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Reyes-Aldasoro CC. Modelling the Tumour Microenvironment, but What Exactly Do We Mean by "Model"? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3796. [PMID: 37568612 PMCID: PMC10416922 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Oxford English Dictionary includes 17 definitions for the word "model" as a noun and another 11 as a verb. Therefore, context is necessary to understand the meaning of the word model. For instance, "model railways" refer to replicas of railways and trains at a smaller scale and a "model student" refers to an exemplary individual. In some cases, a specific context, like cancer research, may not be sufficient to provide one specific meaning for model. Even if the context is narrowed, specifically, to research related to the tumour microenvironment, "model" can be understood in a wide variety of ways, from an animal model to a mathematical expression. This paper presents a review of different "models" of the tumour microenvironment, as grouped by different definitions of the word into four categories: model organisms, in vitro models, mathematical models and computational models. Then, the frequencies of different meanings of the word "model" related to the tumour microenvironment are measured from numbers of entries in the MEDLINE database of the United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. The frequencies of the main components of the microenvironment and the organ-related cancers modelled are also assessed quantitatively with specific keywords. Whilst animal models, particularly xenografts and mouse models, are the most commonly used "models", the number of these entries has been slowly decreasing. Mathematical models, as well as prognostic and risk models, follow in frequency, and these have been growing in use.
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Guo K, Ma X, Li J, Zhang C, Wu L. Recent advances in combretastatin A-4 codrugs for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114660. [PMID: 35964428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CA4 is a potent microtubule polymerization inhibitor and vascular disrupting agent. However, the in vivo efficiency of CA4 is limited owing to its poor pharmacokinetics resulting from its high lipophilicity and low water solubility. To improve the water solubility, CA4 phosphate (CA4P) has been developed and shows potent antivascular and antitumor effects. CA4P had been evaluated as a vascular disrupting agent in previousc linical trials. However, it had been discontinued due to the lack of a meaningful improvement in progression-free survival and unfavorable partial response data. Codrug is a drug design approach to chemically bind two or more drugs to improve therapeutic efficiency or decrease adverse effects. This review describes the progress made over the last twenty years in developing CA4-based codrugs to improve the therapeutic profile and achieve targeted delivery to cancer tissues. It also discusses the existing problems and the developmental prospects of CA4 codrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xin Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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3
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Reipsch F, Biersack B, Lucas H, Schobert R, Mueller T. Imidazole Analogs of Vascular-Disrupting Combretastatin A-4 with Pleiotropic Efficacy against Resistant Colorectal Cancer Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13082. [PMID: 34884888 PMCID: PMC8658273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific targeting of the tumoral vasculature by vascular-disrupting agents (VDA), of which combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) is a main representative, has been considered a new therapeutic strategy against multidrug-resistant tumors. In addition, CA-4 and analogs are tubulin-targeting agents and can exert direct antitumor effects by different mechanisms. Herein, we analyzed a series of synthetic CA-4 analogs featuring N-methylimidazole-bridged Z-alkenes with different halo- or amino-substituted aryl rings in vitro and in vivo, focusing on models of colorectal cancer. Combined in vitro/in vivo structure-activity relationship studies using cell lines and xenograft tumors susceptible to VDA-induced vascular damage demonstrated a clear association of cytotoxic and vascular-disrupting activity with the ability to inhibit tubulin polymerization, which was determined by specific substitution constellations. The most active compounds were tested in an extended panel of colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines and showed activity in CA-4-resistant and chemotherapy-resistant cell lines. The bromo derivative brimamin was then compared with the known fosbretabulin (CA-4P) by activity tests on DLD-1- (multidrug-resistant) and HT29- (CA-4-resistant) derived xenograft tumors. Treatment did not induce pronounced vascular-disrupting effects in these tumors. Histological analyses revealed distinct tumor substructures and vessel compositions of DLD-1/HT29 tumors, which clearly differed from the tumor models susceptible to VDA treatment. Even so, brimamin effectively retarded the growth of DLD-1 tumors, overcoming their resistance to standard treatment, and it inhibited the outgrowth of disseminated HT29 tumor cells in an experimental metastasis model. In conclusion, combretastatin analogous N-methylimidazoles proved capable of inducing vascular-disrupting effects, comparable to those of CA-4P. In addition, they showed antitumor activities in models of drug-resistant colorectal cancer, independent of vascular-disrupting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Reipsch
- University Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, Hematology/Oncology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (B.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Henrike Lucas
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (B.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Thomas Mueller
- University Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, Hematology/Oncology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
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Wordeman L, Vicente JJ. Microtubule Targeting Agents in Disease: Classic Drugs, Novel Roles. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225650. [PMID: 34830812 PMCID: PMC8616087 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) represent one of the most successful first-line therapies prescribed for cancer treatment. They interfere with microtubule (MT) dynamics by either stabilizing or destabilizing MTs, and in culture, they are believed to kill cells via apoptosis after eliciting mitotic arrest, among other mechanisms. This classical view of MTA therapies persisted for many years. However, the limited success of drugs specifically targeting mitotic proteins, and the slow growing rate of most human tumors forces a reevaluation of the mechanism of action of MTAs. Studies from the last decade suggest that the killing efficiency of MTAs arises from a combination of interphase and mitotic effects. Moreover, MTs have also been implicated in other therapeutically relevant activities, such as decreasing angiogenesis, blocking cell migration, reducing metastasis, and activating innate immunity to promote proinflammatory responses. Two key problems associated with MTA therapy are acquired drug resistance and systemic toxicity. Accordingly, novel and effective MTAs are being designed with an eye toward reducing toxicity without compromising efficacy or promoting resistance. Here, we will review the mechanism of action of MTAs, the signaling pathways they affect, their impact on cancer and other illnesses, and the promising new therapeutic applications of these classic drugs.
