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Gellatly S, Moszczynski A, Fiedeldey L, Houle S, Smith M, Ogbogu U, Rudman D, Minaker L, Shelley J. "No one went into pharmacy … to sell a lot of Coca-Cola. It's just sort of a necessary evil" - Community pharmacists' perceptions of front-of-store sales and ethical tensions in the retail environment. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 11:100312. [PMID: 37576805 PMCID: PMC10415799 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Community pharmacists are expected to uphold ethical duties to patients and society while maintaining independent businesses or fulfilling expectations of corporate owners. Canadian pharmacy colleges provide only indirect guidance on the retail setting of the profession. Little is known about whether pharmacists identify ethical issues in retail pharmacy or around the sales of non-drug products. Objective This study sought to examine pharmacists' perceptions of their roles in health promotion, the factors that influence the selection of front-of-store products, and ethical issues relating to their dual roles as health care providers and retailers. Methods In 2020, 25 Canadian pharmacists participated in semi-structured phone interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded, anonymized, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed using qualitative methods. Results Almost all participants described their role primarily as a health care provider, though some described themselves as 50-50 health care providers and retailers. Most staff pharmacists reported little control over front-of-store product selection. Where participants reported some control, external factors such as business viability and profitability impacted their choices, though some reported selecting products based on the needs of their patient community or their personal beliefs. The dominant tensions described stemmed from participants' dual roles as health care providers and retailers, though specific issues and situations were varied, ranging corporate targets, to service provision, to the sales of unproven or unhealthy products. Participants suggested solutions to the issues they described, ranging from a complete overhaul of the licensing structure of community pharmacies, down to one-on-one conversations with patients. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the retail setting of community pharmacy produces unique ethical tensions: the imposition of retail sales standards and targets are commonplace, and business viability is a primary driving force in front-of-store product selection. Clear guidance from Canadian pharmacy colleges and legislators to address these tensions and issues may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gellatly
- Faculty of Law, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Alexander Moszczynski
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5B9, Canada
| | - Lean Fiedeldey
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5B9, Canada
| | - Sherilynn Houle
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Maxwell Smith
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5B9, Canada
| | - Ubaka Ogbogu
- Faculty of Law, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Debbie Rudman
- School of Occupational Therapy, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Leia Minaker
- School of Planning, Faculty of Environment, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jacob Shelley
- Faculty of Law, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5B9, Canada
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Kiles TM, Cernasev A, Leibold C, Hohmeier K. Patient perspectives of discussing social determinants of health with community pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2022; 62:826-833. [PMID: 35115261 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social determinants of health (SDOH) have a considerable impact on the lives and health outcomes of Black communities. Although the implementation of social needs screening in various clinical settings has been studied, the patient perspective of discussing SDOH with health care providers has not been thoroughly investigated. There is an opportunity for community pharmacists to help identify social risk factors and address social needs, particularly in minoritized communities. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this project were to (1) characterize the perspectives of Black patients regarding social risk discussions with community pharmacists and (2) to develop a framework for community pharmacists to engage in conversations with patients about social risk factors. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted using principles of grounded theory. Patient perspectives regarding discussions of 5 key determinants of health (economic stability, education, social and community context, health and health care, and neighborhood and built environment) were elicited through semistructured interviews. Data analysis included interpretation of interview transcripts from 14 Black adults living in medically underserved areas in Memphis, TN. Charmaz's approach to theory development was followed. RESULTS Three themes emerged to characterize the needs and expectations for patients in discussing social risk factors with community pharmacists. The themes of rationale, relationship, and resources were compiled to construct the newly developed Social Determinants of Health Patient Communication Framework. This framework describes the key factors that affected the patient receptiveness and willingness to discuss their social needs. CONCLUSION Although patients are open to sharing social issues with community pharmacists, they may be reluctant to discuss social factors if initial understanding, personal connection, or resources are not present. This proposed, novel framework is a step toward improving the assessment of SDOH for underserved Black patients within community pharmacies. This framework can also be used for future education of pharmacists and other health care providers.
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Poivret D, Goetz C, Zevering Y, Wilcke C, Noirez V. Effect of patient-led cooperative follow-up by general practitioners and community pharmacists on osteoporosis treatment persistence. Int J Rheum Dis 2021; 24:912-921. [PMID: 34058072 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Osteoporosis is a major risk factor for fractures. Poor persistence with osteoporosis medication hampers outcomes. This study assessed whether encouraging the formation of patient-led follow-up cooperatives between general practitioners (GPs) and community pharmacists improved medication persistence. METHODS All consecutive patients who attended an osteoporosis patient education program were invited to participate. They were given a logbook containing questionnaires they would bring to 6-monthly visits to their GP and pharmacist. The effect of this 3-year cooperative follow-up on persistence with medication and lifestyle changes was assessed. RESULTS In total, 121 patients (average age, 67 years; 93% female) participated. Poor cooperation between GPs and pharmacists was noted. Nevertheless, medication persistence ranged from 83% to 91% over the 6 visits. However, since patient drop-out rates were high and questionnaire return rates were low, a post-study medical chart review was performed. This confirmed that persistence was high (74%-83%) at 3 years post-enrollment, even for oral bisphosphonate-treated patients (73%-76%). However, adoption of anti-osteoporosis lifestyle changes was poor throughout the study: one- to two-thirds of the patients did not alter their diet, physical activity, or surroundings to prevent falls. CONCLUSION One study goal, namely, to encourage GPs and pharmacists to cooperate in patient follow-up, was not achieved. However, high medication persistence was observed. This may reflect the education program, patient empowerment, personalized attention from study personnel, and being in a study. Patient-centered approaches can thus significantly increase medication persistence in osteoporosis. Ongoing education may be needed to improve patient adoption of and persistence with lifestyle changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Poivret
