1
|
Lan L, Feng K, Wu Y, Zhang W, Wei L, Che H, Xue L, Gao Y, Tao J, Qian S, Cao W, Zhang J, Wang C, Tian M. Phenomic Imaging. Phenomics 2023; 3:597-612. [PMID: 38223684 PMCID: PMC10781914 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Human phenomics is defined as the comprehensive collection of observable phenotypes and characteristics influenced by a complex interplay among factors at multiple scales. These factors include genes, epigenetics at the microscopic level, organs, microbiome at the mesoscopic level, and diet and environmental exposures at the macroscopic level. "Phenomic imaging" utilizes various imaging techniques to visualize and measure anatomical structures, biological functions, metabolic processes, and biochemical activities across different scales, both in vivo and ex vivo. Unlike conventional medical imaging focused on disease diagnosis, phenomic imaging captures both normal and abnormal traits, facilitating detailed correlations between macro- and micro-phenotypes. This approach plays a crucial role in deciphering phenomes. This review provides an overview of different phenomic imaging modalities and their applications in human phenomics. Additionally, it explores the associations between phenomic imaging and other omics disciplines, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, immunomics, and metabolomics. By integrating phenomic imaging with other omics data, such as genomics and metabolomics, a comprehensive understanding of biological systems can be achieved. This integration paves the way for the development of new therapeutic approaches and diagnostic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Lan
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Kai Feng
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Yudan Wu
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Ling Wei
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Huiting Che
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Le Xue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Yidan Gao
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Ji Tao
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Shufang Qian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Wenzhao Cao
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Mei Tian
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Erzurumlu Y, Muhammed MT. Triiodothyronine positively regulates endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and promotes androgenic signaling in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. Cell Signal 2023:110745. [PMID: 37271348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play crucial roles in numerous physiological processes of nearly all mammalian tissues, including differentiation and metabolism. Deterioration of TH signaling has been associated with several pathologies, including cancer. The effect of highly active triiodothyronine (T3) has been investigated in many in vivo and in vitro cancer models. However, the role of T3 on cancerous prostate tissue is controversial. Recent studies have focused on the characterization of the supportive roles of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling in prostate cancer (PCa) and investigating new hormonal regulation patterns, including estrogen, progesterone and 1,25(OH)2D3. Additionally, androgenic signaling controlled by androgens, which are critical in PCa progression, has been shown to be regulated by other steroid hormones. While the effects of T3 on ERAD and UPR are unknown today, the impact on androgenic signaling is still not understood in PCa. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the molecular action of T3 on the ERAD mechanism and UPR signaling in PCa cells and also extensively examined the effect of T3 on androgenic signaling. Our data strongly indicated that T3 tightly regulates ERAD and UPR signaling in androgen-dependent PCa cells. We also found that T3 stimulates androgenic signaling by upregulating AR mRNA and protein levels and enhancing its nuclear translocation. Additionally, advanced computational studies supported the ligand binding effect of T3 on AR protein. Our data suggest that targeting thyroidal signaling should be considered in therapeutic approaches to be developed for prostate malignancy in addition to other steroidal regulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalcin Erzurumlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Turkey.
| | - Muhammed Tilahun Muhammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Torabinejad S, Miro C, Barone B, Imbimbo C, Crocetto F, Dentice M. The androgen-thyroid hormone crosstalk in prostate cancer and the clinical implications. Eur Thyroid J 2023; 12:e220228. [PMID: 36930264 PMCID: PMC10160561 DOI: 10.1530/etj-22-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that thyroid hormones (THs) work in an integrative fashion with androgen receptors (ARs) to regulate gonadal differentiation and reproductive function. Studies reveal that THs have interactions with the AR promoter region and increase AR expression. THs also have a role in the regulation of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of androgens, such as 5α-reductase, which is essential in the conversion of testosterone into its active form, 5α-dihydrotestosterone. Additionally, the presence of androgen response elements in the promoter regions of TH-related genes, such as deiodinases and TH receptor isoforms, has been identified in some vertebrates, indicating a mutual interaction between THs and ARs. Since the androgen signaling pathway, mediated by ARs, plays a key role in the formation and progression of prostate cancer (PCa), the existence of crosstalk between THs and ARs supports the epidemiologic and experimental evidence indicating a relationship between the high incidence of PCa and hyperthyroidism. This article aims to review the role of androgen-TH crosstalk in PCa and its implication in clinical management. As life expectancy is growing these days, it can increase the number of patients with PCa and the critical relevance of the disease. In order to gain better knowledge about PCa and to improve clinical management, it is essential to get better insight into the key factors related to the formation and progression of this cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Torabinejad