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Smolarczyk R, Czapla J, Jarosz-Biej M, Czerwinski K, Cichoń T. Vascular disrupting agents in cancer therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 891:173692. [PMID: 33130277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor blood vessel formation is a key process for tumor expansion. Tumor vessels are abnormal and differ from normal vessels in architecture and components. Besides oxygen and nutrients supply, the tumor vessels system, due to its abnormality, is responsible for: hypoxia formation, and metastatic routes. Tumor blood vessels can be a target of anti-cancer therapies. There are two types of therapies that target tumor vessels. The first one is the inhibition of the angiogenesis process. However, the inhibition is often ineffective because of alternative angiogenesis mechanism activation. The second type is a specific targeting of existing tumor blood vessels by vascular disruptive agents (VDAs). There are three groups of VDAs: microtubule destabilizing drugs, flavonoids with anti-vascular functions, and tumor vascular targeted drugs based on endothelial cell receptors. However, VDAs possess some limitations. They may be cardiotoxic and their application in therapy may leave viable residual, so called, rim cells on the edge of the tumor. However, it seems that a well-designed combination of VDAs with other anti-cancer drugs may bring a significant therapeutic effect. In this article, we describe three groups of vascular disruptive agents with their advantages and disadvantages. We mention VDAs clinical trials. Finally, we present the current possibilities of VDAs combination with other anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Smolarczyk
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Justyna Czapla
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Jarosz-Biej
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Kyle Czerwinski
- University of Manitoba, Faculty of Science. 66 Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Tomasz Cichoń
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
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6
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Álvarez R, Aramburu L, Gajate C, Vicente-Blázquez A, Mollinedo F, Medarde M, Peláez R. Potent colchicine-site ligands with improved intrinsic solubility by replacement of the 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl ring with a 2-methylsulfanyl-6-methoxypyridine ring. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103755. [PMID: 32200330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Colchicine site antimitotic agents typically suffer from low aqueous solubilities and are formulated as phosphate prodrugs of phenolic groups. These hydroxyl groups are the aim of metabolic transformations leading to resistance. There is an urgent need for more intrinsically soluble analogues lacking these hydroxyl groups. The 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl ring of combretastatin A-4 is a liability in terms of solubility but it is considered essential for high cytotoxic and tubulin polymerization inhibitory (TPI) activity. We have synthesized 36 new analogues of combretastatin A-4 replacing the trimethoxyphenyl moiety with more polar pyridine based moieties, measured their aqueous solubility, and studied their anti-proliferative effects against 3 human cancer cell lines. We show here that pyridine rings can be successful replacements for the trimethoxyphenyl ring, resulting in potent and more soluble analogues. The more straightforward replacement, a 2,6-dimethoxypyridine ring led to inactive analogues, but a 2-methoxy-6-methylsulfanylpyridine moiety led to active analogues when combined with different B rings. This replacement led to potent cytotoxic activity against sensitive human cancer cell lines due to tubulin inhibition, as shown by cell cycle analysis, confocal microscopy, and tubulin polymerization inhibitory activity studies. Cell cycle analysis also showed apoptotic responses following treatment. Docking studies suggested binding at the colchicine site of tubulin and provided a good agreement with the observed SAR. A 2-methoxy-6-methylsulfanylpyridine moiety is a good trimethoxyphenyl ring replacement for the development of new colchicine site ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Laura Aramburu
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Consuelo Gajate
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Vicente-Blázquez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Medarde
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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7
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Garbicz D, Tobiasz P, Borys F, Pilżys T, Marcinkowski M, Poterała M, Grzesiuk E, Krawczyk H. The stilbene and dibenzo[b,f]oxepine derivatives as anticancer compounds. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 123:109781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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8
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Abstract
The stilbenoid combretastatin and its derivatives are potent inhibitors of angiogenesis and cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. They disrupt cytoskeletal dynamics and modulate cell morphology, motility, and invasion. Hence they have been viewed as potential as anticancer agents. The impediments of poor solubility and bioavailability and the spontaneous geometric isomerisation of combretastatin into an inactive form have led to intensive efforts towards evolving novel analogues to provide more efficacious biological outcome. Importantly, isomerically stable and biologically active cis-restricted analogues have been synthesised and tested. However, very few analogues have been tested in preclinical models to assess their effects on processes relevant to cancer development and progression. Hence the accent here is on the signalling systems operated by the new derivatives and their biological effects with reference to cancer progression. Combretastatins modulate an extensive network of signalling emphasising their varied versatility. Harnessing these systems and accentuating or counteracting aberrant signalling could open potential avenues of approach to the designing of novel derivatives with enhanced performance. The import of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, which co-ordinates growth factor receptor signalling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition activation and angiogenic signalling, is emphasised. It may be viewed as a prime target for allosteric inhibition in combination with combretastatin analogues to ascertain their potential in cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan V Sherbet
