplastic epithelium exists within a dense stroma, which is recognized as a critical mediator of disease progression through direct effects on cancer cells and indirect effects on the tumour immune microenvironment. The three dominant entities in the PDAC stroma are extracellular matrix (ECM), vasculature and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The ECM can function as a barrier to effective drug delivery to PDAC cancer cells, and a multitude of strategies to target the ECM have been attempted in the past decade. The tumour vasculature is a complex system and, although multiple anti-angiogenesis agents have already failed late-stage clinical trials in PDAC, other vasculature-targeting approaches aimed at vessel normalization and tumour immunosensitization have shown promise in preclinical models. Lastly, PDAC CAFs participate in active cross-talk with cancer cells within the tumour microenvironment. The existence of intratumoural CAF heterogeneity represents a paradigm shift in PDAC CAF biology, with myofibroblastic and inflammatory CAF subtypes that likely make distinct contributions to PDAC progression. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of the three principal constituents of PDAC stroma, their effect on the prevalent immune landscape and promising therapeutic targets within this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel N Hosein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Sheikh Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Sheikh Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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14
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He M, Martin M, Marin T, Chen Z, Gongol B. Endothelial mechanobiology. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:010904. [PMID: 32095737 PMCID: PMC7032971 DOI: 10.1063/1.5129563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lining the luminal surface of the vasculature, endothelial cells (ECs) are in direct
contact with and differentially respond to hemodynamic forces depending on their anatomic
location. Pulsatile shear stress (PS) is defined by laminar flow and is predominantly
located in straight vascular regions, while disturbed or oscillatory shear stress (OS) is
localized to branch points and bifurcations. Such flow patterns have become a central
focus of vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, because the focal distribution of
endothelial dysfunction corresponds to regions exposed to OS, whereas endothelial
homeostasis is maintained in regions defined by PS. Deciphering the mechanotransduction
events that occur in ECs in response to differential flow patterns has required the
innovation of multidisciplinary approaches in both in vitro and
in vivo systems. The results from these studies have identified a
multitude of shear stress-regulated molecular networks in the endothelium that are
implicated in health and disease. This review outlines the significance of scientific
findings generated in collaboration with Dr. Shu Chien.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming He
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Marcy Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Traci Marin
- Department of Health Sciences, Victor Valley College, Victorville, California 92395, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, California 91010, USA
| | - Brendan Gongol
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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15
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Zhang Z, Ji S, Zhang B, Liu J, Qin Y, Xu J, Yu X. Role of angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer biology and therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1135-1140. [PMID: 30372814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a poor prognosis, and there is a close parallel between disease mortality and incidence. Malignancy is often diagnosed at an advanced stage due to the lack of early symptoms. For the majority of advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer patients, therapeutic options are limited. Although several new chemotherapeutic regimens have been developed, the overall response rate remains low. Invasive tumour growth and distant metastasis require angiogenesis, a hallmark of cancer, and angiogenic inhibition is a valuable option for cancer therapy. Some anti-angiogenic drugs have been developed for cancer treatment. This review will focus on the role of angiogenesis and anti-angiogenic treatment strategies as well as combination therapy in pancreatic cancer. Translational information from recent molecular biology and animal studies is also summarized. Finally, the dosing schedule for bevacizumab with other chemotherapeutic protocols for pancreatic cancer treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Wu J, Wang J, Su Q, Ding W, Li T, Yu J, Cao B. Traditional Chinese medicine Astragalus polysaccharide enhanced antitumor effects of the angiogenesis inhibitor apatinib in pancreatic cancer cells on proliferation, invasiveness, and apoptosis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2685-2698. [PMID: 29785118 PMCID: PMC5953274 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s157129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy have shown modest effects on the survival of patients with pancreatic cancer. The current study aimed to investigate the antitumor effects of apatinib, Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), and the combination of both the drugs in pancreatic cancer cells and further explore the molecular mechanisms in vitro. Materials and methods Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) in human pancreatic cancer cell lines ASPC-1, PANC-1, and SW1990 was detected by Western blotting. Cell proliferation was measured by MTS, and migration and invasion were detected by wound-healing and Transwell assays, respectively. Cell apoptosis rate was determined by flow cytometry and cellular autophagy level affected by apatinib, and APS was analyzed by Western blotting. Results Human pancreatic cancer cell lines ASPC-1 and PANC-1 expressed VEGFR-2, but VEGFR-2 was not detected in SW1990. Either apatinib or APS inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner in ASPC-1 and PANC-1. APS in combination with apatinib showed enhanced inhibitory effects on cell migration and invasion compared with apatinib monotherapy in ASPC-1 and PANC-1. Meanwhile, APS combined with apatinib strongly increased cell apoptosis percentage. Western blotting showed that the combination of APS and apatinib significantly enhanced the downregulation of phosphorylated protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) (p-AKT and p-ERK) as well as matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) expression. In addition, both apatinib and APS induced cellular autophagy. However, the expression of autophagy-related proteins was not further elevated in the combination group. Conclusion The study first demonstrated that apatinib showed potentially inhibitory effects in pancreatic cancer cells and that APS enhanced the antitumor effects of apatinib through further downregulating the expression of phosphorylation of AKT and ERK as well as MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Su
- Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Li
- Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junxian Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bangwei Cao
- Cancer Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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17
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Murthy D, Attri KS, Singh PK. Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Progression, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutics. Front Physiol 2018; 9:335. [PMID: 29670543 PMCID: PMC5893816 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy characterized by its sudden manifestation, rapid progression, poor prognosis, and limited therapeutic options. Genetic alterations in key signaling pathways found in early pancreatic lesions are pivotal for the development and progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplastic lesions into invasive carcinomas. More than 90% of PDAC tumors harbor driver mutations in K-Ras that activate various downstream effector-signaling pathways, including the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. The PI3K pathway also responds to stimuli from various growth factor receptors present on the cancer cell surface that, in turn, modulate downstream signaling cascades. Thus, the inositide signaling acts as a central node in the complex cellular signaling networks to impact cancer cell growth, motility, metabolism, and survival. Also, recent publications highlight the importance of PI3K signaling in stromal cells, whereby PI3K signaling modifies the tumor microenvironment to dictate disease outcome. The high incidence of mutations in the PI3K signaling cascade, accompanied by activation of parallel signaling pathways, makes PI3K a promising candidate for drug therapy. In this review, we describe the role of PI3K signaling in pancreatic cancer development and progression. We also discuss the crosstalk between PI3K and other major cellular signaling cascades, and potential therapeutic opportunities for targeting pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Murthy
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kuldeep S Attri
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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18
