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Oda Y, Niimi K, Yoshida K, Tamauchi S, Yokoi A, Yasui Y, Nishiko Y, Shibata M, Shimizu Y, Yoshihara M, Ikeda Y, Yoshikawa N, Nishino K, Yamamoto E, Kajiyama H. Establishment and characterization of a non-gestational choriocarcinoma patient-derived xenograft model. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1103. [PMID: 37957624 PMCID: PMC10642054 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-gestational choriocarcinoma (NGC) is a rare subtype of malignant germ cell tumour and there is no consensus on its treatment. The lack of suitable preclinical models for NGC is a challenge in drug discovery research. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models recapitulate the tumour microenvironment of the original cancer tissue. Therefore, they have received considerable attention for studies on rare cancer. Here, we aimed to establish a PDX model from a patient with recurrent NGC. METHODS Fresh NGC tumour tissue was immediately transplanted into a severely immune-deficient mouse (NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid1l2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ) and maintained for more than three in vivo passages. Subsequently, we evaluated the molecular characteristics of the PDX model using immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, and RNA sequencing. Moreover, the PDX tumours were transplanted into BALB/c nude mice, and we evaluated their sensitivity for cisplatin and methotrexate. RESULTS The PDX tumour maintained the morphological features of NGC. Moreover, Immunohistochemistry revealed that the human chorionic gonadotropin, cytokeratin 7, and EpCAM expression levels were similar to those in the primary tumour. Furthermore, serum human chorionic gonadotropin levels were elevated in both the primary tumour and the PDX models. Additionally, using PCR analysis with species-specific primers, we confirmed that the PDX tumour contained human genes and was derived from human tissue. Moreover, the gene expression profile of the NGC was compared with that of epithelial ovarian cancer samples and cell lines, and 568 dysregulated genes in the NGC were extracted. The expression of the dysregulated genes in PDX was significantly correlated with that in the primary tumour (R2 = 0.873, P < 0.001). Finally, we demonstrated that the PDX tumour was sensitive to cisplatin and methotrexate; therefore, its clinical response to the agents was similar to that of the primary tumour. CONCLUSIONS We successfully established a PDX model of NGC, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time. The established PDX retained the molecular and transcriptome characteristics of the primary tumour and can be used to predict drug effects. It may facilitate further research and the development of novel therapeutic agents for NGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma- cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kaoru Niimi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma- cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma- cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tamauchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma- cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akira Yokoi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma- cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Tsuruma-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuko Yasui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma- cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishiko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma- cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mayu Shibata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma- cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shimizu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma- cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masato Yoshihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma- cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma- cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Yoshikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma- cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Nishino
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma- cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiko Yamamoto
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma- cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kajiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma- cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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Detection of circulating tumor cells: opportunities and challenges. Biomark Res 2022; 10:58. [PMID: 35962400 PMCID: PMC9375360 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells that shed from a primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream. Studying the functional and molecular characteristics of CTCs may provide in-depth knowledge regarding highly lethal tumor diseases. Researchers are working to design devices and develop analytical methods that can capture and detect CTCs in whole blood from cancer patients with improved sensitivity and specificity. Techniques using whole blood samples utilize physical prosperity, immunoaffinity or a combination of the above methods and positive and negative enrichment during separation. Further analysis of CTCs is helpful in cancer monitoring, efficacy evaluation and designing of targeted cancer treatment methods. Although many advances have been achieved in the detection and molecular characterization of CTCs, several challenges still exist that limit the current use of this burgeoning diagnostic approach. In this review, a brief summary of the biological characterization of CTCs is presented. We focus on the current existing CTC detection methods and the potential clinical implications and challenges of CTCs. We also put forward our own views regarding the future development direction of CTCs.