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, California
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9
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Chen JL, Zhang H, Huang XQ, Wan HY, Li J, Fan XX, Luo KQ, Wang J, Zhu XM, Wang J. Antiangiogenesis-Combined Photothermal Therapy in the Second Near-Infrared Window at Laser Powers Below the Skin Tolerance Threshold. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2019; 11:93. [PMID: 34138046 PMCID: PMC7770887 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-019-0327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal agents with strong light absorption in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) region (1000-1350 nm) are strongly desired for successful photothermal therapy (PTT). In this work, titania-coated Au nanobipyramids (NBP@TiO2) with a strong plasmon resonance in the NIR-II window were synthesized. The NBP@TiO2 nanostructures have a high photothermal conversion efficiency of (93.3 ± 5.2)% under 1064-nm laser irradiation. They are also capable for loading an anticancer drug combretastatin A-4 phosphate (CA4P). In vitro PTT studies reveal that 1064-nm laser irradiation can efficiently ablate human lung cancer A549 cells and enhance the anticancer effect of CA4P. Moreover, the CA4P-loaded NBP@TiO2 nanostructures combined with PTT induce a synergistic antiangiogenesis effect. In vivo studies show that such CA4P-loaded NBP@TiO2 nanostructures under mild 1064-nm laser irradiation at an optical power density of 0.4 W cm-2, which is lower than the skin tolerance threshold value, exhibit a superior antitumor effect. This work presents not only the development of the NBP@TiO2 nanostructures as a novel photothermal agent responsive in the NIR-II window but also a unique combined chemo-photothermal therapy strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ye Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Kathy Qian Luo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Research and New Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Jiang J, Shen N, Song W, Yu H, Sakurai K, Tang Z, Li G. Combretastatin A4 nanodrug combined plerixafor for inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis simultaneously. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:5283-5291. [PMID: 31603448 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01418g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis simultaneously is an important issue for tumor therapy. The CXCR4/CXCL12 axis plays a crucial role in cancer metastasis, and the blocking of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis is an effective way of inhibiting cancer metastasis. Combretastatin A4 nanodrug (CA4-NPs), a neogenesis blood vascular disrupting agent, can accumulate around blood vessels and disrupt tumor neogenesis of blood vessels more efficaciously than typical small molecular drug combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P). However, in this work, we find that the CXCR4 expression is significantly enhanced in CA4-NPs-treated tumor tissues in a metastatic orthotopic 4T1 mammary adenocarcinoma mouse model. Considering that the overexpression of CXCR4 can promote tumor cell metastasis, a novel cooperative strategy that utilizes plerixafor (PLF, CXCR4 antagonist) with CA4-NPs for inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis simultaneously is developed. The combination of CA4-NPs (60 mg kg-1 on CA4 basis) + PLF shows remarkably enhanced antitumor efficacy. The tumor growth inhibition rate of the combination group reaches 91.3%, significantly higher than those of non-cooperative groups. In addition, the number of lung metastasis foci of the combination group is least among all groups. This cooperative strategy provides a useful method for inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis simultaneously, and gives the evidence to support the clinical use of the combination of vascular disruption agents and CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. and School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China and Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Na Shen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. and Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Wantong Song
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. and Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. and Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Kazuo Sakurai
- The University of Kitakyushu, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. and Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Gao Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. and Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
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11
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Brown AW, Holmes T, Fisher M, Tozer GM, Harrity JPA, Kanthou C. Evaluation of Sydnone-Based Analogues of Combretastatin A-4 Phosphate (CA4P) as Vascular Disrupting Agents for Use in Cancer Therapy. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2618-2626. [PMID: 30281922 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The combretastatins have attracted significant interest as small-molecule therapies for cancer due to their ability to function as vascular disrupting agents. We have successfully prepared a range of combretastatin analogues that are based on a novel sydnone heterocycle core, and their potential as tubulin binders has been assessed in vitro and in vivo. The most potent candidate was found to disrupt microtubules and affect cellular morphology at sub-micromolar levels. Moreover, it was found to bind reversibly to tubulin and significantly increase endothelial cell monolayer permeability, in a similar manner to combretastatin A4. Surprisingly, the compound did not exhibit efficacy in vivo, possibly due to rapid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Brown
