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Chiyaka TL, Nyawo GR, Naidoo C, Moodley S, Clemente JC, Malherbe ST, Warren R, Ku D, Segal LN, Theron G. A novel aerosol collection method shows the cough aeromicrobiome of people with tuberculosis is phylogenetically distinct from respiratory tract specimens. Res Sq 2024:rs.3.rs-4106141. [PMID: 38659922 PMCID: PMC11042404 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4106141/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB), a major cause of disease and antimicrobial resistance, is spread via aerosols. Aerosols have diagnostic potential and airborne-microbes other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) may influence transmission. We evaluated whether PneumoniaCheck (PMC), a commercial aerosol collection device, captures MTBC and the aeromicrobiome of people with TB. Methods PMC was done in sputum culture-positive people (≥30 forced coughs each, n=16) pre-treatment and PMC air reservoir (bag, corresponding to upper airways) and filter (lower airways) washes underwent Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Ultra) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing (sequencing also done on sputum). In a subset (n=6), PMC microbiota (bag, filter) was compared to oral washes and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Findings 54% (7/13) bags and 46% (6/14) filters were Ultra-positive. Sequencing read counts and microbial diversity did not differ across bags, filters, and sputum. However, microbial composition in bags (Sphingobium-, Corynebacterium-, Novosphingobium-enriched) and filters (Mycobacterium-, Sphingobium-, Corynebacterium-enriched) each differed vs. sputum. Furthermore, sequencing only detected Mycobacterium in bags and filters but not sputum. In the subset, bag and filter microbial diversity did not differ vs. oral washes or BALF but microbial composition differed. Bags vs. BALF were Sphingobium-enriched and Mycobacterium-, Streptococcus-, and Anaerosinus-depleted (Anaerosinus also depleted in filters vs. BALF). Compared to BALF, none of the aerosol-enriched taxa were enriched in oral washes or sputum. Interpretation PMC captures aerosols with Ultra-detectable MTBC and MTBC is more detectable in aerosols than sputum by sequencing. The aeromicrobiome is distinct from sputum, oral washes and BALF and contains differentially-enriched lower respiratory tract microbes.
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Barilar I, Battaglia S, Borroni E, Brandao AP, Brankin A, Cabibbe AM, Carter J, Chetty D, Cirillo DM, Claxton P, Clifton DA, Cohen T, Coronel J, Crook DW, Dreyer V, Earle SG, Escuyer V, Ferrazoli L, Fowler PW, Gao GF, Gardy J, Gharbia S, Ghisi KT, Ghodousi A, Gibertoni Cruz AL, Grandjean L, Grazian C, Groenheit R, Guthrie JL, He W, Hoffmann H, Hoosdally SJ, Hunt M, Iqbal Z, Ismail NA, Jarrett L, Joseph L, Jou R, Kambli P, Khot R, Knaggs J, Koch A, Kohlerschmidt D, Kouchaki S, Lachapelle AS, Lalvani A, Lapierre SG, Laurenson IF, Letcher B, Lin WH, Liu C, Liu D, Malone KM, Mandal A, Mansjö M, Calisto Matias DVL, Meintjes G, de Freitas Mendes F, Merker M, Mihalic M, Millard J, Miotto P, Mistry N, Moore D, Musser KA, Ngcamu D, Nhung HN, Niemann S, Nilgiriwala KS, Nimmo C, O’Donnell M, Okozi N, Oliveira RS, Omar SV, Paton N, Peto TEA, Pinhata JMW, Plesnik S, Puyen ZM, Rabodoarivelo MS, Rakotosamimanana N, Rancoita PMV, Rathod P, Robinson ER, Rodger G, Rodrigues C, Rodwell TC, Roohi A, Santos-Lazaro D, Shah S, Smith G, Kohl TA, Solano W, Spitaleri A, Steyn AJC, Supply P, Surve U, Tahseen S, Thuong NTT, Thwaites G, Todt K, Trovato A, Utpatel C, Van Rie A, Vijay S, Walker AS, Walker TM, Warren R, Werngren J, Wijkander M, Wilkinson RJ, Wilson DJ, Wintringer P, Xiao YX, Yang Y, Yanlin Z, Yao SY, Zhu B. Quantitative measurement of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals genetic determinants of resistance and susceptibility in a target gene approach. Nat Commun 2024; 15:488. [PMID: 38216576 PMCID: PMC10786857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has a goal of universal drug susceptibility testing for patients with tuberculosis. However, molecular diagnostics to date have focused largely on first-line drugs and predicting susceptibilities in a binary manner (classifying strains as either susceptible or resistant). Here, we used a multivariable linear mixed model alongside whole genome sequencing and a quantitative microtiter plate assay to relate genomic mutations to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in 15,211 Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from 23 countries across five continents. We identified 492 unique MIC-elevating variants across 13 drugs, as well as 91 mutations likely linked to hypersensitivity. Our results advance genetics-based diagnostics for tuberculosis and serve as a curated training/testing dataset for development of drug resistance prediction algorithms.
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Dwyer R, Witte C, Buss P, Warren R, Miller M, Goosen W. Antemortem detection of Mycobacterium bovis in nasal swabs from African rhinoceros. Sci Rep 2024; 14:357. [PMID: 38172248 PMCID: PMC10764836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection has been identified in black (Diceros bicornis) and white (Ceratotherium simum) rhinoceros populations in Kruger National Park, South Africa. However, it is unknown whether M. bovis infected rhinoceros, like humans and cattle, can shed mycobacteria in respiratory secretions. Limited studies have suggested that rhinoceros with subclinical M. bovis infection may present minimal risk for transmission. However, recent advances that have improved detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members in paucibacillary samples warranted further investigation of rhinoceros secretions. In this pilot study, nasal swab samples from 75 rhinoceros with defined infection status based on M. bovis antigen-specific interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) results were analysed by GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra, BACTEC MGIT and TiKa-MGIT culture. Following culture, speciation was done using targeted PCRs followed by Sanger sequencing for mycobacterial species identification, and a region of difference (RD) 4 PCR. Using these techniques, MTBC was detected in secretions from 14/64 IGRA positive rhinoceros, with viable M. bovis having been isolated in 11 cases, but not in any IGRA negative rhinoceros (n = 11). This finding suggests the possibility that MTBC/M. bovis-infected rhinoceros may be a source of infection for other susceptible animals sharing the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dwyer
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Carmel Witte
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- The Center for Wildlife Studies, P.O. Box 56, South Freeport, ME, 04078, USA
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, Private Bag X402, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa
| | - Robin Warren
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Michele Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Wynand Goosen
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
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Derendinger B, Dippenaar A, de Vos M, Huo S, Alberts R, Tadokera R, Limberis J, Sirgel F, Dolby T, Spies C, Reuter A, Folkerts M, Allender C, Lemmer D, Van Rie A, Gagneux S, Rigouts L, Te Riele J, Dheda K, Engelthaler DM, Warren R, Metcalfe J, Cox H, Theron G. Bedaquiline resistance in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa: a retrospective longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Microbe 2023; 4:e972-e982. [PMID: 37931638 PMCID: PMC10842724 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bedaquiline is a life-saving tuberculosis drug undergoing global scale-up. People at risk of weak tuberculosis drug regimens are a priority for novel drug access despite the potential source of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-resistant strains. We aimed to characterise bedaquiline resistance in individuals who had sustained culture positivity during bedaquiline-based treatment. METHODS We did a retrospective longitudinal cohort study of adults (aged ≥18 years) with culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis who received at least 4 months of a bedaquiline-containing regimen from 12 drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment facilities in Cape Town, South Africa, between Jan 20, 2016, and Nov 20, 2017. Sputum was programmatically collected at baseline (ie, before bedaquiline initiation) and each month to monitor treatment response per the national algorithm. The last available isolate from the sputum collected at or after 4 months of bedaquiline was designated the follow-up isolate. Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing for bedaquiline was done on baseline and follow-up isolates in MGIT960 media (WHO-recommended critical concentration of 1 μg/mL). Targeted deep sequencing for Rv0678, atpE, and pepQ, as well as whole-genome sequencing were also done. FINDINGS In total, 40 (31%) of 129 patients from an estimated pool were eligible for this study. Overall, three (8%) of 38 patients assessable by phenotypic drug susceptibility testing for bedaquiline had primary resistance, 18 (47%) gained resistance (acquired or reinfection), and 17 (45%) were susceptible at both baseline and follow-up. Several Rv0678 and pepQ single-nucleotide polymorphisms and indels were associated with resistance. Although variants occurred in Rv0676c and Rv1979c, these variants were not associated with resistance. Targeted deep sequencing detected low-level variants undetected by whole-genome sequencing; however, none were in genes without variants already detected by whole-genome sequencing. Patients with baseline fluoroquinolone resistance, clofazimine exposure, and four or less effective drugs were more likely to have bedaquiline-resistant gain. Resistance gain was primarily due to acquisition; however, some reinfection by resistant strains occurred. INTERPRETATION Bedaquiline-resistance gain, for which we identified risk factors, was common in these programmatically treated patients with sustained culture positivity. Our study highlights risks associated with implementing life-saving new drugs and shows evidence of bedaquiline-resistance transmission. Routine drug susceptibility testing should urgently accompany scale-up of new drugs; however, rapid drug susceptibility testing for bedaquiline remains challenging given the diversity of variants observed. FUNDING Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, South African Medical Research Council, National Research Foundation, Research Foundation Flanders, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine Health Sciences, South African National Research Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation, and Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Derendinger
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anzaan Dippenaar
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Family Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Mycobacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Margaretha de Vos
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; FIND, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Rencia Alberts
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rebecca Tadokera
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jason Limberis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frik Sirgel
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tania Dolby
- National Health Laboratory Services Green Point, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claudia Spies
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anja Reuter
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, South Africa
| | - Megan Folkerts
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | | | - Darrin Lemmer
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Annelies Van Rie
- Family Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leen Rigouts
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Keertan Dheda
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Robin Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - John Metcalfe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Helen Cox
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Grant Theron
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Ghebrekristos YT, Beylis N, Centner CM, Venter R, Derendinger B, Tshivhula H, Naidoo S, Alberts R, Prins B, Tokota A, Dolby T, Marx F, Omar SV, Warren R, Theron G. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra on contaminated liquid cultures for tuberculosis and rifampicin-resistance detection: a diagnostic accuracy evaluation. Lancet Microbe 2023; 4:e822-e829. [PMID: 37739001 PMCID: PMC10600950 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Ultra) is a widely used rapid front-line tuberculosis and rifampicin-susceptibility testing. Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) 960 liquid culture is used as an adjunct but is vulnerable to contamination. We aimed to assess whether Ultra can be used on to-be-discarded contaminated cultures. METHODS We stored contaminated MGIT960 tubes (growth-positive, acid-fast bacilli [AFB]-negative) originally inoculated at a high-volume laboratory in Cape Town, South Africa, to diagnose patients with presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis. Patients who had no positive tuberculosis results (smear, Ultra, or culture) at contamination detection and had another, later specimen submitted within 3 months of the contaminated specimen were selected. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of Ultra on contaminated growth from the first culture for tuberculosis (next-available non-contaminated culture result reference standard) and rifampicin resistance (vs MTBDRplus on a later isolate). We calculated potential time-to-diagnosis improvements and also evaluated the immunochromatographic MPT64 TBc assay. FINDINGS Between June 1 and Aug 31, 2019, 36 684 specimens from 26 929 patients were processed for diagnostic culture. 2402 (7%) cultures from 2186 patients were contaminated. 1068 (49%) of 2186 patients had no other specimen submitted. After 319 exclusions, there were 799 people with at least one repeat specimen submitted; of these, we included in our study 246 patients (31%) with a culture-positive repeat specimen and 429 patients (54%) with a culture-negative repeat specimen. 124 patients (16%) with a culture-contaminated repeat specimen were excluded. When Ultra was done on the initial contaminated growth, sensitivity was 89% (95% CI 84-94) for tuberculosis and 95% (75-100) for rifampicin-resistance detection, and specificity was 95% (90-98) for tuberculosis and 98% (93-100) for rifampicin-resistance detection. If our approach were used the day after contamination detection, the time to tuberculosis detection would improve by a median of 23 days (IQR 13-45) and provide a result in many patients who had none. MPT64 TBc had a sensitivity of 5% (95% CI 0-25). INTERPRETATION Ultra on AFB-negative growth from contaminated MGIT960 tubes had high sensitivity and specificity, approximating WHO criteria for sputum test target product performance and exceeding drug susceptibility testing. Our approach could mitigate negative effects of culture contamination, especially when repeat specimens are not submitted. FUNDING The European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas T Ghebrekristos
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Medical Microbiology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Greenpoint Tuberculosis Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Natalie Beylis
- National Health Laboratory Service, Greenpoint Tuberculosis Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chad M Centner
- National Health Laboratory Service, Medical Microbiology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rouxjeane Venter
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brigitta Derendinger
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Happy Tshivhula
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Selisha Naidoo
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rencia Alberts
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bronwyn Prins
- National Health Laboratory Service, Greenpoint Tuberculosis Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anitta Tokota
- National Health Laboratory Service, Greenpoint Tuberculosis Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tania Dolby
- National Health Laboratory Service, Greenpoint Tuberculosis Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Florian Marx
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; DSI-NRF South African Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shaheed V Omar
- Centre for Tuberculosis, National TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Robin Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Grant Theron