- Department of Rheumatology, Mercy Hospital (CHR Metz-Thionville), Metz, France
| | - Christophe Goetz
- Clinical Research Support Unit, Mercy Hospital (CHR Metz-Thionville), Metz, France
| | - Yinka Zevering
- SciMeditor Medical Writing and Editing Services, Metz, France
| | - Christophe Wilcke
- Regional Union for Health Professionals-Pharmacists, Lorraine, Nancy, France
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Singh HK, Kennedy GA, Stupans I. Does the national competency standards framework for pharmacists in Australia support the provision of behaviour change interventions? Health Promot J Austr 2021; 33:480-487. [PMID: 33991372 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Australian pharmacists are increasingly moving towards the provision of patient-centred professional pharmacy services for chronic disease management. Some of these services are targeted towards improving patients' health and wellbeing through the facilitation of patient-driven health behaviour change. This paper investigates whether the provision of behaviour change interventions by Australian pharmacists is adequately underpinned by the current competency framework. METHODS The foundation and behaviour change competences within each of the domains in the generic health behaviour change competency framework (GHBC-CF), was mapped to the Australian pharmacist competency framework. RESULTS Although the Australian competency framework underpins most of the foundation and behaviour change competences of the GHB-CF required to undertake low-intensity interventions, for medium to high-intensity interventions four specific task-related competences need to be addressed. These are F12 'Ability to recognise barriers to and facilitators of implementing interventions', BC4 'ability to agree on goals for the intervention', BC5 'capacity to implement behaviour change models in a flexible but coherent manner' and BC6 'capacity to select and skilfully apply most appropriate intervention method'. CONCLUSION Additional training is necessary if pharmacists aspire to provide behaviour change interventions for chronic disease management, in particular those that are complex as they involve changes to multiple health behaviours. SO WHAT?: The identification of these gaps is critical and can potentially be addressed in postgraduate training programs and as pharmacy curricula are updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjit K Singh
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Gerard A Kennedy
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ieva Stupans
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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5
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Kiles TM, Borja-Hart N, Wofford BR, Renfro CP. Screening for social determinants of health in community pharmacy: Identifying best practices, barriers, and strategies for success. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:e59-e63. [PMID: 34078562 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The social determinants of health (SDOH) play a key role in patients' access to health care and medications. There exists an area of opportunity to leverage community pharmacists to make a large impact in identifying and incorporating an understanding of a patient's SDOH into their treatment plan. Community pharmacies are accessible and trusted avenues for health care interventions. With the advancement of appointment-based models as well as the increased training of support personnel, community pharmacies may be well suited for this public health task. However, there are major challenges such as paradigm shifts in workflow, reimbursement, and training that must be addressed to make this endeavor successful. This commentary explores the sparse literature related to community pharmacists conducting screening for social risk factors to identify best practices and barriers to implementation and outlines how screening for social needs aligns with the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process.
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6
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Taing MW, Ford PJ, Freeman C. Community pharmacy staff needs for the provision of oral health care education and advice in Australia. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:993-1000.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Daly CJ, Quinn B, Mak A, Jacobs DM. Community Pharmacists' Perceptions of Patient Care Services within an Enhanced Service Network. PHARMACY 2020; 8:E172. [PMID: 32947887 PMCID: PMC7559089 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists are positioned as an accessible source of patient care services (PCS). Despite the adversity community pharmacies continue to face, the expanding opportunity of offering PCS continues to be a pathway forward. OBJECTIVE To identify community pharmacists' perceptions to deliver PCS within an enhanced service network. METHODS One-on-one semi-structured phone interviews were conducted as part of a mixed-methods approach. Interview transcripts were analyzed using a consensus codebook to draft thematic findings. Participants were recruited from an electronic survey targeting community pharmacists from the New York chapters of the Community Pharmacy Enhanced Services Network (CPESN). RESULTS Twelve pharmacists were interviewed with four main themes identified. The majority of study participants were pharmacy owners (92%) devoting an average of 15 h/week to PCS and 8 h/week addressing social barriers. The main themes identified include: (1) perceptions of pharmacy profession, (2) reimbursement models and sustainability of PCS, (3) provision of patient care services, and (4) how PCS address social determinants of health. CONCLUSIONS Offering PCS opportunities for patients is a direction many community pharmacists have embraced and are working to succeed. Ongoing research is needed focusing on community pharmacists' self-perceptions of the clinical impact and role they hold in an evolving healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Daly
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (B.Q.); (A.M.); (D.M.J.)