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.,Department of Oncology & Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Toby Holmes
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Matthew Fisher
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Gillian M Tozer
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Joseph P A Harrity
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Chryso Kanthou
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
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12
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Vicente-Blázquez A, González M, Álvarez R, Del Mazo S, Medarde M, Peláez R. Antitubulin sulfonamides: The successful combination of an established drug class and a multifaceted target. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:775-830. [PMID: 30362234 DOI: 10.1002/med.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin, the microtubules and their dynamic behavior are amongst the most successful antitumor, antifungal, antiparasitic, and herbicidal drug targets. Sulfonamides are exemplary drugs with applications in the clinic, in veterinary and in the agrochemical industry. This review summarizes the actual state and recent progress of both fields looking from the double point of view of the target and its drugs, with special focus onto the structural aspects. The article starts with a brief description of tubulin structure and its dynamic assembly and disassembly into microtubules and other polymers. Posttranslational modifications and the many cellular means of regulating and modulating tubulin's biology are briefly presented in the tubulin code. Next, the structurally characterized drug binding sites, their occupying drugs and the effects they induce are described, emphasizing on the structural requirements for high potency, selectivity, and low toxicity. The second part starts with a summary of the favorable and highly tunable combination of physical-chemical and biological properties that render sulfonamides a prototypical example of privileged scaffolds with representatives in many therapeutic areas. A complete description of tubulin-binding sulfonamides is provided, covering the different species and drug sites. Some of the antimitotic sulfonamides have met with very successful applications and others less so, thus illustrating the advances, limitations, and future perspectives of the field. All of them combine in a mechanism of action and a clinical outcome that conform efficient drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Vicente-Blázquez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Myriam González
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raquel Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sara Del Mazo
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Medarde
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
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13
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Álvarez R, Gajate C, Puebla P, Mollinedo F, Medarde M, Peláez R. Substitution at the indole 3 position yields highly potent indolecombretastatins against human tumor cells. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:167-183. [PMID: 30216850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to combretastatin A-4 is mediated by metabolic modification of the phenolic hydroxyl and ether groups of the 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl (B ring). Replacement of the B ring of combretastatin A-4 by a N-methyl-5-indolyl reduces tubulin polymerization inhibition (TPI) and cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines but cyano, methoxycarbonyl, formyl, and hydroxyiminomethyl substitutions at the indole 3-position restores potent TPI and cytotoxicity against sensitive human cancer cell lines. These highly potent substituted derivatives displayed low nanomolar cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines due to tubulin inhibition, as shown by cell cycle analysis, confocal microscopy, and tubulin polymerization inhibitory activity studies, and promoted cell killing mediated by caspase-3 activation. Binding at the colchicine site was suggested by molecular modeling studies. Substituted combretastatins displayed higher potencies than the isomeric isocombretastatins and the highest potencies were achieved for the hydroxyiminomethyl (21) and cyano (23) groups, with TPI values in the submicromolar range and cytotoxicities in the nanomolar and subnanomolar range. Dose-response and time-course studies showed that drug concentrations as low as 1 nM (23) or 10 nM (21) led to a complete G2/M cell cycle arrest after 15 h treatment followed by a high apoptosis-like cell response after 48-72 h treatment. The P-glycoprotein antagonist verapamil increased 21 and 23 cytotoxicity to IC50 values of 10-10 M, and highly potentiated the cytotoxic activity in 100-fold of the CHO derivative (17), in A-549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells. The cyano substituted indolecombretastatin 23 is by itself highly potent against rather resistant HT-29 and A-549 cell lines. A 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl ring always afforded more potent derivatives than a 2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Consuelo Gajate
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Puebla
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Medarde
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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14