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Rikhotso MC, Ledwaba SE, Ngandu JPK, Mavumengwana V, Kinnear CJ, Warren R, Potgieter N, Traoré AN. Favourable outcomes in RR-TB patients using BPaL and other WHO-recommended second-line anti-TB drugs. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2023; 27:599-605. [PMID: 37491748 PMCID: PMC10365554 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.22.0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING: According to reports in South Africa, treatment failure rates for rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB) are significant and below the WHO target of ≥70%. HIV infection and the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) influence how patients receiving anti-TB drugs respond to therapy. In the treatment of RR-TB, more recent medications, including bedaquiline, pretomanid and linezolid (BPaL), have shown promising results.OBJECTIVE: To assess treatment outcomes in RR-TB patients using BPaL and other second-line anti-TB drugs as recommended by the WHO in the South African population.DESIGN: The databases Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar and Embase were searched for studies between 2015 and 2022, which investigated BPaL outcomes in South Africa.RESULTS: Of the 27,259 participants, 21% were on bedaquiline, 1% were taking pretomanid and 9% were taking linezolid as part of their background regimen. About 68% of the patients were HIV-positive, with 59% of them taking HAART.CONCLUSION: Overall, 66% of patients taking BPaL drugs as part of their background regimen had favourable treatment outcomes. Additionally, patients with RR-TB who were HIV-positive and taking HAART while receiving BPaL drugs as part of a background regimen had improved treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rikhotso
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering & Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou
| | - S E Ledwaba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering & Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou
| | - J-P K Ngandu
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering & Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou
| | - V Mavumengwana
- Department of Science and Innovation - National Research FoundationCentre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South African Medical Research Council Genomics Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C J Kinnear
- Department of Science and Innovation - National Research FoundationCentre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South African Medical Research Council Genomics Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R Warren
- Department of Science and Innovation - National Research FoundationCentre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South African Medical Research Council Genomics Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - N Potgieter
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering & Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou
| | - A N Traoré
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering & Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou
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7
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Esmail H, Coussens AK, Thienemann F, Sossen B, Mukasa SL, Warwick J, Goliath RT, Davies NO, Douglass E, Jackson A, Lakay F, Streicher E, Munro JE, Barrios MH, Heinsohn T, Macpherson L, Sheerin D, Aziz S, Serole K, Daroowala R, Taliep A, Ahlers P, Malherbe ST, Bowden R, Warren R, Walzl G, Via LE, Bahlo M, Jacobson KR, Horsburgh CR, Salgame P, Alland D, Barry CE, Flynn JL, Ellner JJ, Wilkinson RJ. High resolution imaging and five-year tuberculosis contact outcomes. medRxiv 2023:2023.07.03.23292111. [PMID: 37461515 PMCID: PMC10350144 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.03.23292111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Background The evolution of tuberculosis (TB) disease during the clinical latency period remains incompletely understood. Methods 250 HIV-uninfected, adult household contacts of rifampicin-resistant TB with a negative symptom screen underwent baseline 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission and computed tomography (PET/CT), repeated in 112 after 5-15 months. Following South African and WHO guidelines, participants did not receive preventive therapy. All participants had intensive baseline screening with spontaneous, followed by induced, sputum sampling and were then observed for an average of 4.7 years for culture-positive disease. Baseline PET/CT abnormalities were evaluated in relation to culture-positive disease. Results At baseline, 59 (23.6%) participants had lung PET/CT findings consistent with TB of which 29 (11.6%) were defined as Subclinical TB, and 30 (12%) Subclinical TB-inactive. A further 83 (33.2%) had other lung parenchymal abnormalities and 108 (43.2%) had normal lungs. Over 1107-person years of follow-up 14 cases of culture-positive TB were diagnosed. Six cases were detected by intensive baseline screening, all would have been missed by the South African symptom-based screening strategy and only one detected by a WHO-recommended chest X-Ray screening strategy. Those with baseline Subclinical TB lesions on PET/CT were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with culture-positive TB over the study period, compared to those with normal lung parenchyma (10/29 [34.5%] vs 2/108 [1.9%], Hazard Ratio 22.37 [4.89-102.47, p<0.001]). Conclusions These findings challenge the latent/active TB paradigm demonstrating that subclinical disease exists up to 4 years prior to microbiological detection and/or symptom onset. There are important implications for screening and management of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Esmail
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, WC1V 6LJ, United Kingdom
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis Research and Innovation, Institute for Global Health, University College London, WC1E 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Anna K Coussens
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Friedrich Thienemann
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bianca Sossen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa
| | - Sandra L Mukasa
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa
| | - James Warwick
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rene T Goliath
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa
| | - Nashreen Omar Davies
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa
| | - Emily Douglass
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Amanda Jackson
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa
| | - Francisco Lakay
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Streicher
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacob E Munro
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Marilou H Barrios
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- Advanced Genomics Facility, Advanced Technology and Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Torben Heinsohn
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Liana Macpherson
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, WC1V 6LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan Sheerin
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Saalikha Aziz
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa
| | - Keboile Serole
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa
| | - Remy Daroowala
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa
| | - Arshad Taliep
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa
| | - Petri Ahlers
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephanus T Malherbe
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rory Bowden
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- Advanced Genomics Facility, Advanced Technology and Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Robin Warren
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laura E Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Tuberculosis Imaging Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Karen R Jacobson
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Robert Horsburgh
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health Boston, MA, USA
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - David Alland
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Clifton Earl Barry
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Tuberculosis Imaging Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Jerrold J Ellner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa
- The Francis Crick Institute London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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8
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Warren R, Young L, Carlisle K, Heslop I, Glass B. A systems approach to the perceptions of the integration of public health into pharmacy practice: A qualitative study. Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm 2023; 10:100279. [PMID: 37234403 PMCID: PMC10205534 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists, as health professionals, are ideally positioned to support the health and wellbeing of populations, in addition to their role of providing individualised health care. Objective The aim of this study was to explore current opinion on the contribution of pharmacists to public health and how this may be enhanced to positively impact public health indicators. Methods A total of 24 pharmacists from Australia, United Kingdom, Canada and the United States of America, and Australian public health professionals and consumers participated in semi-structured interviews between January and October 2021. Interpretive thematic analysis was applied with coding of transcripts using the constant comparison method. Themes were developed and named in accordance with Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of development. Results Pharmacists contribute to public health and have important roles in health education and illness prevention services. Strong enablers in community pharmacy include trust by consumers and ease of accessibility to pharmacists. Pharmacists are viewed as leaders in communities and contribute to the health system broadly in areas such as medication policy and public health organisations.Participants suggested that pharmacist contributions to public health are often unrecognized by the pharmacy profession, health professionals and consumers, and could be developed to allow effective contributions. Strategies to improve pharmacist contributions included clarifying public health-related terminology, increased development of pharmacy roles and reform for community pharmacies to participate in health prevention and promotion services. Integration of public health in pharmacy education, professional development, and recognition of pharmacy roles across all system levels were also identified as important. Conclusions The study indicated that pharmacists currently contribute to the improvement of public health. However, development strategies are required for this to be more effective in integrating public health approaches into their professional practice to be recognized for their public health-related roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Warren
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Louise Young
- Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Karen Carlisle
- Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Ian Heslop
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, IL, USA
| | - Beverley Glass
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, QLD 4811, Australia
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9
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Opperman CJ, Singh S, Davids T, Cox H, Warren R, Goosen W. Identifying non-tuberculosis mycobacteria: Is it time to introduce new molecular assays? S Afr Med J 2023; 113:4-5. [PMID: 37278260 DOI: 10.7196/samj.2022.v113i6.16771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C J Opperman
- National Health Laboratory Service, Green Point Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - S Singh
- National Health Laboratory Service, Green Point Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - T Davids
- City Health, Community Services and Health, City of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - H Cox
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine; and Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - R Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - W Goosen
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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10
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Chirehwa MT, Resendiz-Galvan JE, Court R, De Kock M, Wiesner L, de Vries N, Harding J, Gumbo T, Warren R, Maartens G, Denti P, McIlleron H. Optimizing Moxifloxacin Dose in MDR-TB Participants with or without Efavirenz Coadministration Using Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0142622. [PMID: 36744891 PMCID: PMC10019313 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01426-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Moxifloxacin is included in some treatment regimens for drug-sensitive tuberculosis (TB) and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Aiming to optimize dosing, we described moxifloxacin pharmacokinetic and MIC distribution in participants with MDR-TB. Participants enrolled at two TB hospitals in South Africa underwent intensive pharmacokinetic sampling approximately 1 to 6 weeks after treatment initiation. Plasma drug concentrations and clinical data were analyzed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling with simulations to evaluate doses for different scenarios. We enrolled 131 participants (54 females), with median age of 35.7 (interquartile range, 28.5 to 43.5) years, median weight of 47 (42.0 to 54.0) kg, and median fat-free mass of 40.1 (32.3 to 44.7) kg; 79 were HIV positive, 29 of whom were on efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy. Moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics were described with a 2-compartment model, transit absorption, and elimination via a liver compartment. We included allometry based on fat-free mass to estimate disposition parameters. We estimated an oral clearance for a typical patient to be 17.6 L/h. Participants treated with efavirenz had increased clearance, resulting in a 44% reduction in moxifloxacin exposure. Simulations predicted that, even at a median MIC of 0.25 (0.06 to 16) mg/L, the standard daily dose of 400 mg has a low probability of attaining the ratio of the area under the unbound concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h to the MIC (fAUC0-24)/MIC target of >53, particularly in heavier participants. The high-dose WHO regimen (600 to 800 mg) yielded higher, more balanced exposures across the weight ranges, with better target attainment. When coadministered with efavirenz, moxifloxacin doses of up to 1,000 mg are needed to match these exposures. The safety of higher moxifloxacin doses in clinical settings should be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. T. Chirehwa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J. E. Resendiz-Galvan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R. Court
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M. De Kock
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - L. Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - N. de Vries
- Brooklyn Chest Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J. Harding
- DP Marais Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - T. Gumbo
- Quantitative Preclinical and Clinical Sciences Department, Praedicare Inc., Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - R. Warren
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G. Maartens
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - P. Denti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - H. McIlleron