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Plunger P, Heimerl K, Tatzer VC, Zepke G, Finsterwald M, Pichler B, Reitinger E. Developing dementia-friendly pharmacies in Austria: a health promotion approach. Health Promot Int 2020; 35:702-713. [PMID: 31292603 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daz063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for integrated, accessible and person-centred care for people with dementia to foster quality of life and facilitate life in the community has been voiced by health policy. Pharmacies have the potential to provide easily accessible information and support for people with dementia, caregivers and the public. The 'Dementia-friendly Pharmacy' programme aimed at re-orienting community pharmacy in Austria, focusing on stronger inclusion of professional counselling into core services. It followed principles of health promotion and person-centred care, aiming at empowering all actors involved, and at fostering quality of life. Methodologically, the programme was based on participatory health research, thus involving all relevant actors and consolidating their perspectives on issues related to dementia care. In the course of the programme, a workshop series covering topics relevant for dementia care in community pharmacy, as well as prototypes for small-scale projects were developed, and measures were taken for securing sustainability. Findings related to programme development and implementation encompass pharmacy staff's motivation to participate in the programme, counselling knowledge and skills development, experience with building community partnerships and cross-organizational development and sustainability. Furthermore, effectiveness of the programme has been established. These findings are discussed against the background of re-orienting pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Plunger
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Vienna, Alserstraße 23/12, A 1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Heimerl
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Vienna, Alserstraße 23/12, A 1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena C Tatzer
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | | | | | - Barbara Pichler
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Vienna, Alserstraße 23/12, A 1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Reitinger
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Vienna, Alserstraße 23/12, A 1080 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Handyside L, Warren R, Devine S, Drovandi A. Utilisation of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model in community pharmacy for health needs assessment: A narrative review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 17:292-299. [PMID: 32253124 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health needs assessment tools such as the PRECEDE-PROCEED model (PPM) identify the key health concerns of communities, and may increase the capacity for community pharmacies to address these needs. OBJECTIVES A narrative review was conducted to investigate to what extent the PPM has been used to guide pharmacy service development and evaluation. METHODS A systematic search of six databases was conducted for peer-reviewed papers published from January 2000 to August 2019 that described the application of the PPM within the community pharmacy context. Search terms included variations of the following: 'pharmacists', 'precede proceed', 'pharmaceutical services', and 'community pharmacies'. Data extracted and analysed included study design, objectives, population, utilisation of the PPM, and outcomes. RESULTS Fourteen eligible papers were identified, most of which were cohort or cross-sectional studies and utilised at least one element of the PPM to design or evaluate interventions that targeted either patient behaviours or pharmacist behaviours, or evaluated population health needs or programs. The range of behaviours assessed was limited to patient medication adherence, and billing behaviours, readiness for expanded scope of practice, and communication for pharmacists. None of the studies prioritised community health needs, actively engaged all relevant stakeholders, or utilised every element of the PPM. CONCLUSIONS The PPM has been underutilised in community pharmacy research and represents an effective method for the assessment of health priorities for communities and the development and evaluation of health services targeted at addressing these priorities. Further research needs to demonstrate how key health needs assessment principles such as stakeholder engagement and a population-centred approach can influence effective health service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Handyside
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
| | - Robin Warren
- Western Queensland Primary Health Network, Mount Isa, Australia.
| | - Sue Devine
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
| | - Aaron Drovandi
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
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Blebil A, Dujaili J, Elkalmi R, Tan HLK, Tai MS, Khan TM. Community Pharmacist's Role in Providing Oral Health-care Services: Findings from Malaysia. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2020; 12:64-71. [PMID: 32801602 PMCID: PMC7397998 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_152_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pharmacists have been well recognized as an active and have a more integrated role in the preventive services within the National Health Services. This study assessed the community pharmacists' attitudes, beliefs, and practices toward oral health in the Malaysian setting. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional survey-based study was used to conduct this project. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was developed and distributed among community pharmacists within Kuala Lumpur and Selangor states areas, Malaysia. The data collection was carried out from the beginning of November to the end of December 2018. Results Of the 255 pharmacists, 206 agreed to participate in the study, yielding a response rate of 80.8%. Overall, approximately half of the pharmacists provided two to five oral health consultations per week and two to five over the counter (OTC) oral health products recommendations per week. The main services provided by community pharmacists in were the provision of OTC treatments (93.7%), referral of consumers to dental or medical practitioners when appropriate (82.5%), and identify signs and symptoms of oral health problems in patients (77.2%). In addition, more than 80% of the pharmacists viewed positively and supported integrating oral health promotion and preventive measures into their practices. The most commonly reported barriers to extending the roles of pharmacists in oral health care include lack of knowledge or training in this field, lack of training resources, and lack of oral health educational promotion materials. Conclusion The study shows that community pharmacists had been providing a certain level of oral health services and play an important role in oral health. The findings highlighted the need of an interprofessional partnership between the pharmacy professional bodies with Malaysian dental associations to develop, and evaluate evidence-based resources, guidelines, the scope of oral health in pharmacy curricula and services to deliver improved oral health care within Malaysian communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Blebil
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Juman Dujaili
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ramadan Elkalmi
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Ming S Tai
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tahir Mehmood Khan
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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11