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Hassan S, Blick T, Wood J, Thompson EW, Williams ED. Circulating Tumour Cells Indicate the Presence of Residual Disease Post-Castration in Prostate Cancer Patient-Derived Xenograft Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:858013. [PMID: 35493092 PMCID: PMC9043137 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.858013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the lethal form of prostate cancer. Epithelial mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) has been associated with disease progression to CRPC, and prostate cancer therapies targeting the androgen signalling axis, including androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), promote EMP. We explored effects of castration on EMP in the tumours and circulating tumour cells (CTCs) of patient-derived xenograft (PDX)-bearing castrated mice using human-specific RT-qPCR assays and immunocytochemistry. Expression of prostate epithelial cell marker KLK3 was below detection in most tumours from castrated mice (62%, 23/37 mice), consistent with its known up-regulation by androgens. Endpoint tumour size after castration varied significantly in a PDX model-specific pattern; while most tumours were castration-sensitive (BM18, LuCaP70), the majority of LuCaP105 tumours continued to grow following castration. By contrast, LuCaP96 PDX showed a mixed response to castration. CTCs were detected in 33% of LuCaP105, 43% of BM18, 47% of LuCaP70, and 54% of LuCaP96 castrated mice using RPL32 mRNA measurement in plasma. When present, CTC numbers estimated using human RPL32 expression ranged from 1 to 458 CTCs per ml blood, similar to our previous observations in non-castrated mice. In contrast to their non-castrated counterparts, there was no relationship between tumour size and CTC burden in castrated mice. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the gene expression profiles of CTCs collected from castrated and non-castrated mice revealed distinct CTC sub-groups within the pooled population that were classified as having mesenchymal, epithelial, or EMP hybrid gene expression profiles. The epithelial signature was only found in CTCs from non-castrated mice. Hybrid and mesenchymal signatures were detected in CTCs from both castrated and non-castrated mice, with an emphasis towards mesenchymal phenotypes in castrated mice. Post-castration serum PSA levels were either below detection or very low for all the CTC positive samples highlighting the potential usefulness of CTCs for disease monitoring after androgen ablation therapy. In summary, our study of castration effects on prostate cancer PDX CTCs showed that CTCs were often detected in the castrate setting, even in mice with no palpable tumours, and demonstrated the superior ability of CTCs to reveal residual disease over the conventional clinical biomarker serum PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hassan
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tony Blick
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jack Wood
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland (APCRC-Q) and Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik W. Thompson
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Elizabeth D. Williams
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland (APCRC-Q) and Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth D. Williams,
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Inertial-Assisted Immunomagnetic Bioplatform towards Efficient Enrichment of Circulating Tumor Cells. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11060183. [PMID: 34198939 PMCID: PMC8228665 DOI: 10.3390/bios11060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Serving as an effective biomarker in liquid biopsy, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can provide an accessible source for cancer biology study. For the in-depth evaluation of CTCs in cancer analysis, their efficient enrichment is essential, owing to their low abundance in peripheral blood. In this paper, self-assembled immunomagnetic beads were developed to isolate CTCs from the ordered bundles of cells under the assistance of the spiral inertial effect. Parametric numerical simulations were performed to explore the velocity distribution in the cross section. Based on this chip, rare CTCs could be recovered under the throughput of 500 μL/min, making this device a valuable supplement in cancer analysis, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
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Hassan S, Blick T, Thompson EW, Williams ED. Diversity of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Phenotypes in Circulating Tumour Cells from Prostate Cancer Patient-Derived Xenograft Models. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112750. [PMID: 34206049 PMCID: PMC8198708 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Spread of prostate cancer to other parts of the body is responsible for the majority of deaths. Tumour cell epithelial mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) increases their metastatic potential and facilitates their survival in the blood as circulating tumour cells (CTCs). The aim of this study was to molecularly characterise CTCs in a panel of prostate cancer patient-derived xenografts using genes associated with epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes, and to compare the EMP status of CTCs with their matched primary tumours. The study highlights high heterogeneity in CTC enumeration and EMP gene expression between tumour-bearing mice and within individual blood samples, and therefore caution should be taken when interpreting pooled CTC analyses. Critically, tumour cells were present in the epithelial-mesenchymal hybrid state in the circulation. The study also demonstrates that there is high variation in CTC size, which would introduce sample bias to size-based CTC isolation techniques. Abstract Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) status of primary tumours has relevance to metastatic potential and therapy resistance. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) provide a window into the metastatic process, and molecular characterisation of CTCs in comparison to their primary tumours could lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the metastatic cascade. In this study, paired blood and tumour samples were collected from four prostate cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models (BM18, LuCaP70, LuCaP96, LuCaP105) and assessed using an EMP-focused, 42 gene human-specific, nested quantitative RT-PCR assay. CTC burden varied amongst the various xenograft models with LuCaP96 having the highest number of CTCs per mouse (mean: 704; median: 31) followed by BM18 (mean: 101; median: 21), LuCaP70 (mean: 73; median: 16) and LuCaP105 (mean: 57; median: 6). A significant relationship was observed between tumour size and CTC number (p = 0.0058). Decreased levels of kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3) mRNA (which encodes prostate-specific antigen; PSA) were observed in CTC samples from all four models compared to their primary tumours. Both epithelial- and mesenchymal-associated genes were commonly expressed at higher levels in CTCs compared to the bulk primary tumour, although some common EMT-associated genes (CDH1, VIM, EGFR, EPCAM) remained unchanged. Immunofluorescence co-staining for pan-cytokeratin (KRT) and vimentin (VIM) indicated variable proportions of CTCs across the full EMP axis, even in the same model. EMP hybrids predominated in the BM18 and LuCaP96 models, but were not detected in the LuCaP105 model, and variable numbers of KRT+ and human VIM+ cells were observed in each model. SERPINE1, which encodes plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), was enriched at the RNA level in CTCs compared to primary tumours and was the most commonly expressed mesenchymal gene in the CTCs. Co-staining for SERPINE1 and KRT revealed SERPINE1+ cells in 7/11 samples, six of which had SERPINE+KRT+ CTCs. Cell size variation was observed in CTCs. The majority of samples (8/11) contained larger CTCs ranging from 15.3 to 37.8 µm, whilst smaller cells (10.7 ± 4.1 µm, similar in size to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)) were identified in 6 of 11 samples. CTC clusters were also identified in 9/11 samples, containing 2–100 CTCs per cluster. Where CTC heterogeneity was observed in the clusters, epithelial-like cells (KRT+VIM−) were located on the periphery of the cluster, forming a layer around hybrid (KRT+VIM+) or mesenchymal-like (KRT−VIM+) cells. The CTC heterogeneity observed in these models emphasises the complexity in CTC isolation and classification and supports the increasingly recognised importance of the epithelial-mesenchymal hybrid state in cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hassan
- Faculty of Health and Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia; (S.H.); (T.B.)
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Tony Blick
- Faculty of Health and Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia; (S.H.); (T.B.)
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Erik W. Thompson
- Faculty of Health and Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia; (S.H.); (T.B.)
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Correspondence: (E.W.T.); (E.D.W.)
| | - Elizabeth D. Williams
- Faculty of Health and Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia; (S.H.); (T.B.)
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre—Queensland (APCRC-Q), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Correspondence: (E.W.T.); (E.D.W.)
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Dai Z, Gu XY, Xiang SY, Gong DD, Man CF, Fan Y. Research and application of single-cell sequencing in tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance of circulating tumor cells. Biomark Res 2020; 8:60. [PMID: 33292625 PMCID: PMC7653877 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumor is a largely harmful disease worldwide. The cure rate of malignant tumors increases with the continuous discovery of anti-tumor drugs and the optimisation of chemotherapy options. However, drug resistance of tumor cells remains a massive obstacle in the treatment of anti-tumor drugs. The heterogeneity of malignant tumors makes studying it further difficult for us. In recent years, using single-cell sequencing technology to study and analyse circulating tumor cells can avoid the interference of tumor heterogeneity and provide a new perspective for us to understand tumor drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Dai
- Cancer Institution, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, No.8 Dianli Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Yu Gu
- Cancer Institution, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, No.8 Dianli Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shou-Yan Xiang
- Cancer Institution, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, No.8 Dianli Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212002, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Gong
- Cancer Institution, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, No.8 Dianli Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chang-Feng Man
- Cancer Institution, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, No.8 Dianli Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Fan
- Cancer Institution, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, No.8 Dianli Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212002, People's Republic of China.