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Nyawo GR, Naidoo CC, Wu B, Sulaiman I, Clemente JC, Li Y, Minnies S, Reeve BWP, Moodley S, Rautenbach C, Wright C, Singh S, Whitelaw A, Schubert P, Warren R, Segal L, Theron G. More than Mycobacterium tuberculosis: site-of-disease microbial communities, and their functional and clinical profiles in tuberculous lymphadenitis. Thorax 2023; 78:297-308. [PMID: 36598079 PMCID: PMC9957952 DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2022-219103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphadenitis is the most common extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) manifestation. The microbiome is important to human health but uninvestigated in EPTB. We profiled the site-of-disease lymph node microbiome in tuberculosis lymphadenitis (TBL). METHODS Fine-needle aspiration biopsies were collected from 158 pretreatment presumptive TBL patients in Cape Town, South Africa. 16S Illumina MiSeq rRNA gene sequencing was done. RESULTS We analysed 89 definite TBLs (dTBLs) and 61 non-TBLs (nTBLs), which had similar α- but different β-diversities (p=0.001). Clustering identified five lymphotypes prior to TB status stratification: Mycobacterium-dominant, Prevotella-dominant and Streptococcus-dominant lymphotypes were more frequent in dTBLs whereas a Corynebacterium-dominant lymphotype and a fifth lymphotype (no dominant taxon) were more frequent in nTBLs. When restricted to dTBLs, clustering identified a Mycobacterium-dominant lymphotype with low α-diversity and non-Mycobacterium-dominated lymphotypes (termed Prevotella-Corynebacterium, Prevotella-Streptococcus). The Mycobacterium dTBL lymphotype was associated with HIV-positivity and features characteristic of severe lymphadenitis (eg, larger nodes). dTBL microbial communities were enriched with potentially proinflammatory microbial short-chain fatty acid metabolic pathways (propanoate, butanoate) vs nTBLs. 11% (7/61) of nTBLs had Mycobacterium reads BLAST-confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. CONCLUSIONS TBL at the site-of-disease is not microbially homogeneous. Distinct microbial community clusters exist that, in our setting, are associated with different clinical characteristics, and immunomodulatory potentials. Non-Mycobacterium-dominated dTBL lymphotypes, which contain taxa potentially targeted by TB treatment, were associated with milder, potentially earlier stage disease. These investigations lay foundations for studying the microbiome's role in lymphatic TB. The long-term clinical significance of these lymphotypes requires prospective validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina R Nyawo
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- African Microbiome Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Charissa C Naidoo
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- African Microbiome Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Benjamin Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Imran Sulaiman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose C Clemente
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yonghua Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Minnies
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Byron W P Reeve
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Suventha Moodley
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- African Microbiome Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Cornelia Rautenbach
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Colleen Wright
- Division Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Shivani Singh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Whitelaw
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Pawel Schubert
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- Division Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Robin Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Leopoldo Segal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grant Theron
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- African Microbiome Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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12
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Hall MB, Rabodoarivelo MS, Koch A, Dippenaar A, George S, Grobbelaar M, Warren R, Walker TM, Cox H, Gagneux S, Crook D, Peto T, Rakotosamimanana N, Grandjean Lapierre S, Iqbal Z. Evaluation of Nanopore sequencing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug susceptibility testing and outbreak investigation: a genomic analysis. Lancet Microbe 2023; 4:e84-e92. [PMID: 36549315 PMCID: PMC9892011 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has been widely used for genotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST) and outbreak investigation. For both applications, Illumina technology is used by most public health laboratories; however, Nanopore technology developed by Oxford Nanopore Technologies has not been thoroughly evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine whether Nanopore sequencing data can provide equivalent information to Illumina for transmission clustering and genotypic DST for M tuberculosis. METHODS In this genomic analysis, we analysed 151 M tuberculosis isolates from Madagascar, South Africa, and England, which were collected between 2011 and 2018, using phenotypic DST and matched Illumina and Nanopore data. Illumina sequencing was done with the MiSeq, HiSeq 2500, or NextSeq500 platforms and Nanopore sequencing was done on the MinION or GridION platforms. Using highly reliable PacBio sequencing assemblies and pairwise distance correlation between Nanopore and Illumina data, we optimise Nanopore variant filters for detecting single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; using BCFtools software). We then used those SNPs to compare transmission clusters identified by Nanopore with the currently used UK Health Security Agency Illumina pipeline (COMPASS). We compared Illumina and Nanopore WGS-based DST predictions using the Mykrobe software and mutation catalogue. FINDINGS The Nanopore BCFtools pipeline identified SNPs with a median precision of 99·3% (IQR 99·1-99·6) and recall of 90·2% (88·1-94·2) compared with a precision of 99·6% (99·4-99·7) and recall of 91·9% (87·6-98·6) using the Illumina COMPASS pipeline. Using a threshold of 12 SNPs for putative transmission clusters, Illumina identified 98 isolates as unrelated and 53 as belonging to 19 distinct clusters (size range 2-7). Nanopore reproduced 15 out of 19 clusters perfectly; two clusters were merged into one cluster, one cluster had a single sample missing, and one cluster had an additional sample adjoined. Illumina-based clusters were also closely replicated using a five SNP threshold and clustering accuracy was maintained using mixed Illumina and Nanopore datasets. Genotyping resistance variants with Nanopore was highly concordant with Illumina, having zero discordant SNPs across more than 3000 SNPs and four insertions or deletions (indels), across 60 000 indels. INTERPRETATION Illumina and Nanopore technologies can be used independently or together by public health laboratories performing M tuberculosis genotypic DST and outbreak investigations. As a result, clinical and public health institutions making decisions on which sequencing technology to adopt for tuberculosis can base the choice on cost (which varies by country), batching, and turnaround time. FUNDING Academy for Medical Sciences, Oxford Wellcome Institutional Strategic Support Fund, and the Swiss South Africa Joint Research Award (Swiss National Science Foundation and South African National Research Foundation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Hall
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Marie Sylvianne Rabodoarivelo
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Anastasia Koch
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit and DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anzaan Dippenaar
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre for Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Tuberculosis Omics Research Consortium, Family Medicine and Population Health, Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sophie George
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Melanie Grobbelaar
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre for Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Robin Warren
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre for Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Timothy M Walker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Helen Cox
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Derrick Crook
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Peto
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Simon Grandjean Lapierre
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Immunopathology Axis, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Zamin Iqbal
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
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13
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Anderson K, Pietersen E, Shepherd BE, Bian A, Dheda K, Warren R, Sterling TR, van der Heijden YF. High mortality among patients hospitalized for drug-resistant tuberculosis with acquired second-line drug resistance and high HIV prevalence. HIV Med 2022; 23:1085-1097. [PMID: 35608016 PMCID: PMC9588462 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We compared mortality between HIV-positive and HIV-negative South African adults with drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) and high incidence of acquired second-line drug resistance. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of DR-TB patients with serial second-line TB drug susceptibility tests (2008-2015) who were hospitalized at a specialized TB hospital. We used Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox models to examine associations with mortality. RESULTS Of 245 patients, the median age was 33 years, 54% were male and 40% were HIV-positive, 96% of whom had ever received antiretroviral therapy (ART). At initial drug resistance detection, 99% of patients had resistance to at least rifampicin and isoniazid, and 18% had second-line drug resistance (fluoroquinolones and/or injectable drugs). At later testing, 88% of patients had acquired additional second-line drug resistance. Patient-initiated treatment interruptions (> 2 months) occurred in 47%. Mortality was 79%. Those with HIV had a shorter time to death (p = 0.02; log-rank): median survival time from DR-TB treatment initiation was 2.44 years [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.09-3.15] versus 3.99 years (95% CI: 3.12-4.75) for HIV-negative patients. HIV-positive patients who received ART within 6 months before DR-TB treatment had a higher mortality hazard than HIV-negative patients [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) ratio = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.21-2.74]. By contrast, HIV-positive patients who did not receive ART within 6 months before DR-TB treatment did not have a significantly higher mortality hazard than HIV-negative patients (aHR = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.72-1.65), although those on ART had lower median CD4 counts than those not on ART (157 vs. 281 cells/μL, respectively; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS A very high incidence of acquired second-line drug resistance and high overall mortality were observed, reinforcing the need to reduce the risk of acquired resistance and for more effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Anderson
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Elize Pietersen
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Bryan E. Shepherd
- Department of BiostatisticsVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Aihua Bian
- Department of BiostatisticsVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- South African MRC Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial ResistanceUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Robin Warren
- DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for TB Research/Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityTygerbergSouth Africa
| | - Timothy R. Sterling
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Yuri F. van der Heijden
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- The Aurum InstituteJohannesburgSouth Africa
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14
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Finci I, Albertini A, Merker M, Andres S, Bablishvili N, Barilar I, Cáceres T, Crudu V, Gotuzzo E, Hapeela N, Hoffmann H, Hoogland C, Kohl TA, Kranzer K, Mantsoki A, Maurer FP, Nicol MP, Noroc E, Plesnik S, Rodwell T, Ruhwald M, Savidge T, Salfinger M, Streicher E, Tukvadze N, Warren R, Zemanay W, Zurek A, Niemann S, Denkinger CM. Investigating resistance in clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates with genomic and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a multicentre observational study. Lancet Microbe 2022; 3:e672-e682. [PMID: 35907429 PMCID: PMC9436784 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex has become an important tool in diagnosis and management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. However, data correlating resistance genotype with quantitative phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) are scarce. METHODS In a prospective multicentre observational study, 900 clinical M tuberculosis complex isolates were collected from adults with drug-resistant tuberculosis in five high-endemic tuberculosis settings around the world (Georgia, Moldova, Peru, South Africa, and Viet Nam) between Dec 5, 2014, and Dec 12, 2017. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and resulting binary phenotypic AST results for up to nine antituberculosis drugs were determined and correlated with resistance-conferring mutations identified by WGS. FINDINGS Considering WHO-endorsed critical concentrations as reference, WGS had high accuracy for prediction of resistance to isoniazid (sensitivity 98·8% [95% CI 98·5-99·0]; specificity 96·6% [95% CI 95·2-97·9]), levofloxacin (sensitivity 94·8% [93·3-97·6]; specificity 97·1% [96·7-97·6]), kanamycin (sensitivity 96·1% [95·4-96·8]; specificity 95·0% [94·4-95·7]), amikacin (sensitivity 97·2% [96·4-98·1]; specificity 98·6% [98·3-98·9]), and capreomycin (sensitivity 93·1% [90·0-96·3]; specificity 98·3% [98·0-98·7]). For rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, the specificity of resistance prediction was suboptimal (64·0% [61·0-67·1], 83·8% [81·0-86·5], and 40·1% [37·4-42·9], respectively). Specificity for rifampicin increased to 83·9% when borderline mutations with MICs overlapping with the critical concentration were excluded. Consequently, we highlighted mutations in M tuberculosis complex isolates that are often falsely identified as susceptible by phenotypic AST, and we identified potential novel resistance-conferring mutations. INTERPRETATION The combined analysis of mutations and quantitative phenotypes shows the potential of WGS to produce a refined interpretation of resistance, which is needed for individualised therapy, and eventually could allow differential drug dosing. However, variability of MIC data for some M tuberculosis complex isolates carrying identical mutations also reveals limitations of our understanding of the genotype and phenotype relationships (eg, including epistasis and strain genetic background). FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, German Centre for Infection Research, German Research Foundation, Excellence Cluster Precision Medicine of Inflammation (EXC 2167), and Leibniz ScienceCampus EvoLUNG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Finci
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Merker
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Evolution of the Resistome, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; National and Supranational Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Germany
| | - Sönke Andres
- National and Supranational Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Nino Bablishvili
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ivan Barilar
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; National and Supranational Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Germany
| | - Tatiana Cáceres
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Valeriu Crudu
- Phthisiopneumology Institute Chiril Draganiuc, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Eduardo Gotuzzo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Nchimunya Hapeela
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Harald Hoffmann
- SYNLAB Gauting, SYNLAB MVZ Dachau, Gauting, Germany; Institute of Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine (IML Red), WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Gauting, Germany
| | | | - Thomas A Kohl
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; National and Supranational Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Germany
| | - Katharina Kranzer
- National and Supranational Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Florian P Maurer
- National and Supranational Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark P Nicol
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ecaterina Noroc
- Phthisiopneumology Institute Chiril Draganiuc, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Sara Plesnik
- Institute of Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine (IML Red), WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Gauting, Germany
| | - Timothy Rodwell
- FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Theresa Savidge
- Advanced Diagnostic Laboratories, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA; Alaska State Public Health Laboratories, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Max Salfinger
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Streicher
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nestani Tukvadze
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Robin Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Widaad Zemanay
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna Zurek
- Advanced Diagnostic Laboratories, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Stefan Niemann
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; National and Supranational Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia M Denkinger
- FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Clinical Tropical Medicine and German Centre for Infection Research, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Rutkowski D, Warren R, Griffiths C, Paus R. 861 EGFR/MEK inhibitor therapy induces partial hair follicle immune privilege collapse in vivo and ex vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Derendinger B, de Vos M, Pillay S, Venter R, Metcalfe J, Ghebrekristos Y, Minnies S, Dolby T, Beylis N, Warren R, Theron G. Frequent Suboptimal Thermocycler Ramp Rate Usage Negatively Impacts GenoType MTBDRsl VER 2.0 Performance for Second-Line Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Diagnosis. J Mol Diagn 2022; 24:494-502. [PMID: 35108607 PMCID: PMC9127458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Strengthening second-line drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) detection is a priority. GenoType MTBDRplus VER 2.0 performance is reduced with non-recommended ramp rate usage (temperature change speed between PCR cycles); however, ramp rate's effect on GenoType MTBDRsl VER 2.0 (MTBDRsl) performance, is unknown. Fifty-two Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra-positive rifampicin-resistant smear-negative sputa and a Mycobacterium tuberculosis dilution series were tested at a manufacturer-recommended (2.2°C/second) or suboptimal (4.0°C/second) ramp rate. M. tuberculosis-complex-DNA positivity, indeterminates, fluoroquinolone- and second-line injectable-resistance accuracy, banding differences, and, separately, inter-reader variability were assessed. Five (39%) of 13 re-surveyed laboratories did not use the manufacturer-recommended ramp rate. On sputum, 2.2°C/second improved indeterminates versus 4.0°C/second (0 of 52 versus 7 of 51; P = 0.006), incorrect drug-class diagnostic calls (0 of 104 versus 6 of 102; P = 0.013), and incorrect banding calls (0 of 1300 versus 54 of 1275; P < 0.001). Similarly, 2.2°C/second improved valid results [(52 of 52 versus 41 of 51; +21% (P = 0.001)] and banding call inter-reader variability [34 of 1300 (3%) versus 52 of 1300 (4%); P = 0.030]. At the suboptimal ramp rate, false-resistance and false-susceptible calls resulted from wild-type band absence rather than mutant band appearance, resulting in misclassification of moxifloxacin resistance level from high-to-low. Suboptimal ramp rate contributes to poor MTBDRsl performance. Laboratories must ensure that the manufacturer-recommended ramp rate is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Derendinger
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SA-MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Margaretha de Vos
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SA-MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Samantha Pillay
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SA-MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Rouxjeane Venter
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SA-MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - John Metcalfe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yonas Ghebrekristos
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SA-MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Minnies
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SA-MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tania Dolby
- National Health Laboratory Service, Green Point, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Natalie Beylis
- National Health Laboratory Service, Green Point, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robin Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SA-MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Grant Theron
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SA-MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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17
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Georghiou SB, Rodwell TC, Korobitsyn A, Abbadi SH, Ajbani K, Alffenaar JW, Alland D, Alvarez N, Andres S, Ardizzoni E, Aubry A, Baldan R, Ballif M, Barilar I, Böttger EC, Chakravorty S, Claxton PM, Cirillo DM, Comas I, Coulter C, Denkinger CM, Derendinger B, Desmond EP, de Steenwinkel JE, Dheda K, Diacon AH, Dolinger DL, Dooley KE, Egger M, Ehsani S, Farhat MR, Fattorini L, Finci I, Le Ray LF, Furió V, Groenheit R, Gumbo T, Heysell SK, Hillemann D, Hoffmann H, Hsueh PR, Hu Y, Huang H, Hussain A, Ismail F, Izumi K, Jagielski T, Johnson JL, Kambli P, Kaniga K, Eranga Karunaratne G, Sharma MK, Keller PM, Kelly EC, Kholina M, Kohli M, Kranzer K, Laurenson IF, Limberis J, Grace Lin SY, Liu Y, López-Gavín A, Lyander A, Machado D, Martinez E, Masood F, Mitarai S, Mvelase NR, Niemann S, Nikolayevskyy V, Maurer FP, Merker M, Miotto P, Omar SV, Otto-Knapp R, Palaci M, Palacios Gutiérrez JJ, Peacock SJ, Peloquin CA, Perera J, Pierre-Audigier C, Pholwat S, Posey JE, Prammananan T, Rigouts L, Robledo J, Rockwood N, Rodrigues C, Salfinger M, Schechter MC, Seifert M, Sengstake S, Shinnick T, Shubladze N, Sintchenko V, Sirgel F, Somasundaram S, Sterling TR, Spitaleri A, Streicher E, Supply P, Svensson E, Tagliani E, Tahseen S, Takaki A, Theron G, Torrea G, Van Deun A, van Ingen J, Van Rie A, van Soolingen D, Vargas Jr R, Venter A, Veziris N, Villellas C, Viveiros M, Warren R, Wen S, Werngren J, Wilkinson RJ, Yang C, Yılmaz FF, Zhang T, Zimenkov D, Ismail N, Köser CU, Schön T. Updating the approaches to define susceptibility and resistance to anti-tuberculosis agents: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Eur Respir J 2022; 59:2200166. [PMID: 35422426 PMCID: PMC9059840 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00166-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 85 000 deaths globally in 2019 were due to drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), which corresponds to 7% of global deaths attributable to bacterial antimicrobial resistance [1]. Yet concerns have been mounting that drug-resistant TB was being underestimated because the approaches to define susceptibility and resistance to anti-TB agents had not kept up with those used for other major bacterial pathogens [2–9]. Here, we outline the recent, evidence-based initiatives spearheaded by the World Health Organization (WHO) and others to update breakpoints (traditionally referred to as critical concentrations (CCs)) that are used for phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), also called drug susceptibility testing in the TB literature. Inappropriately high breakpoints have resulted in systematic false-susceptible AST results to anti-TB drugs. MIC, PK/PD and clinical outcome data should be combined when setting breakpoints to minimise the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. https://bit.ly/3i43wb6
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18
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Islam R, Hashmi Z, Aljarad F, Madanur M, Imtiaz N, Warren R. 262 Full Cycle Audit on Definitive Management of Biliary Pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac039.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
To reaudit the practice of definitive management of gall stones pancreatitis in our trust for the period of 1st May-31st October and compare the result with previous one (1st June 2019–31st Dec 2019).
Method
It was a retrospective collection of data of patients admitted to our trust with biliary pancreatitis. Electronic notes, PACS for US report, Electronic discharge summary and Operative notes analysed.
Results
We identified 4 patients admitted with biliary pancreatitis during the re-audit period. US report was checked for confirmation of diagnosis of gall stones. The EDN was checked for date for Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Unfortunately, none of them had their procedure time in 2 weeks’ time of their diagnosis. The reason behind this was because of COVID-19 pandemic, we were backlogging with our elective list. All the patients eventually underwent their procedure, but not in 2 weeks’ time as per the guidelines. All suitable patients had their cholecystectomy in a timely manner during first audit. None had it in timely manner during second audit.
Conclusions
Early Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for simple gallstone pancreatitis prevents life threatening Pancreatitis and readmissions.
The UK guidelines on management of pancreatitis issued by British society guidelines (BSG) states that all mild gall stones pancreatitis should have definitive management of lithiasis on the same admission or within 2 weeks (Recommendation B). In our practice, all our suitable patients during first audit had timely Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, however, no one had it in timely manner on the next audit for COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Islam
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Z.Z. Hashmi
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - F. Aljarad
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - M.A. Madanur
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - N. Imtiaz
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - R. Warren
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Esmail A, Oelofse S, Lombard C, Perumal R, Mbuthini L, Goolam Mahomed A, Variava E, Black J, Oluboyo P, Gwentshu N, Ngam E, Ackerman T, Marais L, Mottay L, Meier S, Pooran A, Tomasicchio M, Te Riele J, Derendinger B, Ndjeka N, Maartens G, Warren R, Martinson N, Dheda K. An All-Oral 6-Month Regimen for Multidrug-Resistant TB (the NExT Study): A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 205:1214-1227. [PMID: 35175905 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202107-1779oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale/objectives: Improving treatment outcomes, reducing drug toxicity, avoiding injectable agents, and shortening the treatment duration to 6-months (approximating that of rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis) remains an aspirational goal for the treatment of multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB). METHODS We conducted a multicentre randomised controlled trial in adults with MDR/RR-TB (i.e. without resistance to fluoroquinolones or aminoglycosides). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to a ~6-month all-oral regimen that included levofloxacin, bedaquiline and linezolid, or the standard-of-care ≥ 9-month WHO-approved injectable-based regimen. The primary endpoint was a favourable WHO-defined treatment outcome 24 months after treatment initiation. MAIN RESULTS 93 of 111 participants randomised were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis; 51 (55%) were HIV co-infected (median CD4 count 158 cells/mL). Participants in the intervention arm were 2.2 times more likely to experience a favourable 24-month outcome than participants in the standard-of-care arm [RR 2.2 (1.2-4.1); p=0.006]. Toxicity-related drug substitution occurred more frequently in the standard-of-care arm [(65·9% (29/44) versus 36·7% (18/49), p= 0·001)]; 79.3% (23/29) due to kanamycin (mainly hearing loss; replaced by bedaquiline) in the standard-of-care arm, and 83·3% (15/18) due to linezolid (mainly anaemia) in the interventional arm. Culture conversion was significantly better in the intervention arm [HR 2.6 (1.4-4.9); p= 0.003] after censoring those with bedaquiline replacement in the standard-of-care arm. CONCLUSIONS An all-oral 6-month levofloxacin, bedaquiline and linezolid-containing MDR/RR-TB regimen was associated with significantly improved 24-month treatment outcomes compared with traditional injectable-containing regimens. However, drug toxicity occurred frequently in both arms. These findings inform strategies to develop future regimens for MDR/RR-TB. Clinical trial registration available at www.clinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT02454205.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliasgar Esmail
- University of Cape Town, 37716, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, Rondebosch, South Africa.,University of Cape Town, 37716, South African MRC Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Suzette Oelofse
- University of Cape Town, 37716, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.,University of Cape Town, 37716, South African MRC Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carl Lombard
- South African Medical Research Council, 59097, Biostatistics Unit, Cape Town, South Africa.,University of Stellenbosch, 26697, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rubeshan Perumal
- University of Cape Town, 37716, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.,University of Cape Town, 37716, South African MRC Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda Mbuthini
- University of Cape Town, 37716, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Akhter Goolam Mahomed
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, 37715, Department of Intensive Care, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ebrahim Variava
- University of the Witwatersrand, 37707, Department of Internal Medicine, Johannesburg, South Africa.,North West Department of Health, 108195, Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Mahikeng, South Africa
| | - John Black
- Walter Sisulu University and Livingstone Tertiary Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Patrick Oluboyo
- Walter Sisulu University and Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital, Head of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Mthatha, South Africa
| | | | - Eric Ngam
- Don Makenzie Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tertius Ackerman
- University of Stellenbosch, 26697, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for TB Research/Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Lynelle Mottay
- University of Cape Town, 37716, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.,University of Cape Town, 37716, South African MRC Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stuart Meier
- University of Cape Town, 37716, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity , Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.,University of Cape Town, 37716, South African MRC Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anil Pooran
- University of Cape Town, 37716, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.,University of Cape Town, 37716, South African MRC Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele Tomasicchio
- University of Cape Town, 37716, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.,University of Cape Town, 37716, South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Brigitta Derendinger
- University of Stellenbosch, 26697, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Norbert Ndjeka
- National Department of Health, Drug Resistant TB Directorate, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gary Maartens
- University of Cape Town, 37716, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robin Warren
- University of Stellenbosch, 26697, 13DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for TB Research/Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Neil Martinson
- University of the Witwatersrand, 37707, Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), Johannesburg, South Africa.,Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Keertan Dheda
- University of Cape Town, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.,University of Cape Town, 37716, South African MRC Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, Cape Town, South Africa.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 218289, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
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Warren R, Rich T, Leavesley S, Phan AV. A three-dimensional finite element model of cAMP signals. Forces in Mechanics 2021; 4. [PMID: 35072121 PMCID: PMC8773462 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2021.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Warren
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - T.C. Rich
- Center for Lung Biology & Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - S.J. Leavesley
- Center for Lung Biology & Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - A.-V. Phan
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.-V. Phan)
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21
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Miller MA, Kerr TJ, de Waal CR, Goosen WJ, Streicher EM, Hausler G, Rossouw L, Manamela T, van Schalkwyk L, Kleynhans L, Warren R, van Helden P, Buss PE. Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Free-Ranging African Elephants. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:990-992. [PMID: 33622488 PMCID: PMC7920657 DOI: 10.3201/eid2703.204729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife species occurs worldwide. However, few cases of M. bovis infection in captive elephants have been reported. We describe 2 incidental cases of bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana) from a tuberculosis-endemic national park in South Africa and the epidemiologic implications of these infections.