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Heimerl K, Pichler B, Plunger P. Challenges and strategies in communication with people with dementia and their informal caregivers in community pharmacies - a narrative approach. Scand J Caring Sci 2019; 34:852-860. [PMID: 31749204 PMCID: PMC7754100 DOI: 10.1111/scs.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with dementia and their informal caregivers get in touch with the healthcare system predominantly via contacts with primary care providers. Among these, community pharmacists have been denominated as the health professionals most accessible to the public. Communication with and counselling people with dementia and their informal caregivers present particular challenges to pharmacists. AIM This study aims to research the challenges faced and strategies used by community pharmacists who deal with people living with dementia and their informal caregivers. METHODS Within the context of two workshops with 74 participants, 15 small groups were formed, each of which generated and discussed a small story. Fourteen of those narratives were reported, tape recorded and transcribed. In these 14 narratives, community pharmacists reflected on their experiences with people with dementia or their informal caregivers. The narratives were systematically analysed and interpreted. FINDINGS Among the main challenges reported by the workshop participants are the difficulty of identifying a person with dementia; the question of what appropriate communication is; the only partially successful networking with doctors, nursing personnel and support institutions; unsuccessful counselling; and the tension between the economic situation and the care for people with dementia and their informal caregivers. In general, strategies for dealing with people with dementia are characterised by uncertainty whereas communication with informal caregivers is well rehearsed and effective. CONCLUSIONS Community pharmacies require possibilities to retreat for counselling as well as the possibility for pharmacists to take time for people with dementia and their informal caregivers in everyday pharmacy life. Reflective spaces for narrations about difficult situations provide relief for staff in community pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Heimerl
- Institute for Palliative Care and Organizational Ethics, Universtitaet Klagenfurt, Wien, Austria.,Department for Nursing Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Pichler
- Institute for Palliative Care and Organizational Ethics, Universtitaet Klagenfurt, Wien, Austria.,Department for Nursing Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Plunger
- Institute for Palliative Care and Organizational Ethics, Universtitaet Klagenfurt, Wien, Austria.,Department for Nursing Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Taing M, Firth N, Ford PJ, Freeman CR. Exploring oral healthcare management across Australian community pharmacies using case vignettes. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2019; 47:225-235. [DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng‐Wong Taing
- School of PharmacyThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Centre for Optimising Pharmacy Practice‐based Excellence in ResearchThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Norman Firth
- School of DentistryThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Pauline J. Ford
- School of DentistryThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Christopher R. Freeman
- School of PharmacyThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Centre for Optimising Pharmacy Practice‐based Excellence in ResearchThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
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13
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Stuart GM, Kale HL. Fall prevention in central coast community pharmacies. Health Promot J Austr 2018; 29:204-207. [PMID: 29675851 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Fall injuries among people aged 65 years and over (older people) cause substantial health decline and cost to the health system. In 2009 in New South Wales, 25.6% of older people fell in the previous year, and 10.7% (32 000) were hospitalised. Pharmacists are trusted professionals, who interact extensively with older people and have potential to augment fall prevention in pharmacies. This brief report describes how professional development improved pharmacist's knowledge and confidence in fall prevention, encouraged implementation of fall prevention plans and facilitated the provision of brief fall prevention interventions for older clients, after identification of fall risk. METHODS In 2014, pharmacists from all Central Coast pharmacies (n = 76) were invited to free, continuing professional development (CPD) in fall prevention. It provided education and resources to identify clients' fall risk, conduct brief fall prevention interventions and implement fall prevention health promotion plans (FPHPP). Pharmacists completed written: Baseline and postworkshop questionnaires to assess changes in pharmacist's knowledge and confidence, and existing fall prevention in pharmacies. Logs of client fall risk and brief fall prevention interventions offered to clients. Four-month follow-up questionnaires to assess implementation of FPHPPs and pharmacy practice changes. RESULTS Pharmacists representing 36% of pharmacies participated. At four-month follow-up, 67% had implemented FPHPPs, and 62% delivered brief interventions determined by client fall risk. CONCLUSION Fall prevention in pharmacies can be augmented through locally provided CPD tailored for pharmacists. SO WHAT?: This model could increase fall prevention reach. It is transferable to settings where health professionals provide services to older adults and require reregistration through professional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Stuart
- Central Coast Health Promotion Service, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen L Kale
- Central Coast Health Promotion Service, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW, Australia
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14
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Ung COL, Harnett J, Hu H. Key stakeholder perspectives on the barriers and solutions to pharmacy practice towards complementary medicines: an Australian experience. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:394. [PMID: 28793918 PMCID: PMC5550952 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1899-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although pharmacists are entrusted to play a role in ensuring the safe and appropriate use of all medicines, in general, the inclusion of complementary medicines (CMs) into their professional practice has not been observed. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions and opinions of pharmacists and 8 key stakeholder leaders regarding the barriers that hinder pharmacists from providing care related to the use of CMs by patients/consumers and to identify solutions that would support pharmacists' in extending their role in this area. METHODS Semi-structured key informant interviews were conducted with 2 practicing pharmacists, 1 pharmacy owner, 1 key representative of a pharmacist professional organization, 1 key representative of a consumer advocacy group, 1 key representative of a medical professional organization, 1 key representative from a complementary medicine practitioner professional organization, 1 leader within a pharmacy school, 2 senior staff from a regulatory authority, and 1 key representative of the complementary medicine industry in Australia. RESULTS A total of 9 barriers were identified in this study. Barriers including a lack of CMs knowledge, doubts about the evidence-base, a lack of research skills and access to reliable and reputable information dominated the discussions. A total of 7 solutions were proposed. Of those, the integration of CMs curricula into under-graduate and professional pharmacy education, and defining a clearer role for pharmacists' standard of practice were considered the most important. Apposing opinions about the role of naturopaths in pharmacies were identified.. CONCLUSION It is anticipated that pharmacists will be required to formalise a role in ensuring the safe and appropriate use of complementary medicines to fulfil their professional and ethical responsibilities. However, pharmacists in general are not ready to take up this extended role. Individual key stakeholder groups have considered the existing barriers and have proposed solutions that are isolated measures. To facilitate further developments related to CMs and the professional practice of pharmacy, collaborative efforts between key stakeholders are needed to strategically plan and execute an extended role in a unified manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- State Key Lab of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Room 2057, N22 Research Building, Macao, China
| | - Joanna Harnett
- Faulty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, A15 - Pharmacy And Bank Building, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Lab of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Room 2057, N22 Research Building, Macao, China
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Ooi GS, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Kong DCM, Mak VSL, Chua GN. Consumers’ perspectives of Malaysian community pharmacists as health educators: a qualitative insight. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jppr.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guat See Ooi
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Azmi Hassali
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Asrul Akmal Shafie