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Grasso C, Jansen G, Giovannetti E. Drug resistance in pancreatic cancer: Impact of altered energy metabolism. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 114:139-152. [PMID: 28477742 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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19
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Preclinical Rationale for the Phase III Trials in Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: Is Wishful Thinking Clouding Successful Drug Development for Pancreatic Cancer? Pancreas 2017; 46:143-150. [PMID: 28085753 PMCID: PMC5242389 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prior phase III trials in advanced pancreatic cancer have been predominantly unsuccessful. In this review, we attempt to understand how past preclinical data were translated into phase III clinical trials in metastatic pancreatic cancer as described in the article. A systematic literature review conducted through the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, from January 1997 to June 2015 using key words-phase III clinical trials, metastatic/advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma or pancreatic cancer identified 30 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met criteria. The trials were limited to RCTs in the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. The success rate of first-line phase III studies in advanced pancreatic cancer was only 13%. In 60% of the RCTs, no preclinical experiments were referenced in biologically cognate pancreatic models. Nine (30%) of the RCTs were designed based on preclinical evidence from in vitro cell lines alone without additional in vivo validation in xenograft models. It remains uncertain how strongly the preclinical data influence the development of clinical regimens but so far the studies developed based on more solid preclinical evidence have been successful.
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Abstract
Pancreatic diseases, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and diabetes mellitus, taken together, occur in >10% of the world population. Pancreatic diseases, as with other diseases, benefit from early intervention and appropriate diagnosis. Although imaging technologies have given clinicians an unprecedented toolbox to aid in clinical decision-making, advances in these technologies and development of molecular-based diagnostic tools could enable physicians to identify diseases at an even earlier stage and, thereby, improve patient outcomes. In this Review, we discuss and identify gaps in the use of imaging techniques for the early detection and appropriate treatment stratification of various pancreatic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, acute and chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Imaging techniques discussed are MRI, CT, PET and ultrasonography. Additionally, the identification of new molecular targets for imaging and the development of contrast agents that are able to give molecular information in noninvasive radionuclear imaging and ultrasonography are emerging areas of innovation that could lead to increased diagnostic accuracy and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Dimastromatteo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road, Building MR5, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Teresa Brentnall
- Division of Gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Center, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kimberly A Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road, Building MR5, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
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21
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Longo V, Brunetti O, Gnoni A, Cascinu S, Gasparini G, Lorusso V, Ribatti D, Silvestris N. Angiogenesis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A controversial issue. Oncotarget 2016; 7:58649-58658. [PMID: 27462915 PMCID: PMC5295459 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) occurs in the majority of cases with early loco-regional spread and distant metastases at diagnosis, leading to dismal prognosis with a 5-year overall survival rate moderately over than 5%. This malignancy is largely resistant to chemotherapy and radiation, but the reasons of the refractoriness to the therapies is still unknown. Evidence is accumulating to indicate that the PDAC microenvironment and vascularity strongly contribute to the clinical features of this disease. In particular, PDAC is characterized by excessive dense extracellular matrix deposition associated to vasculature collapse and hypoxia with low drug delivery, explaining at least partly the low efficacy of antiangiogenic drugs in this cancer. Strategies aimed to modulate tumor stroma favoring vasculature perfusion and chemotherapeutics delivery are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Longo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital of Taranto, Taranto, Italy
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Gnoni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital "Vito Fazi" of Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | | | | | - Vito Lorusso
- Medical Oncology Unit, Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.,National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
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22
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Huang W, Li N, Hu J, Wang L. Inhibitory effect of RNA-mediated knockdown of zinc finger protein 91 pseudogene on pancreatic cancer cell growth and invasion. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1343-1348. [PMID: 27446435 PMCID: PMC4950789 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, human pancreatic cancer is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to have a crucial role in cancer occurrence and progression; however, the role of pseudogene-expressed lncRNAs, a major type of lncRNA, have not been thoroughly analyzed in cancer. Therefore, the present study focused on zinc finger protein 91 pseudogene (ZFP91-P). ZFP91-P expression was initially detected in two pancreatic cancer cell lines by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and the highest expression of ZFP91-P was found in the BXPC-3-H cell line. Subsequently, BXPC-3-H cells were transfected with ZFP91-P short hairpin RNA (shRNA) using a plasmid vector and termed shZFP91-P. Cells transfected with negative control plasmid vector were termed shCon. MTT and Transwell assays were performed to analyze the proliferation and migration of BXPC-3-H cells, respectively, and western blotting was used to detect epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers, including vimentin and β-catenin. The present study showed that depletion of ZFP91-P markedly decreased pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and inhibited cell migration capacity. In addition, the expression of β-catenin increased while vimentin expression decreased. The current findings suggest that high expression of ZFP91-P promotes the migration of BXPC-3-H cells and may be a novel marker for early diagnosis for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200085, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200085, P.R. China
| | - Jiong Hu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200085, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200085, P.R. China
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23
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Basal metabolic state governs AIF-dependent growth support in pancreatic cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:286. [PMID: 27108222 PMCID: PMC4841948 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), named for its involvement in cell death pathways, is a mitochondrial protein that regulates metabolic homeostasis. In addition to supporting the survival of healthy cells, AIF also plays a contributory role to the development of cancer through its enzymatic activity, and we have previously shown that AIF preferentially supports advanced-stage prostate cancer cells. Here we further evaluated the role of AIF in tumorigenesis by exploring its function in pancreatic cancer, a disease setting that most often presents at an advanced stage by the time of diagnosis. Methods A bioinformatics approach was first employed to investigate AIF mRNA transcript levels in pancreatic tumor specimens vs. normal tissues. AIF-deficient pancreatic cancer cell lines were then established via lentiviral infection. Immunoblot analysis was used to determine relative protein quantities within cells. Cell viability was measured by flow cytometry; in vitro and Matrigel™ growth/survival using Coulter™ counting and phase contrast microscopy; and glucose consumption in the absence and presence of Matrigel™ using spectrophotometric methods. Results Archival gene expression data revealed a modest elevation of AIF transcript levels in subsets of pancreatic tumor specimens, suggesting a possible role in disease progression. AIF expression was then suppressed in a panel of five pancreatic cancer cell lines that display diverse metabolic phenotypes. AIF ablation selectively crippled the growth of cells in vitro in a manner that directly correlated with the loss of mitochondrial respiratory chain subunits and altered glucose metabolism, and these effects were exacerbated in the presence of Matrigel™ substrate. This suggests a critical metabolic role for AIF to pancreatic tumorigenesis, while the spectrum of sensitivities to AIF ablation depends on basal cellular metabolic phenotypes. Conclusions Altogether these data indicate that AIF supports the growth and survival of metabolically defined pancreatic cancer cells and that this metabolic function may derive from a novel mechanism so far undocumented in other cancer types.