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22
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Pahar M, Klopper M, Warren R, Niesler T. COVID-19 cough classification using machine learning and global smartphone recordings. Comput Biol Med 2021; 135:104572. [PMID: 34182331 PMCID: PMC8213969 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We present a machine learning based COVID-19 cough classifier which can discriminate COVID-19 positive coughs from both COVID-19 negative and healthy coughs recorded on a smartphone. This type of screening is non-contact, easy to apply, and can reduce the workload in testing centres as well as limit transmission by recommending early self-isolation to those who have a cough suggestive of COVID-19. The datasets used in this study include subjects from all six continents and contain both forced and natural coughs, indicating that the approach is widely applicable. The publicly available Coswara dataset contains 92 COVID-19 positive and 1079 healthy subjects, while the second smaller dataset was collected mostly in South Africa and contains 18 COVID-19 positive and 26 COVID-19 negative subjects who have undergone a SARS-CoV laboratory test. Both datasets indicate that COVID-19 positive coughs are 15%–20% shorter than non-COVID coughs. Dataset skew was addressed by applying the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE). A leave-p-out cross-validation scheme was used to train and evaluate seven machine learning classifiers: logistic regression (LR), k-nearest neighbour (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), multilayer perceptron (MLP), convolutional neural network (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM) and a residual-based neural network architecture (Resnet50). Our results show that although all classifiers were able to identify COVID-19 coughs, the best performance was exhibited by the Resnet50 classifier, which was best able to discriminate between the COVID-19 positive and the healthy coughs with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.98. An LSTM classifier was best able to discriminate between the COVID-19 positive and COVID-19 negative coughs, with an AUC of 0.94 after selecting the best 13 features from a sequential forward selection (SFS). Since this type of cough audio classification is cost-effective and easy to deploy, it is potentially a useful and viable means of non-contact COVID-19 screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurananda Pahar
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - Marisa Klopper
- SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - Robin Warren
- SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - Thomas Niesler
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
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23
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Cambazard F, Lebwohl M, Lacour JP, Liljedahl M, Lynde C, Holst Moerch M, Thaci D, Warren R. Traitement d’entretien du psoriasis en plaques par une association fixe de calcipotriol (Cal) à 0,005 % et de dipropionate de bétaméthasone (DB) à 0,064 % sous forme de mousse : résultats d’un essai contrôlé randomisé de phase III. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2020.09.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Theron G, Limberis J, Venter R, Smith L, Pietersen E, Esmail A, Calligaro G, Te Riele J, de Kock M, van Helden P, Gumbo T, Clark TG, Fennelly K, Warren R, Dheda K. Bacterial and host determinants of cough aerosol culture positivity in patients with drug-resistant versus drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Nat Med 2020; 26:1435-1443. [PMID: 32601338 PMCID: PMC8353872 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A burgeoning epidemic of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) threatens to derail global control efforts. Although the mechanisms remain poorly clarified, drug-resistant strains are widely believed to be less infectious than drug-susceptible strains. Consequently, we hypothesized that lower proportions of patients with drug-resistant TB would have culturable Mycobacterium tuberculosis from respirable, cough-generated aerosols compared to patients with drug-susceptible TB, and that multiple factors, including mycobacterial genomic variation, would predict culturable cough aerosol production. We enumerated the colony forming units in aerosols (≤10 µm) from 452 patients with TB (227 with drug resistance), compared clinical characteristics, and performed mycobacterial whole-genome sequencing, dormancy phenotyping and drug-susceptibility analyses on M. tuberculosis from sputum. After considering treatment duration, we found that almost half of the patients with drug-resistant TB were cough aerosol culture-positive. Surprisingly, neither mycobacterial genomic variants, lineage, nor dormancy status predicted cough aerosol culture positivity. However, mycobacterial sputum bacillary load and clinical characteristics, including a lower symptom score and stronger cough, were strongly predictive, thereby supporting targeted transmission-limiting interventions. Effective treatment largely abrogated cough aerosol culture positivity; however, this was not always rapid. These data question current paradigms, inform public health strategies and suggest the need to redirect TB transmission-associated research efforts toward host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Theron
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jason Limberis
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rouxjeane Venter
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liezel Smith
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elize Pietersen
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Aliasgar Esmail
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Greg Calligaro
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Marianna de Kock
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul van Helden
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Gumbo
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kevin Fennelly
- Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robin Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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25
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Yiu Z, Parisi R, Lunt M, Warren R, Griffiths C, Langan S, Ashcroft D. 399 Risk of hospitalization due to infection in patients with psoriasis: A population-based cohort study using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. J Invest Dermatol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Handyside L, Warren R, Devine S, Drovandi A. Utilisation of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model in community pharmacy for health needs assessment: A narrative review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 17:292-299. [PMID: 32253124 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health needs assessment tools such as the PRECEDE-PROCEED model (PPM) identify the key health concerns of communities, and may increase the capacity for community pharmacies to address these needs. OBJECTIVES A narrative review was conducted to investigate to what extent the PPM has been used to guide pharmacy service development and evaluation. METHODS A systematic search of six databases was conducted for peer-reviewed papers published from January 2000 to August 2019 that described the application of the PPM within the community pharmacy context. Search terms included variations of the following: 'pharmacists', 'precede proceed', 'pharmaceutical services', and 'community pharmacies'. Data extracted and analysed included study design, objectives, population, utilisation of the PPM, and outcomes. RESULTS Fourteen eligible papers were identified, most of which were cohort or cross-sectional studies and utilised at least one element of the PPM to design or evaluate interventions that targeted either patient behaviours or pharmacist behaviours, or evaluated population health needs or programs. The range of behaviours assessed was limited to patient medication adherence, and billing behaviours, readiness for expanded scope of practice, and communication for pharmacists. None of the studies prioritised community health needs, actively engaged all relevant stakeholders, or utilised every element of the PPM. CONCLUSIONS The PPM has been underutilised in community pharmacy research and represents an effective method for the assessment of health priorities for communities and the development and evaluation of health services targeted at addressing these priorities. Further research needs to demonstrate how key health needs assessment principles such as stakeholder engagement and a population-centred approach can influence effective health service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Handyside
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
| | - Robin Warren
- Western Queensland Primary Health Network, Mount Isa, Australia.
| | - Sue Devine
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
| | - Aaron Drovandi
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
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27
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Hoegh-Guldberg O, Jacob D, Taylor M, Guillén Bolaños T, Bindi M, Brown S, Camilloni IA, Diedhiou A, Djalante R, Ebi K, Engelbrecht F, Guiot J, Hijioka Y, Mehrotra S, Hope CW, Payne AJ, Pörtner HO, Seneviratne SI, Thomas A, Warren R, Zhou G. The human imperative of stabilizing global climate change at 1.5°C. Science 2019. [PMID: 31604209 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-78548-051-5.50007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Increased concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases have led to a global mean surface temperature 1.0°C higher than during the pre-industrial period. We expand on the recent IPCC Special Report on global warming of 1.5°C and review the additional risks associated with higher levels of warming, each having major implications for multiple geographies, climates, and ecosystems. Limiting warming to 1.5°C rather than 2.0°C would be required to maintain substantial proportions of ecosystems and would have clear benefits for human health and economies. These conclusions are relevant for people everywhere, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where the escalation of climate-related risks may prevent the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hoegh-Guldberg
- Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - D Jacob
- Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Taylor
- Department of Physics, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - T Guillén Bolaños
- Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Bindi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - S Brown
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Boldrewood Innovation Campus, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK
| | - I A Camilloni
- Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera (UBA-CONICET), UMI-IFAECI/CNRS, and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos (FCEN), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Diedhiou
- Université Grenoble Alpes, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - R Djalante
- United Nations University-Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS), Tokyo, Japan
- Halu Oleo University, Kendari, South East Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - K Ebi
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - F Engelbrecht
- Global Change Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - J Guiot
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Collège de France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Y Hijioka
- Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | | | - C W Hope
- Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - H-O Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - S I Seneviratne
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Thomas
- Climate Analytics, 10961 Berlin, Germany
- Environmental and Life Sciences, University of the Bahamas, Nassau 76905, Bahamas
| | - R Warren
- Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research and School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - G Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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28
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Hoegh-Guldberg O, Jacob D, Taylor M, Guillén Bolaños T, Bindi M, Brown S, Camilloni IA, Diedhiou A, Djalante R, Ebi K, Engelbrecht F, Guiot J, Hijioka Y, Mehrotra S, Hope CW, Payne AJ, Pörtner HO, Seneviratne SI, Thomas A, Warren R, Zhou G. The human imperative of stabilizing global climate change at 1.5°C. Science 2019; 365:365/6459/eaaw6974. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw6974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increased concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases have led to a global mean surface temperature 1.0°C higher than during the pre-industrial period. We expand on the recent IPCC Special Report on global warming of 1.5°C and review the additional risks associated with higher levels of warming, each having major implications for multiple geographies, climates, and ecosystems. Limiting warming to 1.5°C rather than 2.0°C would be required to maintain substantial proportions of ecosystems and would have clear benefits for human health and economies. These conclusions are relevant for people everywhere, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where the escalation of climate-related risks may prevent the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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29
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Davids M, Pooran AS, Pietersen E, Wainwright HC, Binder A, Warren R, Dheda K. Regulatory T Cells Subvert Mycobacterial Containment in Patients Failing Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 198:104-116. [PMID: 29425052 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201707-1441oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The advent of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) and totally drug-resistant TB, with limited or no treatment options, has facilitated renewed interest in host-directed immunotherapy, particularly for therapeutically destitute patients. However, the selection and utility of such approaches depend on understanding the host immune response in XDR-TB, which hitherto remains unexplored. OBJECTIVES To determine the host immunological profile in patients with XDR-TB, compared with drug-sensitive TB (DS-TB), using peripheral blood and explanted lung tissue. METHODS Blood and explanted lung tissue were obtained from patients with XDR-TB (n = 31), DS-TB (n = 20), and presumed latent TB infection (n = 20). T-cell phenotype (T-helper cell type 1 [Th1]/Th2/Th17/regulatory T cells [Tregs]) was evaluated in all patient groups, and Treg function assessed in XDR-TB nonresponders by coculturing PPD-preprimed effector T cells with H37Rv-infected monocyte-derived macrophages, with or without autologous Tregs. Mycobacterial containment was evaluated by counting colony-forming units. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patients failing XDR-TB treatment had an altered immunophenotype characterized by a substantial increase in the frequency (median; interquartile range) of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs (11.5%; 5.9-15.2%) compared with DS-TB (3.4%; 1.6-5.73%; P < 0.001) and presumed latent TB infection (1.8%; 1.2-2.3%; P < 0.001), which was unrelated to disease duration. Tregs isolated from patients with XDR-TB suppressed T-cell proliferation (up to 90%) and subverted containment of H37Rv-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (by 30%; P = 0.03) by impairing effector T-cell function through a mechanism independent of direct cell-to-cell contact, IL-10, TGF (transforming growth factor)-β, and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data suggest that Tregs may be contributing to immune dysfunction, and bacterial persistence, in patients with XDR-TB. The relevant cellular pathways may serve as potential targets for immunotherapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Davids