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - David C. M. Kong
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Department of Pharmacy Practice; Monash University; Parkville Australia
| | | | - Gin Nie Chua
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Pulau Pinang Malaysia
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Hattingh HL, Hallett J, Tait RJ. 'Making the invisible visible' through alcohol screening and brief intervention in community pharmacies: an Australian feasibility study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:1141. [PMID: 27825369 PMCID: PMC5101702 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening and brief interventions (SBI) for alcohol related problems have been shown to be effective in health settings such as general practice or emergency departments. Recent data from the United Kingdom and New Zealand suggest that SBI can be delivered through community pharmacies, but this approach has not been tested in Australia. This study assesses the feasibility of delivering alcohol SBI via community pharmacists. METHOD We recruited five pharmacies and developed an SBI training package to be delivered by pharmacy staff, who screened consumers and delivered the brief intervention where appropriate. Consumers also completed a questionnaire on the process. At three months consumers were telephoned to enable 'retention' to be quantified. After completing recruitment, a semi-structured interview was conducted with pharmacists on the process of delivering the intervention, potential improvements and sustainability. RESULTS Fifty consumer participants were screened, ten from each pharmacy. There were 28 (57 %) men and 21 (43 %) women with one not responding. Most (67 %) were aged 25-55 years. Their AUDIT scores had a range of 0 to 39 (mean 10.9, SD 9.8) with 11 categorised as 'hazardous (8-15)', four as 'harmful (16-19)' and eight as 'probably dependent (20+)' consumers of alcohol. Reactions to the process of SBI were generally favourable: for example 75 % agreed that it was either appropriate or very appropriate being asked about their alcohol consumption. With respect to follow-up interviews, 23 (46 %) agreed that they could be contacted, including five from the highest AUDIT category. Subsequently 11 (48 %) were contactable at three months. Three of the five non-low risk drinkers had reduced their level of risk over the three months. Ten pharmacists participated in semi-structured telephone interviews. Overall these pharmacists were positive about the intervention and five main themes emerged from the interviews: 1) flexibility applied in recruitment of participants, 2) easiness in use of AUDIT score to facilitate discussions, 3) perceived positive intervention impact, 4) enhanced role of community pharmacists and 5) facilitators and challenges experienced. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacy-based SBI appears to be acceptable to consumers and feasible for pharmacy staff to deliver. Challenges remain in translating this potential into actual services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Hallett
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Australia
| | - Robert J. Tait
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, 10 Selby Street, Shenton Park, Australia
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Minaker LM, Olstad DL, MacKenzie G, Nguyen N, Azagba S, Cook BE, Mah CL. An evaluation of the impact of a restrictive retail food environment intervention in a rural community pharmacy setting. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:586. [PMID: 27423902 PMCID: PMC4947263 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is associated with morbidity and mortality. The retail food environment influences food and beverage purchasing and consumption. This study assesses the impact of a community pharmacy's removal of sweet beverages on overall community sales of carbonated soft drinks (CSD) in a rural setting. We also examined whether the pharmacy intervention affected CSD sales in the town's other food stores. METHODS Weekly CSD sales data were acquired from the three food retailers in the town of Baddeck, Nova Scotia (January 1, 2013 to May 8, 2015, n = 123 weeks). Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) analysis was used to analyse the interrupted time series data and estimate the impact of the pharmacy intervention (September 11, 2014) on overall CSD sales at the community level. Data were analysed in 2015. RESULTS Before the intervention, the pharmacy accounted for approximately 6 % of CSD sales in the community. After the intervention, declines in total weekly average community CSD sales were not statistically significantly. CSD sales at the other food stores did not increase after the pharmacy intervention. CONCLUSIONS This study was among the first to examine the impact of a restrictive retail food environment intervention, and found a non-significant decline in CSD sales at the community level. It is the first study to examine a retail food environment intervention in a community pharmacy. Pharmacies may have an important role to play in creating healthy retail food environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leia M Minaker
- Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Dana Lee Olstad
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graham MacKenzie
- Atlantic Pharmasave, 491 Chebucto St, Baddeck, NS, B0E 1B0, Canada
| | - Nghia Nguyen
- Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sunday Azagba
- Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brian E Cook
- Toronto Public Health, 277 Victoria Street, 5th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W2, Canada
| | - Catherine L Mah
- Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Ave, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
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Taing MW, Ford PJ, Gartner CE, Freeman CR. Describing the role of Australian community pharmacists in oral healthcare. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2016; 24:237-46. [PMID: 26809378 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate community pharmacist's attitudes, beliefs and practices towards oral health in the Australian setting, describe the frequency and nature of consumer enquiries relating to oral health, and gain insight regarding smoking cessation support for people experiencing oral health problems. METHODS An online questionnaire was developed based on previous research, validated to ensure accuracy and reliability, and convenience sampling used to advertise across major pharmacy organisational websites and newsletters to maximise community pharmacist responses. KEY FINDINGS One hundred and forty-four valid community pharmacist responses were descriptively analysed. The majority of pharmacists (93%) believed it was their role to deliver oral health advice in the community and almost all (97%) pharmacists believed further education would benefit their practice. The top four consumer enquiries pharmacists reported confidence in handling related to analgesic medication to relieve oral-related pain (95.8%), mouth ulcers (95.1%), oral thrush (94.4%) and toothache (93.8%); and the most frequently reported consumer enquires were those where the majority of pharmacists reported high confidence in handling. A small proportion of pharmacists (8%) always enquired about patient smoking status, and nearly all pharmacists (97%) desired further education and training to benefit their practice in oral healthcare. CONCLUSION This study highlights that Australian pharmacists have an important role in oral health and there is opportunity to enhance this role, and address risk factors such as smoking with further training, support and education. The findings from this study can guide future research into the development of appropriate training programmes, standards, and best oral healthcare practices for Australian pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Wong Taing
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pauline J Ford
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Coral E Gartner