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples ’Federico II’, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Miro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples ’Federico II’, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Barone
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II
| | - Ciro Imbimbo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II
| | - Felice Crocetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples ’Federico II’, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE – Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gallon J, Rodriguez-Calero A, Benjak A, Akhoundova D, Maletti S, Amstutz U, Hewer E, Genitsch V, Fleischmann A, Rushing EJ, Grobholz R, Fischer I, Jochum W, Cathomas G, Osunkoya AO, Bubendorf L, Moch H, Thalmann G, Feng FY, Gillessen S, Ng CK, Rubin MA, Piscuoglio S. DNA Methylation Landscapes of Prostate Cancer Brain Metastasis Are Shaped by Early Driver Genetic Alterations. Cancer Res 2023; 83:1203-1213. [PMID: 36749655 PMCID: PMC10102845 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastases from primary prostate cancers to rare locations, such as the brain, are becoming more common due to longer life expectancy resulting from improved treatments. Epigenetic dysregulation is a feature of primary prostate cancer, and distinct DNA methylation profiles have been shown to be associated with the mutually exclusive SPOP-mutant or TMPRSS2-ERG fusion genetic backgrounds. Using a cohort of prostate cancer brain metastases (PCBM) from 42 patients, with matched primary tumors for 17 patients, we carried out a DNA methylation analysis to examine the epigenetic distinction between primary prostate cancer and PCBM, the association between epigenetic alterations and mutational background, and particular epigenetic alterations that may be associated with PCBM. Multiregion sampling of PCBM revealed epigenetic stability within metastases. Aberrant methylation in PCBM was associated with mutational background and PRC2 complex activity, an effect that is particularly pronounced in SPOP-mutant PCBM. While PCBM displayed a CpG island hypermethylator phenotype, hypomethylation at the promoters of genes involved in neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and cell adhesion molecules such as GABRB3, CLDN8, and CLDN4 was also observed, suggesting that cells from primary tumors may require specific reprogramming to form brain metastasis. This study revealed the DNA methylation landscapes of PCBM and the potential mechanisms and effects of PCBM-associated aberrant DNA methylation. SIGNIFICANCE DNA methylation analysis reveals the molecular characteristics of PCBM and may serve as a starting point for efforts to identify and target susceptibilities of these rare metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Gallon
- Visceral Surgery and Precision Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Rodriguez-Calero
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrej Benjak
- Visceral Surgery and Precision Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dilara Akhoundova
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sina Maletti
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Amstutz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ekkehard Hewer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vera Genitsch
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Achim Fleischmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Münsterlingen, Switzerland
| | | | - Rainer Grobholz
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Ingeborg Fischer
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Wolfram Jochum
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Gieri Cathomas
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Adeboye O. Osunkoya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lukas Bubendorf
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - George Thalmann
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Felix Y. Feng
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Silke Gillessen
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte K.Y. Ng
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Visceral Surgery and Precision Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yeh CF, Lee WY, Yu TH, Hsu YB, Lan MC, Lan MY. Antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine as a potential therapeutic agent against nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 2023; 45:316-328. [PMID: 36349408 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trifluoperazine (TFP) is a typical antipsychotic primarily used to treat schizophrenia. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether TFP can be used as a therapeutic agent against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and identify its underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS We used NPC-TW01, TW03, TW04, and BM to assess the anticancer effects of TFP by using cytotoxicity, wound healing, colony formation, and cell invasion assays. An in vivo animal study was conducted. RNA sequencing combined with Ingenuity Pathways Analysis was performed to identify the mechanism by which TFP influences NPC cells. RESULTS Our data revealed that TFP decreased NPC cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. The invasion and migration of NPC tumor cells were inhibited by TFP. An in vivo study also demonstrated the anticancer effects of TFP. RNA sequencing revealed several anticancer molecular mechanisms following TFP administration. CONCLUSIONS The antipsychotic drug TFP could be a potential therapeutic regimen for NPC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Fu Yeh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ya Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Han Yu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Bin Hsu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chin Lan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ying Lan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aksoy O, Hantusch B, Kenner L. Emerging role of T3-binding protein μ-crystallin (CRYM) in health and disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:804-816. [PMID: 36344381 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are essential metabolic and developmental regulators that exert a huge variety of effects in different organs. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are synthesized in the thyroid gland and constitute unique iodine-containing hormones that are constantly regulated by a homeostatic feedback mechanism. T3/T4 activity in cells is mainly determined by specific transporters, cytosolic binding proteins, deiodinases (DIOs), and nuclear receptors. Modulation of intracellular T3/T4 level contributes to the maintenance of this regulatory feedback. μ-Crystallin (CRYM) is an important intracellular high-affinity T3-binding protein that buffers the amount of T3 freely available in the cytosol, thereby controlling its action. In this review, we focus on the molecular and pathological properties of CRYM in thyroid hormone signaling, with emphasis on its critical role in malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osman Aksoy