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Zhang P, Chen Y, Liu J, Yang Y, Lv Q, Wang J, Zhang L, Xie M. Quantitative Evaluation of Combretastatin A4 Phosphate Early Efficacy in a Tumor Model with Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:840-852. [PMID: 29395676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) is a vascular disrupting agent that rapidly shuts down blood supply to tumors. Early monitoring of tumor perfusion plays a crucial role in determining the optimal strategy to managing treatment and guiding future therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential value of dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in quantitative evaluation of tumor perfusion at an early stage in CA4P therapy. Central and peripheral perfusion of tumors was detected by CEUS pre-treatment (0 h) and 2, 12 and 48 h after CA4P injection. Two perfusion parameters, maximum intensity (IMAX) and time to peak (TTP), were calculated from the time-intensity curve. After CEUS, the efficacy of CA4P was immediately confirmed by immunofluorescence assay and hematoxylin and eosin, Hoechst 33342 and fluorescein isothiocyanate-lectin staining. In CEUS of the center region of tumors, IMAX gradually decreased from 0 to 12 h and regrew at 48 h (p < 0.01). TTP increased only at 2 h. In the peripheral regions, IMAX did not change obviously from 0 to 12 h (p > 0.05) and just increased at 48 h (p < 0.01). The TTP of peripheral regions had the same tendency to vary tendency as that of center regions. In addition, microvascular density (MVD), vascular perfusion and necrotic area of the tumor were quantitatively analyzed. A close correlation between IMAX and MVD was observed in the center areas of tumors (r = 0.72, p < 0.01), whereas the correlation between IMAX and MVD in peripheral areas was weak (r = 0.37, p < 0.01). However, IMAX was positively correlated with tumor perfusion in both center and peripheral areas of tumors (r = 0.82, p < 0.01, and r = 0.63, p < 0.01, respectively). Consequently, IMAX was a reliable indicator of tumor perfusion evaluation by CEUS. The use of CEUS to quantify tumor perfusion could a promising method for the early detection of tumor responses in anti-vascular treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyu Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - JinFeng Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yali Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mingxing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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15
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Liu Y, Kim YJ, Siriwon N, Rohrs JA, Yu Z, Wanga P. Combination drug delivery via multilamellar vesicles enables targeting of tumor cells and tumor vasculature. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1403-1415. [PMID: 29457630 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessel development is critical for the continued growth and progression of solid tumors and, therefore, makes an attractive target for improving cancer therapy. Indeed, vascular-targeted therapies have been extensively explored but they have shown minimal efficacy as monotherapies. Combretastatin A4 (CA-4) is a tubulin-binding vascular disrupting agent that selectively targets the established tumor endothelium, causing rapid vascular beak down. Despite its potent anticancer potential, the drug has dose-limiting side effects, particularly in the form of cardiovascular toxicity. Furthermore, its poor aqueous solubility and the resulting limited bioavailability hinder its antitumor activity in the clinic. To improve the therapeutic efficacy of CA-4, we investigated its application as a combination therapy with doxorubicin (Dox) in a tumor vasculature targeted delivery vehicle: peptide-modified cross-linked multilamellar liposomal vesicles (cMLVs). In vitro cell culture studies showed that a tumor vasculature-targeting peptide, RIF7, could facilitate higher cellular uptake of drug-loaded cMLVs, and consequently enhance the antitumor efficacy in both drug resistant B16 mouse melanoma and human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. In vivo, upon intravenous injection, targeted cMLVs could efficiently deliver both Dox and CA-4 to significantly slow tumor growth through the specific interaction of the targeting peptide with its receptor on the surface of tumor vasculature. This study demonstrates the potential of our novel targeted combination therapy delivery vehicle to improve the outcome of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Liu
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yu J Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Natnaree Siriwon
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer A Rohrs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pin Wanga
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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16
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The vascular disrupting agent combretastatin A-4 phosphate causes prolonged elevation of proteins involved in heme flux and function in resistant tumor cells. Oncotarget 2017; 9:4090-4101. [PMID: 29423106 PMCID: PMC5790523 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) represent a promising class of anti-cancer drugs for solid tumor treatment. Here, we aim to better understand the mechanisms underlying tumor reccurrence and treatment resistance following the administration of a VDA, combretastatin A-4 phosphate (CA4P). Firstly, we used photoacoustic tomography to noninvasively map the effect of CA4P on blood oxygen levels throughout subcutaneous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors in mice. We found that the oxygenation of peripheral tumor vessels was significantly decreased at 1 and 3 hours post-CA4P treatment. The oxygenation of the tumor core reduced significantly at 1 and 3 hours, and reached anoxia after 24 hours. Secondly, we examined the effect of CA4P on the levels of proteins involved in heme flux and function, which are elevated in lung tumors. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that CA4P substantially enhanced the levels of enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis, uptake, and degradation, as well as oxygen-utilizing hemoproteins. Furthermore, measurements of markers of mitochondrial function suggest that CA4P did not diminish mitochondrial function in resistant tumor cells. These results suggest that elevated levels of heme flux and function contribute to tumor regrowth and treatment resistance post-VDA administration.