- School of Public Health and UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Taing MW, Tan ETX, Williams GM, Clavarino AM, McGuire TM. Herbal and nutrient complementary medicines for weight loss: community pharmacists' practices, attitudes, recommendations, information and education needs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2015; 24:160-9. [PMID: 26671003 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate pharmacists' herbal/nutrient weight loss complementary medicine (WLCM) practices in the context of other pharmacist weight management support practices (provision of lifestyle advice, orlistat and meal replacement treatments); and gain insight into their attitudes, recommendations, information and education needs. METHODS Pharmacists from a randomly selected sample of 214 community pharmacies from different socioeconomic areas in the Greater Brisbane region, Australia, were invited to complete a survey to explore their weight management practices, with a specific focus on herbal/nutrient WLCM practices. Data collected from the sample group represented pharmacist practices within the metropolitan Greater Brisbane region. KEY FINDINGS This survey achieved a 51% response rate. During weight management consultations, a high proportion of customers (37%) sought advice from community pharmacists relating to WLCMs relative to other weight management practices; however, only a small proportion (10%) of pharmacists recommended them. Most were also found to be using resources that may not be evidence-based or do not provide sufficient WLCMs' information. CONCLUSION Study results highlight the need for pharmacy professional bodies to develop evidence-based continuing education programmes to assist consumers with popular and widely available WLCMs products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Wong Taing
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Eunice Tze Xin Tan
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Gail M Williams
- School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | | | - Treasure M McGuire
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Mater Pharmacy Services, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Deshpande PR, Vantipalli R, Chaitanya Lakshmi CH, Rao EJ, Regmi B, Ahad A, Nirojini PS. Clinical pharmacists: The major support to Indian healthcare system in near future. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015; 7:161-74. [PMID: 26229349 PMCID: PMC4517317 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.160005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacy practice is still in the initial stages of development in India, but launching of Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) study program has brought serious discussions about clinical pharmacy in the country. As the profession is in budding stage in the country, the patients, physicians, nurses, other healthcare providers, recruiters in pharmaceutical industries, prospective students, and their parents have numerous questions about this profession and study course. The objective of this article is to create awareness about clinical pharmacy services (CPS) and to introduce the role of clinical pharmacists (CPs). After reading this article, one will know about the usefulness of CPs in the Indian healthcare system against the current flaws in the system. The article describes the role of CPs in the hospitals, in research, in pharmaceutical/contract research companies, in community service and it also tells about the related myths and facts. Prospective job opportunities for CPs, present challenges and the possible solutions are elaborated as well. In conclusion, CPs are going to be the major support to the Indian healthcare system in near future; the reasons being (1) CPS are beneficial in many ways to improve healthcare; CPS have already proved their importance in western countries (2) India was never officially and efficiently exposed to CPS; so launching of CPS shall revolutionize the country's healthcare scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna R Deshpande
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India ; Visiting Faculty, Government College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raghuram Vantipalli
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - C H Chaitanya Lakshmi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Bishnu Regmi
- Department of Pharmacology/Hospital Pharmacy, College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Apollo Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - P Sharmila Nirojini
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Mathialagan A, Nagalinggam P, Mathialagan S, Kirby BP. Relationship between performance barriers and pharmacist competency towards the implementation of an expanded public health pharmacy role. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2015; 23:320-6. [PMID: 25582973 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between performance barriers and competency, and implementation of an expanded public health role for community pharmacists. METHODS A validated questionnaire was utilised for this study whereby three variables of the study (performance barriers, competency and public health role) were measured using a 5-point Likert scale. Three hundred questionnaires were distributed to target respondents of registered community pharmacies in five states (Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor, Perak and Penang) in Malaysia. The data were analysed utilising the principles of structural equation modelling. KEY FINDINGS There were 191 completed and usable responses received, which represented a 66.7% response rate. This study showed perceived competency had a direct relationship with delivering a general public health role. A perceived lack of competency was shown to be a barrier to fulfilling a public health role. However, other factors, such as design of premises, IT infrastructure and pay, were not viewed as barriers to carrying out a public health role. CONCLUSION Perceived competency is an obstacle for community pharmacists to undertake a public health role in Malaysia. Adequate training programmes in pharmaceutical public health have to be put in place to address this concern and this should therefore be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amuthaganesh Mathialagan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Preesha Nagalinggam
- School of Pharmacy, Masterskill University College of Health Sciences, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Saravanabavan Mathialagan
- University Utara of Malaysia, Masterskill University College of Health Sciences, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Brian P Kirby
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Brown S, Henderson E, Sullivan C. The feasibility and acceptability of the provision of alcohol screening and brief advice in pharmacies for women accessing emergency contraception: an evaluation study. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1139. [PMID: 25369791 PMCID: PMC4240821 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely accepted that excessive drinking contributes to both health and social problems. There has been considerable interest in the potential of community pharmacies as a setting for health advice, and evidence suggests that interventions by pharmacists can be effective. Research on interventions relating to alcohol consumption in primary care has focused on general practice, and although some evidence exists about the efficacy of pharmacy interventions, little research to date has taken place in the UK. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acceptability of alcohol screening and brief interventions to women accessing emergency hormonal contraception (EHC) in community pharmacies. METHODS An initiative whereby women who accessed community pharmacies for EHC would be asked to complete an AUDIT questionnaire following their EHC consultation was introduced by a Primary Care Trust (PCT) in the North-East of England. The evaluation incorporated three strands: interviewing pharmacists (n = 14) about the implementation and acceptability of the initiative; interviewing clients (n = 22) identified as "low risk" to understand their perceptions of the initiative; conducting online follow-up surveys with clients in the "risky" group (n = 53) to evaluate the impact of the initiative on their alcohol consumption and contraceptive behaviour, as well as their perceptions of the service. RESULTS Pharmacists' attitudes towards screening were generally positive, although there were organisational obstacles to providing the service. Some felt uncertain about engaging clients in conversation about a sensitive topic. However, clients themselves did not report feeling embarrassed or upset, and most were happy to talk to the pharmacist and be given advice. Most clients felt that the pharmacist was an appropriate person to carry out alcohol screening and advice. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible for pharmacists to carry out screening and brief advice, and most customers find it acceptable. However, pharmacist take-up of the service and participation in the study was low. Pharmacists were enthusiastic about providing screening and other health promotion services; targeting different population groups for alcohol screening may be more successful. Delivery of the AUDIT tool by pharmacists may not obtain reliable responses from some specific client groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Brown
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Queen's Campus, Thornaby on Tees TS17 6BH, UK.