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Hantusch
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria; Unit for Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Applied Metabolomics (CDL-AM), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Feng L, Ding G, Zhou Y, Zhu H, Jiang H. Downregulation of Crystallin Lambda 1 is a New Independent Prognostic Marker in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2022; 15:857-866. [PMID: 36246497 PMCID: PMC9563328 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s382564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most prevalent kidney cancer subtype, has a high mortality rate. Crystallin lambda 1 (CRYL1) encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of L-gulonate into dehydro-L-gulonate in uronate cycle. CRYL1 dysregulation has been linked to the progression of several cancers. This research aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of CRYL1 expression in ccRCC prognosis. Methods Clinical data and gene expression profiles on ccRCC were retrieved from the University of California Santa Cruz Xena platform. Differences (variations) in the expression profiles of CRYL1 in ccRCC and healthy tissues were found using RNA-sequencing data, and these findings were validated using qPCR with real-world samples. CRYL1 expression levels were also linked to clinicopathological characteristics, survival, and immune microenvironments. The potential pathway via which CRYL1 expression levels impact the prognosis of patients with ccRCC was investigated using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Results In ccRCC tissues, CRYL1 expression levels were lower compared to healthy renal tissues in TCGA cohort (n = 535, P < 0.001), which was validated in another real-world cohort (n = 14, P < 0.001). Lower CRYL1 expression levels were linked to unfavorable clinicopathological characteristics and prognoses (P < 0.001). According to multivariate Cox regression analysis (P < 0.001), CRYL1 expression levels in patients with ccRCC could serve as an independent prognostic indicator. Furthermore, a strong link between CRYL1 expression levels and immune microenvironment was observed (P < 0.001). Finally, GSEA revealed that CRYL1 expression levels (P < 0.001) were associated with fatty acid metabolism, G2M checkpoint delays, and epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in ccRCC. Conclusion Our study found that lower levels of CRYL1 expression were linked to unfavorable clinicopathological characteristics and worse prognoses, and CRYL1 could serve as a new target for the treatment of ccRCC, which is useful for personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingsong Feng
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guodong Ding
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyuan Zhu
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiming Jiang
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Huiming Jiang, Tel +86-13560990839, Email
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ren B, Zhu Y. A New Perspective on Thyroid Hormones: Crosstalk with Reproductive Hormones in Females. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052708. [PMID: 35269847 PMCID: PMC8911152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that thyroid hormones (THs) are vital for female reproductive system homeostasis. THs regulate the reproductive functions through thyroid hormone receptors (THRs)-mediated genomic- and integrin-receptor-associated nongenomic mechanisms, depending on TH ligand status and DNA level, as well as transcription and extra-nuclear signaling transduction activities. These processes involve the binding of THs to intracellular THRs and steroid hormone receptors or membrane receptors and the recruitment of hormone-response elements. In addition, THs and other reproductive hormones can activate common signaling pathways due to their structural similarity and shared DNA consensus sequences among thyroid, peptide, and protein hormones and their receptors, thus constituting a complex and reciprocal interaction network. Moreover, THs not only indirectly affect the synthesis, secretion, and action of reproductive hormones, but are also regulated by these hormones at the same time. This crosstalk may be one of the pivotal factors regulating female reproductive behavior and hormone-related diseases, including tumors. Elucidating the interaction mechanism among the aforementioned hormones will contribute to apprehending the etiology of female reproductive diseases, shedding new light on the treatment of gynecological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingtao Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Yan Zhu
- Laboratory of Reproductive Pharmacology, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-64438416
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Anguiano B, Montes de Oca C, Delgado-González E, Aceves C. Prostate gland as a target organ of thyroid hormones: advances and controversies. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e210581. [PMID: 35041618 PMCID: PMC8859956 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are involved in the development and function of the male reproductive system, but their effects on the prostate have been poorly studied. This work reviews studies related to the interrelationship between the thyroid and the prostate. The information presented here is based upon bibliographic searches in PubMed using the following search terms: prostate combined with thyroid hormone or triiodothyronine, thyroxine, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or deiodinase. We identified and searched 49 articles directly related to the issue, and discarded studies related to endocrine disruptors. The number of publications has grown in the last 20 years, considering that one of the first studies was published in 1965. This review provides information based on in vitro studies, murine models, and clinical protocols in patients with thyroid disorders. Studies indicate that THs regulate different aspects of growth, metabolism, and prostate pathology, whose global effect depends on total and/or free concentrations of THs in serum, local bioavailability, and the endocrine androgen/thyronine context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Anguiano