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17
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Tarade D, Ma D, Pignanelli C, Mansour F, Simard D, van den Berg S, Gauld J, McNulty J, Pandey S. Structurally simplified biphenyl combretastatin A4 derivatives retain in vitro anti-cancer activity dependent on mitotic arrest. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171806. [PMID: 28253265 PMCID: PMC5333808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cis-stilbene, combretastatin A4 (CA4), is a potent microtubule targeting and vascular damaging agent. Despite promising results at the pre-clinical level and extensive clinical evaluation, CA4 has yet to be approved for therapeutic use. One impediment to the development of CA4 is an inherent conformational instability about the ethylene linker, which joins two aromatic rings. We have previously published preliminary data regarding structurally simplified biphenyl derivatives of CA4, lacking an ethylene linker, which retain anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity, albeit at higher doses. Our current study provides a more comprehensive evaluation regarding the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties of biphenyl CA4 derivatives in both 2D and 3D cancerous and non-cancerous cell models. Computational analysis has revealed that cytotoxicity of CA4 and biphenyl analogues correlates with predicted tubulin affinity. Additional mechanistic evaluation of the biphenyl derivatives found that their anti-cancer activity is dependent on prolonged mitotic arrest, in a similar manner to CA4. Lastly, we have shown that cancer cells deficient in the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis experience delayed cell death following treatment with CA4 or analogues. Biphenyl derivatives of CA4 represent structurally simplified analogues of CA4, which retain a similar mechanism of action. The biphenyl analogues warrant in vivo examination to evaluate their potential as vascular damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tarade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Pignanelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fadi Mansour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Simard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean van den Berg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Gauld
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - James McNulty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Siyaram Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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18
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Xu J, Han M, Shen J, Guan Q, Bai Z, Lang B, Zhang H, Li Z, Zuo D, Zhang W, Wu Y. 2-Methoxy-5((3,4,5-trimethosyphenyl)seleninyl) phenol inhibits MDM2 and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells through a p53-independent pathway. Cancer Lett 2016; 383:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Brown AW, Fisher M, Tozer GM, Kanthou C, Harrity JPA. Sydnone Cycloaddition Route to Pyrazole-Based Analogs of Combretastatin A4. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9473-9488. [PMID: 27690431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The combretastatins are an important class of tubulin-binding agents. Of this family, a number of compounds are potent tumor vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) and have shown promise in the clinic for cancer therapy. We have developed a modular synthetic route to combretastatin analogs based on a pyrazole core through highly regioselective alkyne cycloaddition reactions of sydnones. These compounds show modest to high potency against human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation. Moreover, evidence is presented that these novel VDAs have the same mode of action as CA4P and bind reversibly to β-tubulin, believed to be a key feature in avoiding toxicity. The most active compound from in vitro studies was taken forward to an in vivo model and instigated an increase in tumor cell necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.,Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, U.K
| | - Matthew Fisher
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, U.K
| | - Gillian M Tozer
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, U.K
| | - Chryso Kanthou
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, U.K
| | - Joseph P A Harrity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
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20
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Pérez-Pérez MJ, Priego EM, Bueno O, Martins MS, Canela MD, Liekens S. Blocking Blood Flow to Solid Tumors by Destabilizing Tubulin: An Approach to Targeting Tumor Growth. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8685-8711. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva-María Priego
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oskía Bueno
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María-Dolores Canela
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega
Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Quantitative Estimation of Tissue Blood Flow Rate. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27172960 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3628-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The rate of blood flow through a tissue (F) is a critical parameter for assessing the functional efficiency of a blood vessel network following angiogenesis. This chapter aims to provide the principles behind the estimation of F, how F relates to other commonly used measures of tissue perfusion, and a practical approach for estimating F in laboratory animals, using small readily diffusible and metabolically inert radio-tracers. The methods described require relatively nonspecialized equipment. However, the analytical descriptions apply equally to complementary techniques involving more sophisticated noninvasive imaging.Two techniques are described for the quantitative estimation of F based on measuring the rate of tissue uptake following intravenous administration of radioactive iodo-antipyrine (or other suitable tracer). The Tissue Equilibration Technique is the classical approach and the Indicator Fractionation Technique, which is simpler to perform, is a practical alternative in many cases. The experimental procedures and analytical methods for both techniques are given, as well as guidelines for choosing the most appropriate method.
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22