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Naik-Panvelkar P, Saini B, LeMay KS, Emmerton LM, Stewart K, Burton DL, Bosnic-Anticevich SZ, Krass I, Smith LD, Armour CL. A pharmacy asthma service achieves a change in patient responses from increased awareness to taking responsibility for their asthma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2014; 23:182-91. [PMID: 24995681 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES If novel health services are to be implemented and sustained in practice, the perceptions and views of patients form a critical part of their evaluation. The aims of this study were to explore patient's perceptions and experiences with a pharmacy asthma service and to investigate if there was a change over time. METHODS Interviews and focus groups were conducted with patients participating in the asthma service at three time points. Data were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed using a framework approach. KEY FINDINGS The service led to an enhanced awareness and understanding of asthma, changes in participants' beliefs and attitudes towards asthma management, changes in asthma-related health behaviours and improved self-efficacy. Participants were very positive about the service and the role of the pharmacist in asthma management. There was a shift in participant perceptions and views, from being at an abstract level in those who had completed just one visit of the service to a more experiential level in those who had experienced the entire comprehensive asthma service. CONCLUSIONS A sustained experience/multiple visits in a service may lead to more concrete changes in patient perceptions of severity, beliefs, health behaviours and enhanced self-efficacy and control. The study highlights a need for such asthma services in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya Naik-Panvelkar
- The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Slater H, Briggs AM, Watkins K, Chua J, Smith AJ. Translating evidence for low back pain management into a consumer-focussed resource for use in community pharmacies: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71918. [PMID: 23977178 PMCID: PMC3748095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This cluster-randomised controlled trial determined the effectiveness of an evidence-based, pamphlet intervention in improving low back pain (LBP)-related beliefs among pharmacy consumers. Methods Thirty five community pharmacies were randomised to three groups: pamphlet+education intervention [n = 11]; pamphlet only intervention [n = 11]; control: usual care [n = 13]. Eligibility requirements for clusters included: community-based pharmacies and proprietor participation consent. Pharmacy consumers (N = 317) aged 18–65 years currently experiencing LBP participated. Intervention group allocation depended on the pharmacy attended. Individual-level outcomes were measured at pre-intervention (T0), at two (T1) and eight (T2) weeks post-intervention and included beliefs about LBP [Back Pain Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ); Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ)]. Secondary outcomes included pain severity, activity impairment and pamphlet perceived usefulness. Blinding to group allocation included primary investigators, outcome assessors and the statistician. Pharmacy staff and consumers were un-blinded. Results Of 35 pharmacies recruited (317 consumers), no clusters were lost to follow-up. Follow-up was available for n = 24 at 2 weeks only; n = 38 at 8 weeks only; n = 148 at both time points, with n = 148+24+38 = 210 analysed (107 excluded: no follow up). Adjusting for baseline scores demonstrated no significant differences in beliefs (2 or at 8 weeks) between pamphlet (with or without education) versus control, or between ‘pamphlet with’ versus ‘without’ education. Work-related fear (FABQ) was significantly lower in consumers receiving pamphlet (with or without education) versus control (difference −2.3, 95%CI: −4.4 to −0.2). There was no significant difference between “pamphlet with” versus “pamphlet without” groups. Consumers receiving the “pamphlet with” reported greater perceived usefulness than consumers receiving the “pamphlet without” (difference 0.9 (95%CI: 0.0 to 1.8)). Conclusion Community pharmacies provided a feasible primary care portal for implementing evidence-based information. The associated improvement in work-related LBP-beliefs for consumers receiving the pamphlet suggests this simple intervention may be a useful component of care. Trial Registration ACTR.org.au ACTRN12611000053921
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Slater
- School of Physiotherapy, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew M. Briggs
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Arthritis and Osteoporosis Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Watkins
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jason Chua
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anne J. Smith
- School of Physiotherapy, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Deshpande PR, Farooq KKA, John DM, Rao EJ. Pharm D: A new concept in India. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2013; 4:84-6. [PMID: 22368406 PMCID: PMC3283964 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.92746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna R Deshpande
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, India. E-mail:
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Maher J, Hughes R. Breastfeeding guidance in community pharmacies: The results of a mystery shopper study. Nutr Diet 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0080.2012.01641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Involvement of Sudanese community pharmacists in public health activities. Int J Clin Pharm 2013; 35:393-400. [PMID: 23417552 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-012-9745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate attitude of community pharmacists towards health education, promotion and screening, assess the extent of their actual involvement in such activities and identify barriers for their provision. SETTINGS Community pharmacies in Khartoum State. METHOD A structured, self-administered, piloted questionnaire was distributed to the pharmacists in charge of 274, randomly selected, community pharmacies. The questionnaire was divided into 5 domains; demographic characteristics, attitude, involvement, screening and barriers. Attitude responses were measured by a 5-point Likert-type scale. Descriptive statistical analysis was used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES willingness of community pharmacist to participate in public health activities, their current involvement and the barriers they encounter. RESULTS Response rate was 67%. The majority of community pharmacists (>70%) is willing to take part in public health services and consented to be trained on behavioral modification for provision of more effective health education and promotion services to the public. Currently a high proportion of community pharmacists are providing health information on healthy diet (4.38 ± 0.76, 89.1%), obesity and weight reduction (4.15 ± 0.78, 78.1%), exercise (3.93 ± 0.83, 76.6%), smoking cessation (4.15 ± 1.01, 76.1%) and contraception methods and medicines (3.98 ± 0.95, 73.4%). However, their involvement is achieved through the process of traditional advising during prescription filling. Blood pressure measurement (89.1%) and blood glucose testing (85.9%) were highly ranked by community pharmacists as acceptable and can be easily handled. Lack of time, training, official recognition for pharmacists' health promotion activities, the concept of team work with other health care professionals topped the barriers. CONCLUSION The surveyed community pharmacists favor the provision of public health activities following appropriate training and reduction or removal of barriers. Further interventional studies regarding application of a health education and health promotion model to selected populations in community pharmacies are recommended.