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Abstract
The development of novel molecular cancer imaging agents has considerably advanced in recent years. Numerous cancer imaging agents have demonstrated remarkable potential for aiding the diagnosis, staging, and treatment planning at the preclinical stage, which in turn has led to a number of agents being approved for human trials. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is currently the most deadly common carcinoma with an overall 5-year survival rate of about 6%. As detection technologies progress, the need for molecular imaging tools that will allow the diagnosis at an early stage will be crucial to improving patient outcomes. In this review, we will highlight agents that illuminate various cell populations that comprise the tumor: epithelial, endothelial, and stromal tumor cells.
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Overview of pre-clinical and clinical studies targeting angiogenesis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2015; 381:201-10. [PMID: 26723874 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The importance of angiogenesis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and its therapeutic potential have been explored in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. Human PDACs overexpress a number of angiogenic factors and their cognate high-affinity receptors, and anti-angiogenic agents reduce tumor volume, metastasis, and microvessel density (MVD), and improve survival in subcutaneous and orthotopic pre-clinical models. Nonetheless, clinical trials using anti-angiogenic therapy have been overwhelmingly unsuccessful. This review will focus on these pre-clinical and clinical studies, the potential reasons for failure in the clinical setting, and ways these shortcomings could be addressed in future investigations of angiogenic mechanisms in PDAC.
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Fahmy K, Gonzalez A, Arafa M, Peixoto P, Bellahcène A, Turtoi A, Delvenne P, Thiry M, Castronovo V, Peulen O. Myoferlin plays a key role in VEGFA secretion and impacts tumor-associated angiogenesis in human pancreas cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:652-63. [PMID: 26311411 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most deadly forms of cancers with no satisfactory treatment to date. Recent studies have identified myoferlin, a ferlin family member, in human pancreas adenocarcinoma where its expression was associated to a bad prognosis. However, the function of myoferlin in pancreas adenocarcinoma has not been reported. In other cell types, myoferlin is involved in several key plasma membrane processes such as fusion, repair, endocytosis and tyrosine kinase receptor activity. In this study, we showed that myoferlin silencing in BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cells resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation in vitro and in a significant reduction of the tumor volume in chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. In addition to be smaller, the tumors formed by the myoferlin-silenced cells showed a marked absence of functional blood vessels. We further demonstrated that this effect was due, at least in part, to an inhibition of VEGFA secretion by BxPC-3 myoferlin-silenced cells. Using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, we linked the decreased VEGFA secretion to an impairment of VEGFA exocytosis. The clinical relevance of our results was further strengthened by a significant correlation between myoferlin expression in a series of human pancreatic malignant lesions and their angiogenic status evaluated by the determination of the blood vessel density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Fahmy
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Gonzalez
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Arafa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Paul Peixoto
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Akeila Bellahcène
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marc Thiry
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, GIGA-R, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Vincent Castronovo
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Olivier Peulen
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Yamaue H, Tsunoda T, Tani M, Miyazawa M, Yamao K, Mizuno N, Okusaka T, Ueno H, Boku N, Fukutomi A, Ishii H, Ohkawa S, Furukawa M, Maguchi H, Ikeda M, Togashi Y, Nishio K, Ohashi Y. Randomized phase II/III clinical trial of elpamotide for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: PEGASUS-PC Study. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:883-90. [PMID: 25867139 PMCID: PMC4520640 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a key drug for the treatment of pancreatic cancer; however, with its limitation in clinical benefits, the development of another potent therapeutic is necessary. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 is an essential target for tumor angiogenesis, and we have conducted a phase I clinical trial using gemcitabine and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 peptide (elpamotide). Based on the promising results of this phase I trial, a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase II/III clinical trial has been carried out for pancreatic cancer. The eligibility criteria included locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer. Patients were assigned to either the Active group (elpamotide + gemcitabine) or Placebo group (placebo + gemcitabine) in a 2:1 ratio by the dynamic allocation method. The primary endpoint was overall survival. The Harrington–Fleming test was applied to the statistical analysis in this study to evaluate the time-lagged effect of immunotherapy appropriately. A total of 153 patients (Active group, n = 100; Placebo group, n = 53) were included in the analysis. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in the prolongation of overall survival (Harrington–Fleming P-value, 0.918; log–rank P-value, 0.897; hazard ratio, 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.486–1.557). Median survival time was 8.36 months (95% CI, 7.46–10.18) for the Active group and 8.54 months (95% CI, 7.33–10.84) for the Placebo group. The toxicity observed in both groups was manageable. Combination therapy of elpamotide with gemcitabine was well tolerated. Despite the lack of benefit in overall survival, subgroup analysis suggested that the patients who experienced severe injection site reaction, such as ulceration and erosion, might have better survival. Phase II/III trial of elpamotide was performed to evaluate the clinical effect for advanced pancreatic cancer. Despite the lack of benefit in OS, sub-group analysis suggested that the patients with severe ISR might have better survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamaue
- Second Department of Surgery Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsunoda
- Second Department of Surgery Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masaji Tani
- Second Department of Surgery Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Motoki Miyazawa
- Second Department of Surgery Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamao
- Department of Gastroenterology Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Mizuno
- Department of Gastroenterology Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuji Okusaka
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology Division National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology Division National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narikazu Boku
- Department of Gastroenterology Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Fukutomi
- Department of Gastroenterology Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Division Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ohkawa
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical Oncology Division Kanagawa Cancer Center Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Furukawa
- Department of Gastroenterology National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Maguchi
- Center for Gastroenterology Teine-Keijinkai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ikeda
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Togashi
- Dept Genome Biology Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nishio
- Dept Genome Biology Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ohashi
- Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustainable society Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Gore J, Craven KE, Wilson JL, Cote GA, Cheng M, Nguyen HV, Cramer HM, Sherman S, Korc M. TCGA data and patient-derived orthotopic xenografts highlight pancreatic cancer-associated angiogenesis. Oncotarget 2015; 6:7504-21. [PMID: 25762644 PMCID: PMC4480696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) overexpress pro-angiogenic factors but are not viewed as vascular. Using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas we demonstrate that a subset of PDACs exhibits a strong pro-angiogenic signature that includes 37 genes, such as HDAC9, that are overexpressed in PDAC arising in KRC mice, which express mutated Kras and lack RB. Moreover, patient-derived orthotopic xenografts can exhibit tumor angiogenesis, whereas conditioned media (CM) from KRC-derived pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) enhance endothelial cell (EC) growth and migration, and activate canonical TGF-β signaling and STAT3. Inhibition of the type I TGF-β receptor with SB505124 does not alter endothelial activation in vitro, but decreases pro-angiogenic gene expression and suppresses angiogenesis in vivo. Conversely, STAT3 silencing or JAK1-2 inhibition with ruxolitinib blocks CM-enhanced EC proliferation. STAT3 disruption also suppresses endothelial HDAC9 and blocks CM-induced HDAC9 expression, whereas HDAC9 re-expression restores CM-enhanced endothelial proliferation. Moreover, ruxolitinib blocks mitogenic EC/PCC cross-talk, and suppresses endothelial p-STAT3 and HDAC9, and PDAC progression and angiogenesis in vivo, while markedly prolonging survival of KRC mice. Thus, targeting JAK1-2 with ruxolitinib blocks a final pathway that is common to multiple pro-angiogenic factors, suppresses EC-mediated PCC proliferation, and may be useful in PDACs with a strong pro-angiogenic signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Gore
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kelly E. Craven
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Julie L. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gregory A. Cote
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Monica Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hai V. Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Harvey M. Cramer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Stuart Sherman
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Murray Korc
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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The RON receptor tyrosine kinase in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and its potential implications for future targeted therapies. Pancreas 2014; 43:183-9. [PMID: 24518495 PMCID: PMC4009395 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains a devastating disease with a mortality rate that has not changed substantially in decades. Novel therapies are therefore desperately needed. The RON receptor tyrosine kinase has been identified as an important mediator of KRAS oncogene addiction and is overexpressed in the majority of pancreatic cancers. Preclinical studies show that inhibition of RON function decreases pancreatic cancer cell migration, invasion, and survival and can sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to chemotherapy. This article reviews the current state of knowledge regarding RON biology and pancreatic cancer and discusses its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Resistance to gemcitabine is one of the main causes of treatment failure in pancreatic cancer. Compelling evidences have shown the involvement of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation in such phenomenon. The protease inhibitor gabexate mesilate has been shown to inhibit NF-κB. We here investigated if combined treatment with this drug could improve gemcitabine antitumoral efficacy in pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS The effect of gabexate mesilate and gemcitabine, both used at concentrations achievable in human plasma, was assessed on in vitro pancreatic cancer cell growth, invasion, and tumor angiogenesis. The molecular mechanism at the basis of these effects was also investigated. RESULTS Gabexate mesilate significantly increased gemcitabine anti-invasive and antiangiogenic efficacy. This effect was related to inhibition of gemcitabine-induced NF-κB activation by gabexate mesilate, which prevented RelA/p65 nuclear translocation and resulted in metalloproteinase 2, metalloproteinase 9, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin 8 down-regulation. Combined treatment with gabexate mesilate also inhibited gemcitabine-induced extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 and AKT activation by increased expression of Raf kinase inhibitor protein and phosphatase and tensin homolog. CONCLUSIONS Combined treatment with gabexate mesilate sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine by inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. The efficacy of this therapeutic strategy in pancreatic cancer patients remains to be established and deserves future clinical investigation.