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Han F, Wang P, Zhang W, Li J, Zhang Q, Qi X, Liu M. CA-1H, a novel oxazole bearing analogue of combretastatin A-4, disrupts the tumor vasculatures and inhibits the tumor growth via inhibiting tubulin polymerization. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:151-161. [PMID: 27133052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents destroy established tumor vasculatures selectively, and have achieved encouraging antitumor activity in both pre-clinical and clinical trials. In the present study, we reported the vascular disruption and antitumor effects of CA-1H and its prodrug CA-1HP, oxazole bearing analogues of combretastatin A-4 (CA4). CA-1H was a tighter binder of tubulin than CA4 with the same binding site to chochcine and CA4, and inhibited tubulin polymerization both in cell free system and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, CA-1H significantly disrupted the microtubulin skeleton in proliferating HUVECs rather than the quiescent ones, damaged the HUVECs-preformed tubes markedly, and lead to necrosis in tumor tissues in NCI-H1975 xenograft mice. Continuous administration for 19 days, CA-1HP could inhibit the NCI-H1975 xenograft tumor growth significantly without obvious weight loss and normal tissue damage, in addition, CA-1HP also inhibited the tumor growth in H22 hepatocellular carcinoma bearing mice; and combination CA-1HP with cisplatin showed more potent antitumor activity than used alone. Taken together, our present investigation suggested that CA-1H was a potential vascular disrupting agent for further development of antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguo Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Gaomi Municipal Hospital of Shandong Province, Gaomi 261500, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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wu L, Qiu L. Reverse micelles-in-microspheres with sustained release of water-soluble combretastatin A4 phosphate for S180 tumor treatment. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:760-767. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02468d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CA4P-loaded microspheres (CA4P-MS) composed of PELA reverse micelles (CA4P-RM) and PLGA with a sea-island structure were prepared. This unique type of construction can greatly improve the encapsulation efficiency of water-soluble CA4P and provide sustained drug release and action for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Liyan Qiu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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Williams LJ, Mukherjee D, Fisher M, Reyes-Aldasoro CC, Akerman S, Kanthou C, Tozer GM. An in vivo role for Rho kinase activation in the tumour vascular disrupting activity of combretastatin A-4 3-O-phosphate. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:4902-13. [PMID: 24930520 PMCID: PMC4294113 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Combretastatin A-4 3-O-phosphate (CA4P) is in clinical trial as a tumour vascular disrupting agent (VDA) but the cause of blood flow disruption is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that activation of Rho/Rho kinase (ROCK) is fundamental to the effects of this drug in vivo. Experimental Approach Mouse models of human colorectal carcinoma (SW1222 and LS174T) were used. Effects of the ROCK inhibitor, Y27632, alone or in combination with CA4P, on ROCK activity, vascular function, necrosis and immune cell infiltration in solid tumours were determined. Mean arterial BP (MABP) was measured to monitor systemic interactions and the vasodilator, hydralazine, was used to control for the hypotensive effects of Y27632. Key Results Y27632 caused a rapid drop in blood flow in SW1222 tumours, with recovery by around 3 h, which was paralleled by MABP changes. Y27632 pretreatment reduced CA4P-induced ROCK activation and partially blocked CA4P-induced tumour vascular effects, in both tumour types. Y27632 also partially inhibited CA4P-induced tumour necrosis and was associated with reduced immune cell infiltration in SW1222 tumours. Hydralazine caused a similar hypotensive effect as Y27632 but had no protective effect against CA4P treatment. Conclusions and Implications These results demonstrate that ROCK activity is critical for full manifestation of the vascular activity of CA4P in vivo, providing the evidence for pharmacological intervention to enhance the anti-tumour efficacy of CA4P and related VDAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Williams
- Tumour Microcirculation Group, Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Mahal K, Biersack B, Caysa H, Schobert R, Mueller T. Combretastatin A-4 derived imidazoles show cytotoxic, antivascular, and antimetastatic effects based on cytoskeletal reorganisation. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:541-54. [PMID: 25678082 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) is a natural cis-stilbene which interferes with the cellular tubulin dynamics and which selectively destroys tumour blood vessels. Its pharmacological shortcomings such as insufficient chemical stability, water solubility, and cytotoxicity can be remedied by employing its imidazole derivatives. METHODS We studied 11 halogenated imidazole derivatives of CA-4 for their effects on the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons of cancer and endothelial cells and on the propensity of these cells to migrate across tissue barriers or to form blood vessel-like tubular structures. RESULTS A series of N-methyl-4-aryl-5-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-imidazoles proved far more efficacious than the lead CA-4 in growth inhibition assays against CA-4-resistant HT-29 colon carcinoma cells and generally more selective for cancer over nonmalignant cells. Et-brimamin (6), the most active compound, inhibited the growth of various cancer cell lines with IC50 (72 h) values in the low nanomolar range. Active imidazoles such as 6 reduced the motility and invasiveness of cancer cells by initiating the formation of actin stress fibres and focal adhesions as a response to the extensive microtubule disruption. The antimetastatic properties were ascertained in 3D-transwell migration assays which simulated the transgression of highly invasive melanoma cells through the extracellular matrix of solid tumours and through the endothelium of blood vessels. The studied imidazoles exhibited vascular-disrupting effects also against tumour xenografts that are refractory to CA-4. They were also less toxic and better tolerated by mice. CONCLUSIONS We deem the new imidazoles promising drug candidates for combination regimens with antiangiogenic VEGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Mahal
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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Mahal K, Resch M, Ficner R, Schobert R, Biersack B, Mueller T. Effects of the tumor-vasculature-disrupting agent verubulin and two heteroaryl analogues on cancer cells, endothelial cells, and blood vessels. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:847-54. [PMID: 24678059 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two analogues of the discontinued tumor vascular-disrupting agent verubulin (Azixa®, MPC-6827, 1) featuring benzo-1,4-dioxan-6-yl (compound 5 a) and N-methylindol-5-yl (compound 10) residues instead of the para-anisyl group on the 4-(methylamino)-2-methylquinazoline pharmacophore, were prepared and found to exceed the antitumor efficacy of the lead compound. They were antiproliferative with single-digit nanomolar IC50 values against a panel of nine tumor cell lines, while not affecting nonmalignant fibroblasts. Indole 10 surpassed verubulin in seven tumor cell lines including colon, breast, ovarian, and germ cell cancer cell lines. In line with docking studies indicating that compound 10 may bind the colchicine binding site of tubulin more tightly (Ebind =-9.8 kcal mol(-1) ) than verubulin (Ebind =-8.3 kcal mol(-1) ), 10 suppressed the formation of vessel-like tubes in endothelial cells and destroyed the blood vessels in the chorioallantoic membrane of fertilized chicken eggs at nanomolar concentrations. When applied to nude mice bearing a highly vascularized 1411HP germ cell xenograft tumor, compound 10 displayed pronounced vascular-disrupting effects that led to hemorrhages and extensive central necrosis in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Mahal