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Dianat-Moghadam H, Azizi M, Eslami-S Z, Cortés-Hernández LE, Heidarifard M, Nouri M, Alix-Panabières C. The Role of Circulating Tumor Cells in the Metastatic Cascade: Biology, Technical Challenges, and Clinical Relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040867. [PMID: 32260071 PMCID: PMC7225923 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases and cancer recurrence are the main causes of cancer death. Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) and disseminated tumor cells are the drivers of cancer cell dissemination. The assessment of CTCs’ clinical role in early metastasis prediction, diagnosis, and treatment requires more information about their biology, their roles in cancer dormancy, and immune evasion as well as in therapy resistance. Indeed, CTC functional and biochemical phenotypes have been only partially characterized using murine metastasis models and liquid biopsy in human patients. CTC detection, characterization, and enumeration represent a promising tool for tailoring the management of each patient with cancer. The comprehensive understanding of CTCs will provide more opportunities to determine their clinical utility. This review provides much-needed insights into this dynamic field of translational cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Dianat-Moghadam
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran; (H.D.-M.); (M.N.)
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azizi
- Proteomics Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran;
| | - Zahra Eslami-S
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, UPRES, EA2415, 34093 Montpellier, France (L.E.C.-H.)
| | - Luis Enrique Cortés-Hernández
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, UPRES, EA2415, 34093 Montpellier, France (L.E.C.-H.)
| | - Maryam Heidarifard
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51368 Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran; (H.D.-M.); (M.N.)
| | - Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, UPRES, EA2415, 34093 Montpellier, France (L.E.C.-H.)
- Correspondence:
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Lin R, Zhang H, Yuan Y, He Q, Zhou J, Li S, Sun Y, Li DY, Qiu HB, Wang W, Zhuang Z, Chen B, Huang Y, Liu C, Wang Y, Cai S, Ke Z, He W. Fatty Acid Oxidation Controls CD8 + Tissue-Resident Memory T-cell Survival in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:479-492. [PMID: 32075801 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The success of checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment is associated with the infiltration of tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells. In this study, we found that about 30% of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in the tumor microenvironment of gastric adenocarcinoma were CD69+CD103+ Trm cells. Trm cells were low in patients with metastasis, and the presence of Trm cells was associated with better prognosis in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Trm cells expressed high PD-1, TIGIT, and CD39 and represented tumor-reactive TILs. Instead of utilizing glucose, Trm cells relied on fatty acid oxidation for cell survival. Deprivation of fatty acid resulted in Trm cell death. In a tumor cell-T-cell coculture system, gastric adenocarcinoma cells outcompeted Trm cells for lipid uptake and induced Trm cell death. Targeting PD-L1 decreased fatty acid binding protein (Fabp) 4 and Fabp5 expression in tumor cells of gastric adenocarcinoma. In contrast, the blockade of PD-L1 increased Fabp4/5 expression in Trm cells, promoting lipid uptake by Trm cells and resulting in better survival of Trm cells in vitro and in vivo. PD-L1 blockade unleashed Trm cells specifically in the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice. PDX mice that did not respond to PD-L1 blockade had less Trm cells than responders. Together, these data demonstrated that Trm cells represent a subset of TILs in the antitumor immune response and that metabolic reprogramming could be a promising way to prolong the longevity of Trm cells and enhance antitumor immunity in gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Lin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yujie Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiong He
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianwen Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuhua Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Daniel Y Li
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hai-Bo Qiu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhehong Zhuang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yonghui Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuwei Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingzhao Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shirong Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zunfu Ke
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiling He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Zhao S, Fang W, Pan H, Yang Y, Liang Y, Yang L, Dong X, Zhan J, Wang K, Zhang L. Conformational Landscapes of HER2 Exon 20 Insertions Explain Their Sensitivity to Kinase Inhibitors in Lung Adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol 2020; 15:962-972. [PMID: 32036069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HER2 exon 20 insertion (ex20ins) is one of the most intractable problems in lung cancer. Most ex20ins are resistant to available EGFR or pan-HER tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), with the exception of a few mutants. However, the mechanism for TKI response and resistance of HER2 ex20ins remains poorly understood. METHODS Next-generation sequencing-based genomic profiling data of 4139 patients with lung cancer were interrogated for HER2 ex20ins. Structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of common HER2 ex20ins were carried out to provide insights into the mechanism of activation and response heterogeneity of ex20ins. Molecular docking was performed to predict affinity to TKIs. Therapeutic decisions for patients were made on the basis of the results of genomic profiling. RESULTS From 155 HER2-mutant lung cancer cases, Y772_A775dup