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Martin LK, Li X, Kleiber B, Ellison EC, Bloomston M, Zalupski M, Bekaii-Saab TS. VEGF remains an interesting target in advanced pancreas cancer (APCA): results of a multi-institutional phase II study of bevacizumab, gemcitabine, and infusional 5-fluorouracil in patients with APCA. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2812-2820. [PMID: 22767582 PMCID: PMC3841413 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the safety and efficacy of bevacizumab combined with gemcitabine followed by infusional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in patients with advanced pancreas cancer (APCA). DESIGN Patients with untreated APCA received bevacizumab 10 mg/kg, gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2) over 100 min, and 5-FU 2400 mg/m(2) over 48 h on days 1 and 15 of each 28-day cycle. The primary end point was the proportion of patients with progression-free survival (PFS) at 6 months from initiation of therapy. If PFS at 6 months was ≥41%, the regimen would be considered promising. RESULTS Forty-two patients were enrolled in the study; of which, 39 were evaluable for primary end point. PFS at 6 months was 49% (95% CI 34% to 64%). Median PFS was 5.9 months (95% CI 3.5 to 8.1) and median overall survival (OS) was 7.4 months (95% CI 4.7 to 11.2). Partial response and stable disease occurred in 30% and 45% of patients, respectively. Treatment-related hypertension and normal baseline albumin correlated with an improved response rate, PFS and OS. Grade 3 to 4 toxicities included fatigue (14%), hypertension (5%), and venous thrombosis (5%). CONCLUSIONS The study met its primary end point. Further investigation of anti-VEGF therapy in combination with fluoropyrimidine-based therapy is warranted in APCA. Treatment-related hypertension and normal baseline albumin may predict for the efficacy of bevacizumab and should be investigated in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Martin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus
| | - X Li
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - B Kleiber
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - E C Ellison
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus
| | - M Bloomston
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus
| | - M Zalupski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - T S Bekaii-Saab
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus.
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Evaluation of poly-mechanistic antiangiogenic combinations to enhance cytotoxic therapy response in pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38477. [PMID: 22723862 PMCID: PMC3377661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine (Gem) has limited clinical benefits in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The present study investigated combinations of gemcitabine with antiangiogenic agents of various mechanisms for PDAC, including bevacizumab (Bev), sunitinib (Su) and EMAP II. Cell proliferation and protein expression were analyzed by WST-1 assay and Western blotting. In vivo experiments were performed via murine xenografts. Inhibition of in vitro proliferation of AsPC-1 PDAC cells by gemcitabine (10 µM), bevacizumab (1 mg/ml), sunitinib (10 µM) and EMAP (10 µM) was 35, 22, 81 and 6 percent; combination of gemcitabine with bevacizumab, sunitinib or EMAP had no additive effects. In endothelial HUVECs, gemcitabine, bevacizumab, sunitinib and EMAP caused 70, 41, 86 and 67 percent inhibition, while combination of gemcitabine with bevacizumab, sunitinib or EMAP had additive effects. In WI-38 fibroblasts, gemcitabine, bevacizumab, sunitinib and EMAP caused 79, 58, 80 and 29 percent inhibition, with additive effects in combination as well. Net in vivo tumor growth inhibition in gemcitabine, bevacizumab, sunitinib and EMAP monotherapy was 43, 38, 94 and 46 percent; dual combinations of Gem+Bev, Gem+Su and Gem+EMAP led to 69, 99 and 64 percent inhibition. Combinations of more than one antiangiogenic agent with gemcitabine were generally more effective but not superior to Gem+Su. Intratumoral proliferation, apoptosis and microvessel density findings correlated with tumor growth inhibition data. Median animal survival was increased by gemcitabine (26 days) but not by bevacizumab, sunitinib or EMAP monotherapy compared to controls (19 days). Gemcitabine combinations with bevacizumab, sunitinib or EMAP improved survival to similar extent (36 or 37 days). Combinations of gemcitabine with Bev+EMAP (43 days) or with Bev+Su+EMAP (46 days) led to the maximum survival benefit observed. Combination of antiangiogenic agents improves gemcitabine response, with sunitinib inducing the strongest effect. These findings demonstrate advantages of combining multi-targeting agents with standard gemcitabine therapy for PDAC.
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Growth factor mediated signaling in pancreatic pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:841-71. [PMID: 24212642 PMCID: PMC3756392 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionally, the pancreas consists of two types of tissues: exocrine and endocrine. Exocrine pancreatic disorders mainly involve acute and chronic pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis typically is benign, while chronic pancreatitis is considered a risk factor for developing pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic carcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Most pancreatic cancers develop in the exocrine tissues. Endocrine pancreatic tumors are more uncommon, and typically are less aggressive than exocrine tumors. However, the endocrine pancreatic disorder, diabetes, is a dominant cause of morbidity and mortality. Importantly, different growth factors and their receptors play critical roles in pancreatic pathogenesis. Hence, an improved understanding of how various growth factors affect pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma is necessary to determine appropriate treatment. This chapter describes the role of different growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF) in various pancreatic pathophysiologies. Finally, the crosstalk between different growth factor axes and their respective signaling mechanisms, which are involved in pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma, are also discussed.
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Mulder K, Koski S, Scarfe A, Chu Q, King K, Spratlin J. Antiangiogenic agents in advanced gastrointestinal malignancies: past, present and a novel future. Oncotarget 2010; 1:515-29. [PMID: 21317448 PMCID: PMC3248127 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are varied in presentation, prognosis, and treatment options. With the exception of resectable recurrent colorectal cancer, metastatic GI malignancies are incurable. Cytotoxic chemotherapies have been the mainstay of therapy for decades but limited extension of survival or clinical benefit has been achieved in non-colorectal GI cancers. There has been great interest in the incorporation of antiangiogenic strategies to improve outcomes for these patients. Clear benefits have been identified with bevacizumab and sorafenib in colorectal cancer and hepatocellular cancer, respectively; other GI tumor sites have lacked impressive results with antiangiogenic agents. In this review, we will present the benefits, or lack thereof, of clinically tested antiangiogenic compounds in GI malignancies and explore some potential new therapeutic anti-angiogenesis options for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Mulder
- Medical Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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Mulder K, Koski S, Scarfe A, Chu Q, King K, Spratlin J. Antiangiogenic agents in advanced gastrointestinal malignancies: past, present and a novel future. Oncotarget 2010; 1:515-529. [PMID: 21317448 PMCID: PMC3248127 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are varied in presentation, prognosis, and treatment options. With the exception of resectable recurrent colorectal cancer, metastatic GI malignancies are incurable. Cytotoxic chemotherapies have been the mainstay of therapy for decades but limited extension of survival or clinical benefit has been achieved in non-colorectal GI cancers. There has been great interest in the incorporation of antiangiogenic strategies to improve outcomes for these patients. Clear benefits have been identified with bevacizumab and sorafenib in colorectal cancer and hepatocellular cancer, respectively; other GI tumor sites have lacked impressive results with antiangiogenic agents. In this review, we will present the benefits, or lack thereof, of clinically tested antiangiogenic compounds in GI malignancies and explore some potential new therapeutic anti-angiogenesis options for these diseases.