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anil S Pooran
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elize Pietersen
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen C Wainwright
- 2 Department of Pathology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; and
| | - Anke Binder
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robin Warren
- 3 South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research/Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Keertan Dheda
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Rutkowski D, Hardman J, Warren R, Griffiths C, Paus R. 422 Human hair follicles express PD-L1, whose expression is down-regulated by EGFR and MEK inhibitors ex vivo. A potential mechanism for EGFR inhibitor induced sterile folliculitis. J Invest Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.07.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Benzian-Olsson N, Dand N, Chaloner C, Meynell F, Warren R, Reynolds N, Barker J, Smith C, Capon F. 150 Sex and Smoke-Related Differences in the Severity of Palmoplantar Pustulosis. J Invest Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.07.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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van der Heijden YF, Hughes J, Dowdy DW, Streicher E, Chihota V, Jacobson KR, Warren R, Theron G. Overcoming limitations of tuberculosis information systems: researcher and clinician perspectives. Public Health Action 2019; 9:120-127. [PMID: 31803584 DOI: 10.5588/pha.19.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Setting Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment requires patients to have multiple encounters with health care systems and the different stakeholders who play a role in curing them to coordinate their efforts. To optimize this process, high-quality, readily available data are required. Data systems to facilitate these linkages are a neglected priority which, if weak, fundamentally undermine TB control interventions. Objective To describe lessons learnt from the use of programmatic data for TB patient care and research. Design We did a survey of researcher and clinical provider experiences with information systems and developed a tiered approach to addressing frequently reported barriers to high-quality care. Results Unreliable linkages, incomplete data, lack of a reliable unique patient identifier, and lack of data management expertise were the most important data-related barriers to high-quality patient care and research. We propose the creation of health service delivery environments that facilitate, prioritize, and evaluate high-quality data entry during patient or specimen registration. Conclusion An integrated approach, focused on high-quality data, and centered on unique patient identification will form the foundation for linkages across health systems that reduce patient management errors, bolster surveillance, and enhance the quality of research based on programmatic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F van der Heijden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J Hughes
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, South Africa
| | - D W Dowdy
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E Streicher
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - V Chihota
- The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - K R Jacobson
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Warren
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - G Theron
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Reeve BWP, McFall SM, Song R, Warren R, Steingart KR, Theron G. Commercial products to preserve specimens for tuberculosis diagnosis: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2019; 22:741-753. [PMID: 29914599 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.17.0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING Eliminating tuberculosis in high-burden settings requires improved diagnostic capacity. Important tests such as Xpert® MTB/RIF and culture are often performed at centralised laboratories that are geographically distant from the point of specimen collection. Preserving specimen integrity during transportation, which could affect test performance, is challenging. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review of commercial products for specimen preservation for a World Health Organization technical consultation. DESIGN Databases were searched up to January 2018. Methodological quality was assessed using Quality Assessment of Technical Studies, a new technical study quality-appraisal tool, and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. Studies were analysed descriptively in terms of the different products, study designs and diagnostic strategies used. RESULTS Four products were identified from 16 studies: PrimeStore-Molecular-Transport-Medium (PS-MTM), FTA card, GENO•CARD (all for nucleic acid amplification tests [NAATs]) and OMNIgene•SPUTUM (OMS; culture, NAATs). PS-MTM, but not FTA card or GENO•CARD, rendered Mycobacterium tuberculosis non-culturable. OMS reduced Löwenstein-Jensen but not MGIT™ 960™ contamination, led to delayed MGIT time-to-positivity, resulted in Xpert performance similar to cold chain-transported untreated specimens, and obviated the need for N-acetyl-L-cysteine-sodium hydroxide decontamination. Data from paucibacillary specimens were limited. Evidence that a cold chain improves culture was mixed and absent for Xpert. The effect of the product alone could be discerned in only four studies. CONCLUSION Limited evidence suggests that transport products result in test performance comparable to that seen in cold chain-transported specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W P Reeve
- NRF/DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S M McFall
- Center for Innovation in Global Health Technologies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - R Song
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - R Warren
- NRF/DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - K R Steingart
- Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - G Theron
- NRF/DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Dowdy DW, Theron G, Tornheim JA, Warren R, Kendall EA. Of Testing and Treatment: Implications of Implementing New Regimens for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 65:1206-1211. [PMID: 29554229 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel, shorter-course regimen for treating multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis was recently recommended by the World Health Organization. However, the most appropriate use of drug susceptibility testing (DST) to support this regimen is less clear. Implementing countries must therefore often choose between using a standardized regimen despite high levels of underlying drug resistance or require more stringent DST prior to treatment initiation. The former carries a high likelihood of exposing patients to de facto monotherapy with a critical drug class (fluoroquinolones), whereas the latter could exclude large groups of patients from their most effective treatment option. We discuss the implications of this dilemma and argue for an approach that will integrate DST into the delivery of any novel antimicrobial regimen, without excessively stringent requirements. Such guidance could make the novel MDR tuberculosis regimen available to most patients while reducing the risk of generating additional drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Dowdy
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Grant Theron
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; and
| | - Jeffrey A Tornheim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robin Warren
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; and
| | - Emily A Kendall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Warren J, Nanayakkara S, Andrianopoulos N, Brennan A, Dinh D, Yudi M, Clark D, Ajani AE, Reid CM, Selkrig L, Shaw J, Hiew C, Freeman M, Kaye D, Kingwell BA, Dart AM, Duffy SJ, Reid C, Andrianopoulos N, Brennan A, Dinh D, Reid C, Ajani A, Duffy S, Clark D, Freeman M, Hiew C, Andrianopoulos N, Oqueli E, Brennan A, Duffy S, Shaw J, Walton A, Dart A, Broughton A, Federman J, Keighley C, Hengel C, Peter K, Stub D, Chan W, Warren J, O’Brien J, Selkrig L, Huntington R, Clark D, Farouque O, Horrigan M, Johns J, Oliver L, Brennan J, Chan R, Proimos G, Dortimer T, Chan B, Nadurata V, Huq R, Fernando D, Al-Fiadh A, Yudi M, Sugumar H, Ramchand J, Han H, Picardo S, Brown L, Oqueli E, Hengel C, Sharma A, Zhu B, Ryan N, Harrison T, New G, Roberts L, Freeman M, Rowe M, Proimos G, Cheong Y, Goods C, Fernando D, Teh A, Parfrey S, Ramzy J, Koshy A, Venkataraman P, Flannery D, Hiew C, Sebastian M, Yip T, Mok M, Jaworski C, Hutchinson A, Cimenkaya C, Ngu P, Khialani B, Salehi H, Turner M, Dyson J, McDonald B, Van Den Nouwelant D, Halliburton K, Reid C, Andrianopoulos N, Brennan A, Dinh D, Yan B, Ajani A, Warren R, Eccleston D, Lefkovits J, Iyer R, Gurvitch R, Wilson W, Brooks M, Biswas S, Yeoh J. Impact of Pre-Procedural Blood Pressure on Long-Term Outcomes Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73:2846-2855. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chileshe J, Goosen WJ, Buss PE, van Helden PD, Warren R, Parsons SDC, Miller MA. A commercial ELISA for detection of interferon gamma in white rhinoceros. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:531-536. [PMID: 30973098 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719843955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is endemic in Kruger National Park, South Africa, home to the largest population of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) in the world. In 2016, the first cases of naturally occurring bTB were reported in white rhinoceros; however, there is a lack of understanding of infection and disease process in this species. Prevention and control of transmission depends on the availability of accurate tools to detect M. bovis infection. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) assays are a reliable detection method for TB in other animal species, and studies have indicated that these tests can be used in white rhinoceros. We sought to screen and optimize a commercial IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect endogenous white rhinoceros IFN-γ in mitogen-stimulated whole blood as a basis for developing a test for M. bovis infection. Optimizations included identifying ELISA antibodies and determining the effect of sample matrix, ELISA plate incubation temperature, ELISA linearity, assay reproducibility, and the assay's limit of quantification. The optimized assay employed an equine IFN-γ antibody pair that was used to create a commercial ELISA kit. This ELISA had a linear response to recombinant equine and endogenous rhinoceros IFN-γ (range: 7.8-125 pg/mL). When incubated at 37°C, the ELISA was highly reproducible, with an optimal recovery and a low limit of quantification, indicating that the Mabtech equine IFN-γ ELISAPRO kit is a robust assay for measuring white rhinoceros IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Chileshe
- Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (Chileshe, Goosen, van Helden, Warren, Parsons, Miller).,Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa (Buss)
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (Chileshe, Goosen, van Helden, Warren, Parsons, Miller).,Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa (Buss)
| | - Peter E Buss
- Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (Chileshe, Goosen, van Helden, Warren, Parsons, Miller).,Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa (Buss)
| | - Paul D van Helden
- Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (Chileshe, Goosen, van Helden, Warren, Parsons, Miller).,Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa (Buss)
| | - Robin Warren
- Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (Chileshe, Goosen, van Helden, Warren, Parsons, Miller).,Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa (Buss)
| | - Sven D C Parsons
- Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (Chileshe, Goosen, van Helden, Warren, Parsons, Miller).,Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa (Buss)
| | - Michele A Miller
- Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (Chileshe, Goosen, van Helden, Warren, Parsons, Miller).,Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa (Buss)
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Mogashoa T, Mupfumi L, Iketleng T, Melamu P, Kelentse N, Zetola N, Mokomane M, Letsibogo L, Streicher EM, Ley S, Kasvosve I, Moyo S, Warren R, Gaseitsiwe S. PO 8408 DETECTION OF EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS AMONG MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS CLINICAL ISOLATES IN BOTSWANA. BMJ Glob Health 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe emergence and transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains is a serious threat to tuberculosis control in Botswana. Early detection of drug-resistant isolates is critical to ensure optimal treatment and thereby improve treatment outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine the extent of second-line drug resistance among drug-resistant Mtb-isolates from Botswana.MethodsA total of 60 drug-resistant Mtb isolates received at Botswana National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory between 2012 and 2013 were analysed. DNA was extracted from BD Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tubes (MGIT) using GenoLyse DNA isolation kit (Hain Lifescience). Spoligotyping was done using a commercially available spoligotyping kit (Isogen Life Science). The spoligotype patterns were compared with existing patterns in the SITVIT2 Web database. GenoType MTBDRs assay (Hain Lifescience) was used for second-line drug susceptibility testing. Fisher’s exact test was used to test for association between drug resistance patterns and HIV status, lineage and geographical location.ResultsSeventeen distinct spoligotype patterns were detected amongst the 60 drug-resistant isolates. The most predominant lineages were Euro-American (58.3%), East Asian (25%) and Indo-Oceanic (15%). Fifty (83.3%) were MDR, 7 (11.7%) were resistant to fluoroquinolones (Pre-XDR) whereas 3 (5%) were resistant to both fluoroquinolones and second-line injectable drugs (XDR). Drug resistance profiles were significantly associated with Mtb lineage (p<0.001). There was no association between drug resistance profile and HIV status (p=0.057) and geographical location (p=0.372).ConclusionThis study highlights the importance of including second-line drug susceptibility testing in a testing algorithm in Botswana. The detection of XDR isolates among MDR-TB isolates highlights the ongoing evolution of resistance and the need for strengthened treatment regimens to improve treatment outcomes and to prevent the spread of these highly resistant strains. Second-line testing will be essential if the 9 month MDR regimen is used in Botswana.