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth (Germany)
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Kim KW, Lee JM, Jeon YS, Lee IJ, Choi Y, Park J, Kiefer B, Kim C, Han JK, Choi BI. Vascular disrupting effect of CKD-516: preclinical study using DCE-MRI. Invest New Drugs 2013; 31:1097-106. [PMID: 23299389 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) are new class of anti-cancer drugs targeting pre-existing tumor vasculature which lead to tumor ischemia and necrosis. An innovative tubulin polymerization inhibitor, CKD-516, was recently developed as a VDA. We attempted to evaluate its tubulin destabilizing effect using immunofluorescence staining on human endothelial cells (HUVECs) and to ascertain its antivascular effect in a rabbit VX2 tumor model using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI by measuring the changes in kinetic parameters such as K-trans and IAUGC. Immunofluorescence staining using anti-tubulin and anti-actin antibodies on HUVECs showed that CKD-516 selectively disrupted tubulin component of the endothelial cytoskeleton. Serial DCE-MRI showed a significant decrease in K-trans and IAUGC parameters from baseline at 4 h (39.9 % in K-trans; -45.0 % in IAUGC) and at 24 h (-32.2 % in K-trans; -36.5 % in IAUGC), and a significant recovery at 48 h (22.9 % in K-trans; 34.8 % in IAUGC) following administration of CKD-516 at a 0.7-mg/kg dose. When the tumors were stratified according to the initial K-trans value of 0.1, tumors with a high K-trans > 0.1 which was indicative of having well-developed pre-existing vessels, showed greater reduction in K-trans and IAUGC values. On histologic examination, the degree of necrosis of treated tumors was significantly greater than that of untreated tumors. In summary, CKD-516 is an effective VDA which results in rapid vascular shutdown by targeting the tubulin component of tumor vessels and thus leads to necrosis.
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Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) are a relatively new class of drugs that target tumor vasculature and induce tumor blood flow shutdown and subsequent necrosis in the tumor core. The first generation of these agents is actively evaluated in clinical trials, whereas new molecules are developed in order to enhance efficacy and to overcome resistance mechanisms. VDA used as a single agent only cause a moderate tumor growth delay. So, strategy aiming at combining VDA to conventional cancer treatments is undergoing extensive investigations. A special emphasis has been put on combination with chemotherapeutic agents. Besides, numerous preclinical studies have also clearly established that the association of VDA to radiotherapy can improve antitumor treatment and may lead to a therapeutic gain. However, up to date, there is a lack of clinical trials evaluating such combinations, whereas it would be of great interest since radiotherapy is widely used as anticancer treatment.
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29
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Beale TM, Allwood DM, Bender A, Bond PJ, Brenton JD, Charnock-Jones DS, Ley SV, Myers RM, Shearman JW, Temple J, Unger J, Watts CA, Xian J. A-ring dihalogenation increases the cellular activity of combretastatin-templated tetrazoles. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:177-81. [PMID: 24900453 DOI: 10.1021/ml200149g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The combretastatins have been investigated for their antimitotic and antivascular properties, and it is widely postulated that a 3,4,5-trimethoxyaryl A-ring is essential to maintain potent activity. We have synthesized new tetrazole analogues (32-34), demonstrating that 3,5-dihalogenation can consistently increase potency by up to 5-fold when compared to the equivalent trimethoxy compound on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and a range of cancer cells. Moreover, this increased potency offsets that lost by installing the tetrazole bridge into combretastatin A-4 (1), giving crystalline, soluble compounds that have low nanomolar activity, arrest cells in G2/M phase, and retain microtubule inhibitory activity. Molecular modeling has shown that optimized packing within the binding site resulting in increased Coulombic interaction may be responsible for this improved activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Beale
- Department of Chemistry, Lensfield
Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Daniel M. Allwood
- Department of Chemistry, Lensfield
Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Andreas Bender
- Unilever
Centre for Molecular
Science Informatics, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Peter J. Bond
- Unilever
Centre for Molecular
Science Informatics, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - James D. Brenton
- Functional Genomics of Ovarian
Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Research U.K., Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge
CB2 0RE, U.K
| | - D. Stephen Charnock-Jones
- Department
of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, and
National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical
Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0SW, U.K
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department of Chemistry, Lensfield
Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Rebecca M. Myers
- Department of Chemistry, Lensfield
Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - James W. Shearman
- Department of Chemistry, Lensfield
Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jill Temple
- Functional Genomics of Ovarian
Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Research U.K., Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge
CB2 0RE, U.K
| | - Jessica Unger
- Functional Genomics of Ovarian
Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Research U.K., Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge
CB2 0RE, U.K
| | - Ciorsdaidh A. Watts
- Department of Chemistry, Lensfield
Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jian Xian
- Functional Genomics of Ovarian
Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Research U.K., Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge
CB2 0RE, U.K
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