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
- Correspondence should be addressed to B Anguiano:
| | - Carlos Montes de Oca
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Evangelina Delgado-González
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Carmen Aceves
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Miro C, Di Giovanni A, Murolo M, Cicatiello AG, Nappi A, Sagliocchi S, Di Cicco E, Morra F, Celetti A, Pacifico F, Imbimbo C, Crocetto F, Dentice M. Thyroid hormone and androgen signals mutually interplay and enhance inflammation and tumorigenic activation of tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Schnoell J, Kotowski U, Jank BJ, Stoiber S, Gurnhofer E, Schlederer M, Heiduschka G, Kenner L, Kadletz-Wanke L. Prognostic Relevance of Thyroid-Hormone-Associated Proteins in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121352. [PMID: 34945824 PMCID: PMC8703850 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteins sodium iodide symporter (NIS), μ-crystallin (CRYM), and thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRB) have been associated with prognosis in various cancer entities. While NIS and THRB may serve as possible therapeutic targets, the role of CRYM in cancer is still unclear. Protein levels of 44 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological data and outcome. NIS was positive in 72%, CRYM was positive in 55%, and THRB was positive in 39% of the patients. CRYM-positive adenoid cystic carcinomas were associated with a better cause-specific survival. Thus, our data indicate that CRYM might be a suitable positive prognostic marker in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. Furthermore, expression of NIS was present in most patients and therefore evaluation of the use of radioiodine treatment is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schnoell
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (U.K.); (B.J.J.); (L.K.-W.)
| | - Ulana Kotowski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (U.K.); (B.J.J.); (L.K.-W.)
| | - Bernhard J. Jank
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (U.K.); (B.J.J.); (L.K.-W.)
| | - Stefan Stoiber
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.S.); (E.G.); (M.S.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Applied Metabolomics, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gurnhofer
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.S.); (E.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.S.); (E.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Gregor Heiduschka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (U.K.); (B.J.J.); (L.K.-W.)
- Correspondence: (G.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.S.); (E.G.); (M.S.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Applied Metabolomics, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- CBmed GmbH-Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (G.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Lorenz Kadletz-Wanke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (U.K.); (B.J.J.); (L.K.-W.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jank BJ, Haas M, Schnoell J, Schlederer M, Heiduschka G, Kenner L, Kadletz-wanke L. µ-Crystallin Is Associated with Disease Outcome in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Pers Med 2021; 11:1330. [PMID: 34945802 PMCID: PMC8703347 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone levels may be associated with disease outcome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). µ-Crystallin (CRYM), a thyroid hormone binding protein, blocks intracellular binding of the thyroid hormone T3 to its receptors. In this study, we aimed to analyze the association of CRYM levels with disease outcome in HNSCC patients. We retrospectively assessed immunohistochemical CRYM expression in 121 head and neck cancer patients. Preoperative thyrotropin levels could be extracted for 50 patients. Patients with low thyrotropin levels had a worse prognosis compared to euthyroid patients (5-year overall survival TSH low 20% vs. TSH norm 58%). We observed an association of CRYM+ patients with improved overall survival (5-year overall survival for CRYM+ 78.6% vs. CRYM− 56%). Interaction analysis between CRYM and HPV revealed that this effect was limited to HPV− patients (CRYM+|HPV− HR 0.12, 95% CI 0.01–0.87, p = 0.036). These results were replicated in an independent dataset. CRYM expression identified patients with favorable disease progression for HPV− HNSCC patients and could serve as a useful biomarker in this patient population. This study further confirms a correlation of thyroid hormone levels with adverse disease outcome in HNSCC patients, which could be potentially exploited as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang W, Liu Y, Min Z, Liang G, Mo J, Ju Z, Zeng B, Guan W, Zhang Y, Chen J, Zhang Q, Li H, Zeng C, Wei Y, Chan GCF. circMine: a comprehensive database to integrate, analyze and visualize human disease-related circRNA transcriptome. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 50:D83-D92. [PMID: 34530446 PMCID: PMC8728235 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many circRNA transcriptome data were deposited in public resources, but these data show great heterogeneity. Researchers without bioinformatics skills have difficulty in investigating these invaluable data or their own data. Here, we specifically designed circMine (http://hpcc.siat.ac.cn/circmine and http://www.biomedical-web.com/circmine/) that provides 1 821 448 entries formed by 136 871 circRNAs, 87 diseases and 120 circRNA transcriptome datasets of 1107 samples across 31 human body sites. circMine further provides 13 online analytical functions to comprehensively investigate these datasets to evaluate the clinical and biological significance of circRNA. To improve the data applicability, each dataset was standardized and annotated with relevant clinical information. All of the 13 analytic functions allow users to group samples based on their clinical data and assign different parameters for different analyses, and enable them to perform these analyses using their own circRNA transcriptomes. Moreover, three additional tools were developed in circMine to systematically discover the circRNA-miRNA interaction and circRNA translatability. For example, we systematically discovered five potential translatable circRNAs associated with prostate cancer progression using circMine. In summary, circMine provides user-friendly web interfaces to browse, search, analyze and download data freely, and submit new data for further integration, and it can be an important resource to discover significant circRNA in different diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518053, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, Outstanding Biotechnology Co., Ltd.-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518053, China.,Experimental Training Management Center, Jilin Business and Technology, Jilin Province 130507, China
| | - Zhuochao Min
- School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Colorectal and Stomach Cancer Surgery, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China
| | - Jing Mo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Outstanding Biotechnology Co., Ltd.-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Zhen Ju
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Binghui Zeng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, Outstanding Biotechnology Co., Ltd.-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Wen Guan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Outstanding Biotechnology Co., Ltd.-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518053, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jianliang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518053, China
| | - Qianshen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518053, China
| | - Hanguang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518053, China
| | - Chunxia Zeng
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yanjie Wei
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518053, China.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aksoy O, Pencik J, Hartenbach M, Moazzami AA, Schlederer M, Balber T, Varady A, Philippe C, Baltzer PA, Mazumder B, Whitchurch JB, Roberts CJ, Haitel A, Herac M, Susani M, Mitterhauser M, Marculescu R, Stangl-Kremser J, Hassler MR, Kramer G, Shariat SF, Turner SD, Tichy B, Oppelt J, Pospisilova S, Hartenbach S, Tangermann S, Egger G, Neubauer HA, Moriggl R, Culig Z, Greiner G, Hoermann G, Hacker M, Heery DM, Merkel O, Kenner L. Thyroid and androgen receptor signaling are antagonized by μ-Crystallin in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2020; 148:731-747. [PMID: 33034050 PMCID: PMC7756625 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains a key approach in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). However, PCa inevitably relapses and becomes ADT resistant. Besides androgens, there is evidence that thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) and its active form 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) are involved in the progression of PCa. Epidemiologic evidences show a higher incidence of PCa in men with elevated thyroid hormone levels. The thyroid hormone binding protein μ-Crystallin (CRYM) mediates intracellular thyroid hormone action by sequestering T3 and blocks its binding to cognate receptors (TRα/TRβ) in target tissues. We show in our study that low CRYM expression levels in PCa patients are associated with early biochemical recurrence and poor prognosis. Moreover, we found a disease stage-specific expression of CRYM in PCa. CRYM counteracted thyroid and androgen signaling and blocked intracellular choline uptake. CRYM inversely correlated with [18F]fluoromethylcholine (FMC) levels in positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging of PCa patients. Our data suggest CRYM as a novel antagonist of T3- and androgen-mediated signaling in PCa. The role of CRYM could therefore be an essential control mechanism for the prevention of aggressive PCa growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osman Aksoy
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Pencik
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria.,Present address: Jan Pencik, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Markus Hartenbach
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali A Moazzami
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Theresa Balber
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adam Varady
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cecile Philippe
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pascal A Baltzer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bismoy Mazumder
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Andrea Haitel
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Merima Herac
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Susani
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Mitterhauser
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Gero Kramer
- Department of Urology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Departments of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Urology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Tichy
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Oppelt
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sabrina Hartenbach
- Histo Consulting Inc., Ulm, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Rudolfinerhaus Privatklinik Gmbh, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Tangermann
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerda Egger
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi A Neubauer
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Greiner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David M Heery
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria.,Unit for Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Applied Metabolomics (CDL-AM), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|