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Kindler HL, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, Sutherland S, Schrag D, Hurwitz H, Innocenti F, Mulcahy MF, O'Reilly E, Wozniak TF, Picus J, Bhargava P, Mayer RJ, Schilsky RL, Goldberg RM. Gemcitabine plus bevacizumab compared with gemcitabine plus placebo in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: phase III trial of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB 80303). J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:3617-22. [PMID: 20606091 PMCID: PMC2917317 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The combination of gemcitabine plus bevacizumab produced a 21% response rate and a median survival of 8.8 months in a multicenter phase II trial in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. These encouraging data led Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) to conduct a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized phase III trial of gemcitabine/bevacizumab versus gemcitabine/placebo in advanced pancreatic cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients had no prior therapy for advanced disease, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 to 2, no tumor invasion of adjacent organs, and no increased bleeding risk. The primary end point was overall survival. Patients were stratified by performance status, extent of disease, and prior radiotherapy. Patients received gemcitabine at 1,000 mg/m(2) over 30 minutes on days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days and bevacizumab at 10 mg/kg or placebo on days 1 and 15 every 28 days. RESULTS Between June 2004 and April 2006, 602 patients were enrolled onto the study and 535 were treated. Median overall survival was 5.8 months for gemcitabine/bevacizumab and 5.9 months for gemcitabine/placebo (P = .95). Median progression-free survival was 3.8 and 2.9 months, respectively (P = .07). Overall response rates were 13% and 10%, respectively. Patients with a performance status of 0, 1, and 2 survived a median of 7.9, 4.8, and 2.4 months, respectively. The only statistically significant differences in grades 3 and 4 toxicity occurred for hypertension (10% v 3%; P < .001) and proteinuria (5% v 1%; P = .002); venous thrombosis grade > or = 3 was equivalent in both arms (14% and 15%, respectively). CONCLUSION The addition of bevacizumab to gemcitabine does not improve survival in advanced pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedy Lee Kindler
- University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, USA.
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Yamazoe S, Tanaka H, Sawada T, Amano R, Yamada N, Ohira M, Hirakawa K. RNA interference suppression of mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) reduces the adhesive and invasive capacity of human pancreatic cancer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:53. [PMID: 20492722 PMCID: PMC2893453 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MUC5AC is a secretory mucin normally expressed in the surface muconous cells of stomach and bronchial tract. It has been known that MUC5AC de novo expression occurred in the invasive ductal carcinoma and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm with no detectable expression in normal pancreas, however, its function remains uncertain. Here, we report the impact of MUC5AC on the adhesive and invasive ability of pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS We used two MUC5AC expressing cell lines derived from human pancreatic cancer, SW1990 and BxPC3. Small-interfering (si) RNA directed against MUC5AC were used to assess the effects of MUC5AC on invasion and adhesion of pancreas cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We compared parental cells (SW1990 and BxPC3) with MUC5AC suppressed cells by si RNA (si-SW1990 and si-BxPC3). RESULTS MUC5AC was found to express in more than 80% of pancreatic ductal carcinoma specimens. Next we observed that both of si-SW1990 and si-BxPC3 showed significantly lower adhesion and invasion to extracellular matrix components compared with parental cell lines. Expression of genes associated with adhesion and invasion including several integerins, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -3 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were down-regulated in both MUC5AC suppressed cells. Furthermore, production of VEGF and phosphorylation of VEGFR-1 were significantly reduced by MUC5AC down regulation. Both of si-SW1990 and si-BxPC3 attenuated activation of Erk1/2. In vivo, si-SW1990 did not establish subcutaneous tumor in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS Knockdown of MUC5AC reduced the ability of pancreatic cancer cells to adhesion and invasion, suggesting that MUC5AC might contribute to the invasive motility of pancreatic cancer cells by enhancing the expression of integrins, MMP-3, VEGF and activating Erk pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaaki Yamazoe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
The dismal prognosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is due in part to a lack of molecular information regarding disease development. Established cell lines remain a useful tool for investigating these molecular events. Here we present a review of available information on commonly used pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines as a resource to help investigators select the cell lines most appropriate for their particular research needs. Information on clinical history; in vitro and in vivo growth characteristics; phenotypic characteristics, such as adhesion, invasion, migration, and tumorigenesis; and genotypic status of commonly altered genes (KRAS, p53, p16, and SMAD4) was evaluated. Identification of both consensus and discrepant information in the literature suggests careful evaluation before selection of cell lines and attention be given to cell line authentication.