and G778_P780dup were identified in 74 (47.7%) and 18 (11.6%) cases, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that HER2 ex20ins led to ligand-independent kinase activation by changing the conformational landscape of HER2 kinase and restricting kinase conformation in the active state. G778_P780dup had a three-amino acid extension in the αC-β4 loop and retained the HER2-characteristic G776 and G778. Compared with Y772_A775dup, it had less restriction on kinase conformational sampling and higher affinity to afatinib, dacomitinib, pyrotinib, and poziotinib. Treating lung adenocarcinomas carrying G778_P780dup with these inhibitors led to sustained tumor responses in six of the 10 patients. CONCLUSIONS The kinase conformational landscape dictated by the length of the αC-β4 loop and residues at HER2 776 and 778 position explains TKI sensitivity in ex20ins. This finding could guide therapeutic decisions with currently available therapies and future drug development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Dong
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- OrigiMed Inc., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Li X, Wang H, Li T, Wang L, Wu X, Liu J, Xu Y, Wei W. Circulating tumor DNA/circulating tumor cells and the applicability in different causes induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Curr Probl Cancer 2019; 44:100516. [PMID: 31836136 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2019.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, liquid biopsy was rated one of the top 10 breakthrough technologies of the year by MIT Technology Review. Liquid biopsy is a type of in vitro diagnostic method involving a noninvasive blood test. It is also a breakthrough technology used to detect tumors and cancers and assist in therapeutic strategies. The most widely used markers are circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). Primary carcinoma of the liver is a malignancy of hepatocytes or intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells. The most common type of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the causes of which mainly include infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcohol abuse, aflatoxicosis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/ nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. As there are few typical clinical characteristics during the early stage of the disease, early diagnosis of HCC is very challenging. However, CTCs and ctDNA carry tumor-specific information. Therefore, the detection and analysis of CTCs and ctDNA can provide evidence for the early diagnosis of HCC and guide treatment. Furthermore, several studies have indicated that different inducers of HCC cause different DNA mutations, and accordingly, detection of specific mutations in ctDNA will facilitate the determination of the HCC type and help physicians provide distinctive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine innovation team, Hefei, China.
| | - Lianzi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiaqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine innovation team, Hefei, China.
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11
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Xu M, Zhao H, Chen J, Liu W, Li E, Wang Q, Zhang L. An Integrated Microfluidic Chip and Its Clinical Application for Circulating Tumor Cell Isolation and Single-Cell Analysis. Cytometry A 2019; 97:46-53. [PMID: 31595638 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent invasive tumor cell populations and provide a noninvasive solution to the clinical management and research of tumors. Characterization of CTCs at single-cell resolution enables the comprehensive understanding of tumor heterogeneity and may benefit the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. However, most efforts have been made on enumeration and detection of CTCs, while little focus has been directed to single-cell study. Herein, an integrated microfluidic platform for single-cell isolation and analysis was established. After validating this platform on lung cancer cell lines, we detected and isolated single CTCs from the peripheral blood samples of 20 cancer patients before and after one treatment cycle. Furthermore, we performed single-cell whole-exome DNA sequencing on a single CTC from the peripheral blood sample of a representative early stage lung cancer patient. Among the blood samples of 20 patients, 15 of them were positive for CTC detection (75.0% detectable rate). Single-cell analysis revealed detailed genetic variations of the CTC, while six new gene mutations were detected in both single CTC and surgical specimen. This study provides a useful tool for the isolation and analysis of single CTCs from peripheral blood samples, which not only facilitates the early diagnosis of cancers but also helps to unravel the genetic information of tumor at a single-cell level. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Encheng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Lichuan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
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12
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Lazebnik Y. Gestational tumors as a model to probe reticulate evolution in human neoplasia. Oncotarget 2019; 10:259-262. [PMID: 30719223 PMCID: PMC6349447 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticulate evolution, which involves the transfer of genes and other inheritable information between organisms, is of interest to a cancer researcher if only because "pirating" a trait can help a cell and its progeny adapt, survive, or take over much faster than by accumulating random mutations. However, despite being observed repeatedly in experimental models of neoplasia, reticulate evolution is assumed to be negligible in human cancer primarily because detecting gene transfer between the cells of the same genetic background can be difficult or impossible. This commentary suggests that gestational tumors, which are genetically distinct from the women who carry them, provide an opportunity to test whether reticulate evolution affects the development of human neoplasia.
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