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Mc Namara KP, Dunbar JA, Philpot B, Marriott JL, Reddy P, Janus ED. Potential of pharmacists to help reduce the burden of poorly managed cardiovascular risk. Aust J Rural Health 2012; 20:67-73. [PMID: 22435766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1584.2012.01259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rural areas require better use of existing health professionals to ensure capacity to deliver improved cardiovascular outcomes. Community pharmacists (CPs) are accessible to most communities and can potentially undertake expanded roles in prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). OBJECTIVE This study aims to establish frequency of contact with general practitioners (GPs) and CPs by patients at high risk of CVD or with inadequately controlled CVD risk factors. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Population survey using randomly selected individuals from the Wimmera region electoral roll and incorporating a physical health check and self-administered health questionnaire. Overall, 1500 were invited to participate. RESULTS The participation rate was 51% when ineligible individuals were excluded. Nine out of 10 participants visited one or both types of practitioner in the previous 12 months. Substantially more participants visited GPs compared with CPs (88.5% versus 66.8%). With the exception of excess alcohol intake, the median number of opportunities to intervene for every inadequately controlled CVD risk factor and among high risk patient groups at least doubled for the professions combined when compared with GP visits alone. CONCLUSION Opportunities exist to intervene more frequently with target groups by engaging CPs more effectively but would require a significant attitude shift towards CPs. Mechanisms for greater pharmacist integration into primary care teams should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Mc Namara
- Greater Green Triangle University Department of Rural Health, Flinders University and Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia.
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Hughes R, Maher J, Baillie E, Shelton D. Nutrition and physical activity guidance for women in the pre- and post-natal period: a continuing education needs assessment in primary health care. Aust J Prim Health 2011; 17:135-41. [DOI: 10.1071/py10012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The study objective was to assess primary health care (PHC) providers’ exposure to women in the pre- and post-natal period, current nutrition and physical activity guidance practices, confidence and perceived needs for continuing education relevant to nutrition and physical activity guidance in the peri-natal period. A self-administered cross-sectional questionnaire survey amongst a purposively recruited sample of 226 local primary health care providers evenly distributed across general practice, community nursing, pharmacist and pharmacy assistant worker groups. The questionnaire contained 106 items about primary health care providers’ exposure to women in the pre- and post-natal life-stage, their current nutrition and physical activity guidance practices, confidence and perceived needs for continuing education relevant to nutrition and physical activity guidance in the peri-natal period. Results indicate that PHC providers across general practice, community nursing and pharmacy service settings are frequently accessed by women during this life-stage, and regularly and variably provide guidance on nutrition and physical activity, and report different continuing education needs. Continuing education interventions need to be tailored to match the needs of each PHC group. Pharmacy-based staff are a priority for PHC continuing education about nutrition and physical activity if the potential of the community-based pharmacy as a primary health setting is to be realised.
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Peterson GM, Fitzmaurice KD, Kruup H, Jackson SL, Rasiah RL. Cardiovascular risk screening program in Australian community pharmacies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 32:373-80. [PMID: 20217476 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-010-9379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the suitability of Australian community pharmacies as cardiovascular disease risk profile screening centres and evaluate whether community pharmacists can play an important role in detecting, educating and referring screened individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease. SETTING 14 Australian community pharmacies. METHOD Opportunistic cardiovascular disease risk profiling for members of the public aged greater than 30 years with no existing cardiovascular diseases was performed. All major cardiovascular risk factors were measured. Exercise habits, existing conditions and therapy, and family history were also assessed. The results were used to calculate each subject's 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular events, based on Framingham Risk Equations (New Zealand tables). Each subject's knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors was assessed using a multiple-choice questionnaire. Written educational materials and verbal counselling were provided. Referral to a doctor for further assessment was recommended as appropriate. The screened individuals were followed up via mailed out questionnaire. A random sample of individuals at elevated risk was phoned to assess for outcomes of the screening and referral process. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Risk of developing cardiovascular disease and knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS A total of 655 individuals (71.4% female) were screened for cardiovascular disease risk factors. Ages ranged from 30 to 90 years (median: 54 years) and 14.2% were smokers. Of the individuals screened, 28.1% had a 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular disease greater than 15%, including 6.9% who had a 10-year risk above 30%. The median calculated 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular disease was 9.5%. Approximately one-third of the individuals had elevated blood pressure, and almost two-thirds were either overweight or obese. The mean total serum cholesterol was 5.31 mmol/l, with 40% of individuals having a level above 5.5 mmol/l and 20% having a high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level below 1.0 mmol/l. There was a statistically significant improvement in the knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors at follow-up. Almost half of the contacted high-risk subjects reported lifestyle changes or started drug therapy following re-testing by their general practitioner. CONCLUSION A pharmacy-based cardiovascular disease risk profile screening and education program has the potential to identify and refer many undiagnosed individuals at high risk of cardiovascular events, and help contain the burden of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Peterson
- Unit for Medication Outcomes Research and Education, School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 26, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
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Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Awaisu A, Mohamed Ibrahim MI, Ahmed SI. A public health pharmacy course at a Malaysian pharmacy school. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2009; 73:136. [PMID: 19960093 PMCID: PMC2779651 DOI: 10.5688/aj7307136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop and implement a new course on public health into the bachelor of pharmacy (BPharm) curriculum in Malaysia. DESIGN A required 2-credit-hour course was designed to provide an overview of public health pharmacy roles and the behavioral aspects of human healthcare issues. Graded activities included nursing home visits, in-class quizzes, mini-projects, and poster sessions, and a comprehensive final examination. ASSESSMENT The majority of the students performed well on the class activities and 93 (71.5%) of the 130 students enrolled received a grade of B or higher. A Web-based survey was administered at the end of the semester and 90% of students indicated that they had benefited from the course and were glad that it was offered. The majority of students agreed that the course made an impact in preparing them for their future role as pharmacists and expanded their understanding of the public health roles of a pharmacist. CONCLUSIONS A public health pharmacy course was successfully designed and implemented in the BPharm curriculum. This study highlighted the feasibilities of introducing courses that are of global relevance into a Malaysian pharmacy curriculum. The findings from the students' evaluation suggest the needs to incorporate a similar course in all pharmacy schools in the country and will be used as a guide to improve the contents and methods of delivery of the course at our school.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Awaisu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
| | | | - Syed Imran Ahmed
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, International Medical University
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