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Yao H, Veine DM, Fay KS, Staszewski ED, Zeng ZZ, Livant DL. The PHSCN dendrimer as a more potent inhibitor of human breast cancer cell invasion, extravasation, and lung colony formation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 125:363-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0826-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Schwarz RE, Awasthi N, Konduri S, Cafasso D, Schwarz MA. EMAP II-Based Antiangiogenic-Antiendothelial In Vivo Combination Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 17:1442-52. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the biological consequences of cyclin D1 silencing in pancreatic cancer cells. A replication-defective lentivirus based small hairpin RNA (shRNA) system targeting cyclin D1 caused a marked reduction in cyclin D1 protein levels in ASPC-1 and BxPC3 pancreatic cancer cell lines in conjunction with decreased cell growth and invasiveness in vitro. Moreover, a single intratumoral injection of the recombinant lentivirus targeting cyclin D1 attenuated the growth of pre-existing tumors arising from two distinct cell lines. This attenuated growth correlated with decreased proliferation and angiogenesis, as well as attenuated vascular endothelial growth factor expression. It is concluded that lentivirus-delivered shRNA targeting cyclin D1 suppresses the growth, invasiveness, tumorigenicity and pro-angiogenic potential of human pancreatic cancer cells, thereby raising the possibility that intratumoral injections of viruses targeting cyclin D1 could provide a new therapeutic approach in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has proven to be chemo-resistant, with gemcitabine being the only cytotoxic agent approved for advanced pancreatic cancer since 1996. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors represent a newer generation of chemotherapeutic agents targeting specific tumor pathways associated with carcinogenesis including cell cycle control, signal transduction, apoptosis and angiogenesis. These agents present a more selective way of treating pancreatic cancer. Erlotinib is the prototype of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors with proven efficacy in advanced pancreatic cancer and has been recently approved in that setting. Multiple other tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting the VEGFR, PDGFR, and Src kinases are in various phases of clinical trials testing. The preliminary results of these trials have been disappointing. Current challenges in pancreatic cancer clinical trials testing include improving patient selection, identifying effective combinations, improving the predictive value of current preclinical models and better study designs. This review summarizes the present clinical development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in pancreatic cancer and strategies for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Gupta
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, MI, USA
| | - Bassel F El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, MI, USA
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Aikawa T, Whipple CA, Lopez ME, Gunn J, Young A, Lander AD, Korc M. Glypican-1 modulates the angiogenic and metastatic potential of human and mouse cancer cells. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:89-99. [PMID: 18064304 DOI: 10.1172/jci32412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells isolated from many types of human cancers express heparin-binding growth factors (HBGFs) that drive tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. The heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican-1 (GPC1) is a coreceptor for HBGFs. Here we show that both cancer cell-derived and host-derived GPC1 are crucial for efficient growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis of human and mouse cancer cells. Thus downregulation of GPC1 in the human pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1, using antisense approaches, resulted in prolonged doubling times and decreased anchorage-independent growth in vitro as well as attenuated tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis when these cells were transplanted into athymic mice. Moreover, athymic mice that lacked GPC1 exhibited decreased tumor angiogenesis and metastasis following intrapancreatic implantation with either PANC-1 or T3M4 human pancreatic cancer cells and fewer pulmonary metastases following intravenous injection of murine B16-F10 melanoma cells. In addition, hepatic endothelial cells isolated from these mice exhibited an attenuated mitogenic response to VEGF-A. These data indicate that cancer cell- and host-derived GPC1 are crucial for full mitogenic, angiogenic, and metastatic potential of cancer cells. Thus targeting GPC1 might provide new avenues for cancer therapy and for the prevention of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Aikawa
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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Ko AH, Dito E, Schillinger B, Venook AP, Xu Z, Bergsland EK, Wong D, Scott J, Hwang J, Tempero MA. A phase II study evaluating bevacizumab in combination with fixed-dose rate gemcitabine and low-dose cisplatin for metastatic pancreatic cancer: is an anti-VEGF strategy still applicable? Invest New Drugs 2008; 26:463-71. [PMID: 18379729 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-008-9127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of bevacizumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed against vascular endothelial growth factor, in the treatment of pancreatic cancer remains unclear. The objectives of this study were to determine safety and efficacy in chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer receiving bevacizumab in combination with fixed-dose rate (FDR) gemcitabine and low-dose cisplatin. METHODS Eligible patients received gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 at FDR infusion (10 mg/m(2) per minute), cisplatin 20 mg/m(2), and bevacizumab 10 mg/kg, on days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Patients were monitored by computed tomography scans every two cycles and monthly serum CA19-9 measurements. RESULTS Of 52 patients eligible for analysis, ten (19.2%) had an unconfirmed response and 30 (57.7%) had stable disease. Of 35 patients with elevated baseline CA19-9 levels, 20 (57.1%) had > or = 50% biomarker decline during treatment. Median time to tumor progression was 6.6 months and median survival was 8.2 months (estimated 1-year survival, 36%). Grade 3/4 toxicities possibly related to bevacizumab included thromboembolic events (15.1%), hypertension (13.2%), gastrointestinal bleeding (9.4%), cardiac events (7.5%), and bowel perforation (5.7%). Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor levels and circulating tumor cell concentration did not correlate with overall survival, either at baseline or after 2 months of therapy. CONCLUSIONS This bevacizumab-containing study regimen is modestly effective in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer, although occasional serious complications may occur. Given the negative results of CALGB 80303, future efforts should be focused on identifying those specific patients who are most likely to benefit from bevacizumab-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Ko
- University of California at San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1600 Divisadero Street, 4th floor, Box 1705, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer is a devastating malignancy and a leading cause of cancer mortality. Furthermore, early diagnosis represents a serious hurdle for clinicians, as symptoms are non-specific and usually manifest in advanced, treatment-resistant stages of the disease. SOURCES OF DATA Here, we review the rationale and progress of targeted therapies currently under investigation. AREAS OF AGREEMENT At present, chemoradiation regimes are administered palliatively, and produce only marginal survival benefits, underscoring a desperate need for more effective treatment modalities. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Questions have been raised as to whether erlotinib, the only targeted therapy to attain a statistically significant increase in median survival, is cost-effective. GROWING POINTS The last decade of research has provided us with a wealth of information regarding the molecular nature of pancreatic cancer, leading to the identification of signalling pathways and their respective components which are critical for the maintenance of the malignant phenotype. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH These proteins thus represent ideal targets for novel molecular therapies which embody an urgently needed novel treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Danovi
- Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer represents the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. The vast majority of patients are diagnosed at advanced stages of the disease, at which time gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is typically offered as the standard of care. However, as investigators have arrived at a greater understanding of pancreatic tumor biology, newer therapeutic agents that "target" specific pathways or molecules governing the growth, spread, and maintenance of tumor cells have gained considerable interest. Erlotinib, an orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor, is the first of these targeted compounds to be approved for use in combination with gemcitabine for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Other targeted agents, including monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors aimed at a variety of targets, also have been extensively evaluated, with limited success to date. A newer strategy worth pursuing involves tailoring an individual patient's therapy according to the molecular characteristics of both host and tumor, as has shown promise in other solid tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Ko
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Korpanty G, Carbon JG, Grayburn PA, Fleming JB, Brekken RA. Monitoring response to anticancer therapy by targeting microbubbles to tumor vasculature. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:323-30. [PMID: 17200371 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE New strategies to detect tumor angiogenesis and monitor response of tumor vasculature to therapy are needed. Contrast ultrasound imaging using microbubbles targeted to tumor endothelium offers a noninvasive method for monitoring and quantifying vascular effects of antitumor therapy. We investigated the use of targeted microbubbles to follow vascular response of therapy in a mouse model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Microbubbles conjugated to monoclonal antibodies were used to image and quantify vascular effects of two different antitumor therapies in s.c. and orthotopic pancreatic tumors in mice. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibodies and/or gemcitabine, and the localization of microbubbles to endoglin (CD105), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), or VEGF-activated blood vessels (the VEGF-VEGFR complex) was monitored by contrast ultrasound. RESULTS Targeted microbubbles showed significant enhancement of tumor vasculature when compared with untargeted or control IgG-targeted microbubbles. Video intensity from targeted microbubbles correlated with the level of expression of the target (CD105, VEGFR2, or the VEGF-VEGFR complex) and with microvessel density in tumors under antiangiogenic or cytotoxic therapy. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that targeted microbubbles represent a novel and attractive tool for noninvasive, vascular-targeted molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis and for monitoring vascular effects specific to antitumor therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Korpanty
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390-8593, USA
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Aho U, Zhao X, Löhr M, Andersson R. Molecular mechanisms of pancreatic cancer and potential targets of treatment. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42:279-96. [PMID: 17354106 DOI: 10.1080/00365520601106384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Aho
- Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
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Holloway SE, Beck AW, Shivakumar L, Shih J, Fleming JB, Brekken RA. Selective blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 with an antibody against tumor-derived vascular endothelial growth factor controls the growth of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts. Ann Surg Oncol 2006; 13:1145-55. [PMID: 16791450 DOI: 10.1245/aso.2006.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key regulator of angiogenesis, is critical for growth of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Preclinical studies demonstrate that blockade of VEGF activity can control the growth of pancreatic tumors in mice. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of 2C3, an antibody that inhibits VEGF receptor 2 activation by human VEGF, to inhibit the growth of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma in mice. METHODS Human pancreatic cancer cell lines (MiaPaca-2, Panc-1, and Capan-1) were used to establish xenografts in nu/nu mice. The expression of VEGF and its receptors was determined in each cell line. Proliferation of tumor cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo in the presence of 2C3 or a control antibody was evaluated. The effect of 2C3 on tumor weight, total vessel density, number of pericyte-associated vessels, and tumor perfusion was determined, and the level of 2C3 in the serum of animals was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS 2C3 did not affect the proliferation of cells in culture. 2C3 was present and active in the serum of tumor-bearing animals treated with 2C3, and these animals showed a decrease in tumor burden compared with control-treated mice. Therapy with 2C3 resulted in reduced vascular function, measured by a decrease in vessel density and in the percentage of vessels associated with pericytes. Furthermore, tumors derived from Capan-1 cells demonstrated decreased perfusion after treatment with 2C3. CONCLUSIONS Blockade of VEGF receptor 2 activation by tumor-derived VEGF decreases tumor vessel function and growth of some human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane E Holloway
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8593, USA
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50
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Dornhöfer N, Spong S, Bennewith K, Salim A, Klaus S, Kambham N, Wong C, Kaper F, Sutphin P, Nacamuli R, Nacalumi R, Höckel M, Le Q, Longaker M, Yang G, Koong A, Giaccia A. Connective Tissue Growth Factor–Specific Monoclonal Antibody Therapy Inhibits Pancreatic Tumor Growth and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2006; 66:5816-27. [PMID: 16740721 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is highly aggressive and refractory to most existing therapies. Past studies have shown that connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression is elevated in human pancreatic adenocarcinomas and some pancreatic cancer cell lines. To address whether and how CTGF influences tumor growth, we generated pancreatic tumor cell lines that overexpress different levels of human CTGF. The effect of CTGF overexpression on cell proliferation was measured in vitro in monolayer culture, suspension culture, or soft agar, and in vivo in tumor xenografts. Although there was no effect of CTGF expression on proliferation in two-dimensional cultures, anchorage-independent growth (AIG) was enhanced. The capacity of CTGF to enhance AIG in vitro was linked to enhanced pancreatic tumor growth in vivo when these cells were implanted s.c. in nude mice. Administration of a neutralizing CTGF-specific monoclonal antibody, FG-3019, had no effect on monolayer cell proliferation, but blocked AIG in soft agar. Consistent with this observation, anti-CTGF treatment of mice bearing established CTGF-expressing tumors abrogated CTGF-dependent tumor growth and inhibited lymph node metastases without any toxicity observed in normal tissue. Together, these studies implicate CTGF as a new target in pancreatic cancer and suggest that inhibition of CTGF with a human monoclonal antibody may control primary and metastatic tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Dornhöfer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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