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Lynce F, Barac A, Geng X, Dang C, Yu AF, Smith KL, Gallagher C, Pohlmann PR, Nunes R, Herbolsheimer P, Warren R, Srichai MB, Hofmeyer M, Cunningham A, Timothee P, Asch FM, Shajahan-Haq A, Tan MT, Isaacs C, Swain SM. Prospective evaluation of the cardiac safety of HER2-targeted therapies in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer and compromised heart function: the SAFE-HEaRt study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 175:595-603. [PMID: 30852761 PMCID: PMC6534513 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose HER2-targeted therapies have substantially improved the outcome of patients with breast cancer, however, they can be associated with cardiac toxicity. Guidelines recommend holding HER2-targeted therapies until resolution of cardiac dysfunction. SAFE-HEaRt is the first trial that prospectively tests whether these therapies can be safely administered without interruptions in patients with cardiac dysfunction. Methods Patients with stage I–IV HER2-positive breast cancer candidates for trastuzumab, pertuzumab or ado-trastuzumab emtansine (TDM-1), with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 40–49% and no symptoms of heart failure (HF) were enrolled. All patients underwent cardiology visits, serial echocardiograms and received beta blockers and ACE inhibitors unless contraindicated. The primary endpoint was completion of the planned HER2-targeted therapies without developing either a cardiac event (CE) defined as HF, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia or cardiac death or significant asymptomatic worsening of LVEF. The study was considered successful if planned oncology therapy completion rate was at least 30%. Results Of 31 enrolled patients, 30 were evaluable. Fifteen patients were treated with trastuzumab, 14 with trastuzumab and pertuzumab, and 2 with TDM-1. Mean LVEF was 45% at baseline and 46% at the end of treatment. Twenty-seven patients (90%) completed the planned HER2-targeted therapies. Two patients experienced a CE and 1 had an asymptomatic worsening of LVEF to ≤ 35%. Conclusion This study provides safety data of HER2-targeted therapies in patients with breast cancer and reduced LVEF while receiving cardioprotective medications and close cardiac monitoring. Our results demonstrate the importance of collaboration between cardiology and oncology providers to allow for delivery of optimal oncologic care to this unique population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10549-019-05191-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lynce
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, 120 Building D, Washington, DC, 20057-1400, USA
| | - A Barac
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, 120 Building D, Washington, DC, 20057-1400, USA
- MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - X Geng
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics & Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - C Dang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A F Yu
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - K L Smith
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Johns Hopkins University Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C Gallagher
- Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - P R Pohlmann
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, 120 Building D, Washington, DC, 20057-1400, USA
| | - R Nunes
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Johns Hopkins University Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - R Warren
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, 120 Building D, Washington, DC, 20057-1400, USA
| | - M B Srichai
- MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Cardiology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M Hofmeyer
- MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A Cunningham
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, USA
| | - P Timothee
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, USA
| | - F M Asch
- MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, USA
| | - A Shajahan-Haq
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, 120 Building D, Washington, DC, 20057-1400, USA
| | - M T Tan
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics & Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - C Isaacs
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, 120 Building D, Washington, DC, 20057-1400, USA
| | - S M Swain
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, 120 Building D, Washington, DC, 20057-1400, USA.
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Khoury K, Isaacs C, Gatti-Mays ME, Donahue RN, Schlom J, Wang H, Gallagher C, Graham D, Warren R, Dilawari A, Swain SM, Pohlmann PR, Lynce F. Abstract OT3-04-01: Nivolumab or capecitabine or combination therapy as adjuvant therapy for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) with residual disease following neoadjuvant chemotherapy: The OXEL study. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-ot3-04-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Long-term follow-up of neoadjuvant studies demonstrates poor clinical outcomes in patients with TNBC who do not achieve pathologic complete response, with only 35% remaining free of recurrence at 10 years. The addition of adjuvant capecitabine in the CREATE-X study prolonged disease free survival and overall survival (OS) in patients with HER2 negative breast cancer with residual invasive disease, with more striking benefit in patients with TNBC. Checkpoint inhibitors have not been approved in breast cancer yet, but recent studies suggest a benefit in combination with chemotherapy and low burden of disease. In the current study, we will evaluate the role of chemoimmunotherapy in the adjuvant setting for patients with TNBC with residual disease after neoadjuvant therapy. We will also investigate the role of the peripheral immunoscore (PIS) in predicting the benefit of immune checkpoint inhibition with or without chemotherapy.
Trial design: OXEL is a pilot open-label three arm randomized study of nivolumab, capecitabine or the combination as adjuvant therapy for 45 patients with residual TNBC after adequate neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients enrolled will be randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment arms: nivolumab 360 mg iv q3weeks for x 6 cycles; capecitabine 1250mg/m2 po bid D1-D14 q3 weeks x 6 cycles; nivolumab 360mg iv q3weeks + capecitabine 1250mg/m2 po bid D1-D14 q3 weeks x 6 cycles.
Main eligibility criteria: Patients ≥18 years of age with TNBC and ≥1cm of residual disease in the breast and/or node positive disease; receipt of neoadjuvant taxane +/- anthracycline, or platinum, and having completed definitive resection of primary tumor, with no prior use of capecitabine, fluorouracil or immunotherapy, and with no active autoimmune disease or chronic use of systemic steroids.
Specific aims: The primary endpoint is assessing the immunologic effects of capecitabine, nivolumab or the combination in the adjuvant setting by PIS. Additional endpoints include toxicity assessment, distant recurrence free survival (DRFS) and OS at 3-years, association between changes in PIS and circulating tumor DNA at different timepoints with clinical outcome variables and characterization of the immune contexture in residual tumors.
Statistical methods: The study is designed to assess the change in PIS at 6 weeks from baseline in each arm. The sample size of 15 per arm (45 total for 3 arms) will provide preliminary results. A sample size of 15 per arm will have 85% power to detect an effect size of 1 (the difference of the change in PIS from baseline to week 6 between two arms divided by the standard deviation) at 5% significance level.
Present accrual and target accrual: The Institutional Review Board at Georgetown University Medical Center has approved the study. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03487666. Enrollment of the first patient is expected in July 2018 with a total of 45 patients planned to be recruited. Recruitment sites are MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Hackensack University Medical Center. This trial is supported by Bristol-Meyers Squibb, P30CA051008-25 from NCI, Inivata and the Nina Hyde Center for Breast Cancer Research.
Citation Format: Khoury K, Isaacs C, Gatti-Mays ME, Donahue RN, Schlom J, Wang H, Gallagher C, Graham D, Warren R, Dilawari A, Swain SM, Pohlmann PR, Lynce F. Nivolumab or capecitabine or combination therapy as adjuvant therapy for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) with residual disease following neoadjuvant chemotherapy: The OXEL study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT3-04-01.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Khoury
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD; Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - C Isaacs
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD; Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - ME Gatti-Mays
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD; Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - RN Donahue
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD; Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - J Schlom
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD; Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - H Wang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD; Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - C Gallagher
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD; Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - D Graham
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD; Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - R Warren
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD; Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - A Dilawari
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD; Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - SM Swain
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD; Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - PR Pohlmann
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD; Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - F Lynce
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD; Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Washington Cancer Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
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Miller MA, Buss P, Roos EO, Hausler G, Dippenaar A, Mitchell E, van Schalkwyk L, Robbe-Austerman S, Waters WR, Sikar-Gang A, Lyashchenko KP, Parsons SDC, Warren R, van Helden P. Fatal Tuberculosis in a Free-Ranging African Elephant and One Health Implications of Human Pathogens in Wildlife. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:18. [PMID: 30788347 PMCID: PMC6373532 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) in humans is a global public health concern and the discovery of animal cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and disease, especially in multi-host settings, also has significant implications for public health, veterinary disease control, and conservation endeavors. This paper describes a fatal case of Mtb disease in a free-ranging African elephant (Loxodonta africana) in a high human TB burden region. Necropsy revealed extensive granulomatous pneumonia, from which Mtb was isolated and identified as a member of LAM3/F11 lineage; a common lineage found in humans in South Africa. These findings are contextualized within a framework of emerging Mtb disease in wildlife globally and highlights the importance of the One Health paradigm in addressing this anthroponotic threat to wildlife and the zoonotic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Eduard O Roos
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Guy Hausler
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anzaan Dippenaar
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emily Mitchell
- Department of Research and Scientific Services, National Zoological Gardens, South African Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Louis van Schalkwyk
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Skukuza State Veterinary Office, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - W Ray Waters
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | | | - Sven D C Parsons
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robin Warren
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul van Helden
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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De Vos M, Ley S, Derendinger B, Dippenaar A, Grobbelaar M, Reuter A, Daniels J, Burns S, Theron G, Posey J, Warren R, Cox H. EMERGENCE OF BEDAQUILINE RESISTANCE AFTER COMPLETION OF BEDAQUILINE-BASED DRUGRESISTANT TB TREATMENT: A CASE STUDY FROM SOUTH AFRICA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2018-4-6.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. De Vos
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University
| | - S. Ley
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University
| | - B. Derendinger
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University
| | - A. Dippenaar
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University
| | - M. Grobbelaar
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University
| | - A. Reuter
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Centre Brussels (OCB), Khayelitsha Project, Cape Town
| | - J. Daniels
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Centre Brussels (OCB), Khayelitsha Project, Cape Town
| | - S. Burns
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - G. Theron
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University
| | - J. Posey
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - R. Warren
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University
| | - H. Cox
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town
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Brites D, Loiseau C, Menardo F, Borrell S, Boniotti MB, Warren R, Dippenaar A, Parsons SDC, Beisel C, Behr MA, Fyfe JA, Coscolla M, Gagneux S. A New Phylogenetic Framework for the Animal-Adapted Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2820. [PMID: 30538680 PMCID: PMC6277475 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) affects humans and other animals and is caused by bacteria from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Previous studies have shown that there are at least nine members of the MTBC infecting animals other than humans; these have also been referred to as ecotypes. However, the ecology and the evolution of these animal-adapted MTBC ecotypes are poorly understood. Here we screened 12,886 publicly available MTBC genomes and newly sequenced 17 animal-adapted MTBC strains, gathering a total of 529 genomes of animal-adapted MTBC strains. Phylogenomic and comparative analyses confirm that the animal-adapted MTBC members are paraphyletic with some members more closely related to the human-adapted Mycobacterium africanum Lineage 6 than to other animal-adapted strains. Furthermore, we identified four main animal-adapted MTBC clades that might correspond to four main host shifts; two of these clades are hypothesized to reflect independent cattle domestication events. Contrary to what would be expected from an obligate pathogen, MTBC nucleotide diversity was not positively correlated with host phylogenetic distances, suggesting that host tropism in the animal-adapted MTBC seems to be driven by contact rates and demographic aspects of the host population rather by than host relatedness. By combining phylogenomics with ecological data, we propose an evolutionary scenario in which the ancestor of Lineage 6 and all animal-adapted MTBC ecotypes was a generalist pathogen that subsequently adapted to different host species. This study provides a new phylogenetic framework to better understand the evolution of the different ecotypes of the MTBC and guide future work aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Brites
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Loiseau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Menardo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Borrell
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna: Centro Nazionale di Referenza per la Tubercolosi Bovina, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robin Warren
- SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Anzaan Dippenaar
- SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Sven David Charles Parsons
- SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Christian Beisel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel A Behr
- McGill International TB Centre, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Janet A Fyfe
- Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mireia Coscolla
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Roos EO, Olea-Popelka F, Buss P, Hausler GA, Warren R, van Helden PD, Parsons SDC, de Klerk-Lorist LM, Miller MA. Measuring antigen-specific responses in Mycobacterium bovis-infected warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) using the intradermal tuberculin test. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:360. [PMID: 30458774 PMCID: PMC6247514 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis has previously been diagnosed in warthogs and infection can be highly prevalent (> 30%) in endemic areas. Thus, warthogs could potentially be an important species to consider as sentinels for disease surveillance. However, disease surveillance is dependent on availability of accurate diagnostic assays and only a few diagnostic tests have been investigated for warthogs. Furthermore, the tests that have been used in this species require laboratory equipment and trained personnel to obtain results. Therefore, this study investigated the use of the intradermal tuberculin test (ITT) to screen warthogs for bTB, which can be done with minimal equipment and under field conditions by most veterinarians and other qualified professionals. Changes in skin fold thickness measurements at the bovine purified protein derivative (PPD) administration site, between 0 and 72 h, were compared with differential changes between the bovine and avian PPD sites, for 34 warthogs, to evaluate the performance when different interpretation criteria for the ITT was used. RESULTS Using an increase of 1.8 mm or more at the bovine PPD site as a cut-off for positive responders, 69% of 16 M. bovis culture-positive warthogs had a positive test result, with 100% of the 18 culture-negative warthogs considered as test negative. When a differential of 1.2 mm or more in skin fold thickness at the bovine PPD compared to the avian PPD site was used as a cut-off for the comparative ITT, 81% of culture-positive warthogs were considered as test positive, with 100% of culture-negative warthogs considered as test negative. CONCLUSION The findings in this study suggest that the ITT is a promising tool to use when screening warthogs for M. bovis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard O. Roos
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
| | - Francisco Olea-Popelka
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 W. Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Private Bag X402, Skukuza, 1350 South Africa
| | - Guy A. Hausler
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
| | - Robin Warren
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
| | - Paul D. van Helden
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
| | - Sven D. C. Parsons
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
| | - Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist
- Office of the State Veterinarian, Kruger National Park, Department of Agriculture, Forestries and Fisheries, PO Box 12, Skukuza, 1350 South Africa
| | - Michele A. Miller
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
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Warren R, Lambert S, Razee H. The Dietary Behaviours of Cancer Caregivers: Preliminary Findings on How Becoming a Cancer Caregiver Might Influence Food Choices and Dietary Behaviours in the Carer Compared With Pre-Caring. J Glob Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jgo.18.33000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer is often called a “we-disease” as the effects of the diagnosis can go beyond the patient to others, including the caregiver. In Australia, it is estimated that approximately 138,000 new cancer diagnoses will be made in 2018, with the 5 year survival rate currently at 68%. This has shifted the way that cancer care is delivered, with many patients now being cared for at home by a loved one. As a result, cancer caregivers report higher levels of fatigue, stress, mood disturbances and mental illness (depression and anxiety), insomnia and digestive complaints than noncaring counterparts. While it is known that these characteristics can influence diet, very little has been published with relation to cancer caregivers as a stand-alone population. Aim: To explore how being a cancer caregiver might influence dietary behaviors, food choices and eating patterns in the caregiver to see if these have changed/not changed from precaring. Methods: Participants were recruited from a number of avenues, including not-for-profit cancer support services and support groups. Our study is a descriptive qualitative study where participants complete an online questionnaire to determine their Burden of Care score (through Given and Given's Caregiver Reaction Assessment) and current dietary patterns and behaviors. Some of these participants were further interviewed using a semistructured interview to explore their role as a carer, dietary patterns and food choices and this interview data were thematically analyzed. Results: Preliminary results (as part of an ongoing study) from six completed semistructured interviews with cancer caregivers from New South Wales, Australia suggests that the food intake and dietary behaviors of cancer caregivers were influenced by five main aspects: food access and availability, caregiver health, food preferences, the impact of cancer or the patient and caregivers needing more support. This study is ongoing, with an additional 6-8 interviews proposed (or until data saturation is achieved). In the case of some caregivers their dietary behaviors and food choices improved when they became a caregiver (e.g., eating more fruit and vegetables, reducing sugar consumption and an increase in their perception of the importance of healthy eating). Others reported a decline (e.g., increased “grazing” on “junk food”, losing motivation for healthy eating and preparing healthy food and skipping meals). Conclusion: This preliminary data clearly suggests that dietary behaviors and food choices of cancer caregivers do change from precaring. There is however, still a gap in our understanding as to why some carers report improvements and others report a decline. This is an ongoing area of research and is an important aspect of public health given the role cancer caregivers play in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Warren
- University of New South Wales, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - S. Lambert
- University of New South Wales, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - H. Razee
- University of New South Wales, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sydney, Australia
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Warren R, Price J, Graham E, Forstenhaeusler N, VanDerWal J. The projected effect on insects, vertebrates, and plants of limiting global warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C. Science 2018; 360:791-795. [PMID: 29773751 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar3646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, the United Nations is pursuing efforts to limit global warming to 1.5°C, whereas earlier aspirations focused on a 2°C limit. With current pledges, corresponding to ~3.2°C warming, climatically determined geographic range losses of >50% are projected in ~49% of insects, 44% of plants, and 26% of vertebrates. At 2°C, this falls to 18% of insects, 16% of plants, and 8% of vertebrates and at 1.5°C, to 6% of insects, 8% of plants, and 4% of vertebrates. When warming is limited to 1.5°C as compared with 2°C, numbers of species projected to lose >50% of their range are reduced by ~66% in insects and by ~50% in plants and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Warren
- Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - J Price
- Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - E Graham
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - N Forstenhaeusler
- Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - J VanDerWal
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Loveday M, Ramjee A, Osburn G, Master I, Kabera G, Brust JCM, Padayatchi N, Warren R, Theron G. Drug-resistant tuberculosis in patients with minimal symptoms: favourable outcomes in the absence of treatment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018; 21:556-563. [PMID: 28399971 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING Referral hospital for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. OBJECTIVE To review the clinical outcomes of patients (age 14 years) with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of DR-TB who had minimal symptoms and/or did not have chest radiographic evidence of active disease at referral. These patients were not started on treatment, but were enrolled in an observation programme with follow-up at 2, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS Of 3345 referred patients diagnosed with DR-TB, 192 (6%) were enrolled in the observation programme. The median duration from initial sputum collection in primary care to examination at our hospital was 92 days (IQR 64-124). After 12 months, 120 (62%) patients were well, 36 (19%) were lost to follow-up, 30 (16%) had deteriorated and were started on second-line anti-tuberculosis treatment and 6 (3%) had died. Bilateral disease (OR 4.25, 95%CI 1.14-15.77, P = 0.030) and previous TB (OR 2.14, 95%CI 1.10-4.19, P = 0.026) were independent predictors of an unfavourable end result in a multivariate model. CONCLUSION In our high-burden setting, most patients diagnosed with DR-TB who had minimal symptoms at referral remained well without treatment. Longitudinal observation, coupled with symptom checking and chest radiograph, is a viable strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loveday
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town
| | - A Ramjee
- King Dinuzulu Hospital, KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Durban
| | - G Osburn
- King Dinuzulu Hospital, KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Durban
| | - I Master
- King Dinuzulu Hospital, KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Durban
| | - G Kabera
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, Department of Statistics, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J C M Brust
- Montefiore Medical Center & Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - N Padayatchi
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, SAMRC Extramural TB-HIV Pathogenesis Unit, Durban
| | - R Warren
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, and SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - G Theron
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, and SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Yamauchi P, Crowley J, Kaur P, Spelman L, Warren R. Biosimilars: what the dermatologist should know. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:1066-1074. [PMID: 29360210 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biosimilars are highly similar versions of approved branded biologics. In contrast to generics, which are identical copies of the originator medicines, biosimilars are considered unique but related molecules that differ from the originator reference product as well as from each other. Owing to the complexity of biologic medicines, such as therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, minor differences between biosimilars and the reference products are acceptable provided these differences do not result in any clinically meaningful differences in safety or efficacy. In addition, minor changes in structure and function may occur over time in originator biologic products as a result of alterations in production materials (e.g. cell lines), processes or conditions. The developmental process for biosimilars focuses on a 'totality of evidence' approach that emphasizes a stepwise investigational process, including comprehensive structural, functional, pharmacologic and clinical assessment for similarity. The goal of the phase 3 clinical development programme for a biosimilar is not to establish efficacy, per se, but to demonstrate that there are no clinically meaningful differences between the proposed biosimilar and the reference product. The requirement to show clinical similarity informs biosimilar study design, including the selection of the patient population, disease state (indication), study endpoints and statistical methods. Based on the clinical trial results in a representative patient population, results may be extrapolated to other indications provided scientific justification is demonstrated based on, among other things, similar mechanism of action in the extrapolated indications. This review presents the current state of knowledge with respect to biosimilars. We aim to provide the practising clinician with a working knowledge of biosimilars as well as provide some practical guidance on their use and potential benefits in treating dermatologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yamauchi
- UCLA School of Medicine, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - J Crowley
- Bakersfield Dermatology, Bakersfield, CA, USA
| | - P Kaur
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - L Spelman
- Veracity Clinical Research and Probity, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - R Warren
- The Dermatology Centre, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Foundation Hospital, Salford, Manchester, UK
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Howell A, Harkness E, Fox J, Astley S, Wiseman J, Eriksson M, Wilson M, Warren R, Hall P, Cuzick J, Evans G. Abstract P4-08-01: Not presented. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p4-08-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This abstract was not presented at the symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Howell
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - E Harkness
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Fox
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Astley
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Wiseman
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Eriksson
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Wilson
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - R Warren
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Hall
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Cuzick
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - G Evans
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Patel KA, Warren R, Brooke A, Aziz A, Avades T, Poyner R, Vaidya B. Interpretation of thyroid scintigraphy is inconsistent among endocrinologists. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:1155-1157. [PMID: 28836164 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K A Patel
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.
| | - R Warren
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - A Brooke
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - A Aziz
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - T Avades
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - R Poyner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - B Vaidya
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
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Rockwood N, Sirgel F, Streicher E, Warren R, Meintjes G, Wilkinson RJ. Low Frequency of Acquired Isoniazid and Rifampicin Resistance in Rifampicin-Susceptible Pulmonary Tuberculosis in a Setting of High HIV-1 Infection and Tuberculosis Coprevalence. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:632-640. [PMID: 28934422 PMCID: PMC5815623 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We estimated the incidence of acquired isoniazid and rifampicin resistance in rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis in a setting of high human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and tuberculosis coprevalence. Methods GeneXpert MTB/RIF–confirmed patients with rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis were recruited at antituberculosis treatment initiation in Khayelitsha, South Africa. Liquid culture and adherence assessment were performed at 2 and 5–6 months. MTBDRplus was performed on mycobacteria-positive cultures to ascertain acquired drug resistance (ADR). Spoligotyping and whole-genome sequencing were performed to ascertain homogeneity between baseline isolates and isolates with ADR. Baseline isolates were retrospectively tested for isoniazid monoresistance. An electronic database review was performed to ascertain tuberculosis recurrences. Results A total of 306 participants (62% with HIV-1 coinfection, of whom 71% received antiretroviral therapy) were recruited. Ascertainment of outcomes was complete for 284 participants. Five acquired a resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain during or subsequent to treatment. One strain was confirmed to have ADR, 2 were confirmed as causing exogenous reinfection, and 2 were unrecoverable for genotyping. Incident ADR was estimated to have ranged from 0.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], .1%–1.9%; 1 of 284 participants) to 1% (95% CI, .2%–3%; 3 of 284 participants). Seventeen of 279 baseline isolates (6.1%; 95% CI, 3.6%–9.6%) had isoniazid monoresistance (13 of 17 had an inhA promoter mutation), but 0 of 17 had amplified resistance. Conclusions Treatment with standardized antituberculosis regimens dosed daily throughout, high uptake of antiretroviral therapy, and low prevalence of isoniazid monoresistance were associated with a low frequency of ADR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neesha Rockwood
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town
| | - Frederick Sirgel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Streicher
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Robin Warren
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College.,Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town
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