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Byra S. Forgiveness and well-being in mothers of children with disabilities. J Pediatr Nurs 2024:S0882-5963(24)00201-X. [PMID: 38797646 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the correlations between forgiveness and well-being in mothers of children with disabilities, considering the moderating role of contextual factors. BACKGROUND Well-being in mothers of children with disabilities is associated with coping with the numerous and unique challenges of motherhood. These are often accompanied by a sense of guilt, harm, and shame. Forgiveness can play an important role in lowering these negative emotions. METHOD The research was conducted with 174 mothers of children with disabilities, using the Emotional Forgiveness Scale; the Decision to Forgive Scale; and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Contextual factorssuch as: severity of transgression, apology, and the quality of the relationship with the offender were also measured. Moderation analyses were used to examine the associations between the variables. RESULTS Decisional and emotional forgiveness correlated positively with well-being. Contextual factors moderated only the relationship between emotional forgiveness and well-being. Severity of the transgression and apology had a moderating effect in the case of the Presence of positive emotions, and relationship quality in the case of Reduction of negative emotions. CONCLUSIONS The well-being of mothers of children with disabilities is associated with both decisional and emotional forgiveness. Contextual factors are an important moderator of the relationship between emotional forgiveness and well-being in these mothers. IMPLICATIONS Information about the importance of the relationship between forgiveness and well-being can be used to design therapeutic programs and programs supporting mothers of children with disabilities in coping with difficulties and achieving well-being. Such programs can incorporate, for example, forgiveness training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisława Byra
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Institute of Pedagogy, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
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2
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Ho MY, Liang S, Hook JN. Development and Validation of the Forbearance Scale. J Pers Assess 2023; 105:779-788. [PMID: 36511899 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2022.2153691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The character strength of forbearance contributes to peace in broader society, as well as familial harmony. Although forbearance is essential to healthy interpersonal relationships, no psychometrically sound measure has been developed to assess the multi-dimensional nature of forbearance. The present set of studies describes the development and initial validation of the Forbearance Scale (FS). In Study 1, items were generated from focus group interviews with college students (n = 43) to establish the content validity of the scale. In Study 2, the factor structure of the FS was determined using exploratory factor analysis of data from college students (n = 466). In Study 3, the factor structure of the FS was cross-validated with a community sample (n = 579) by means of confirmatory factor analysis. The final scale, the FS-16, consists of 16 items with four factors: (1) emotional calmness, (2) overlook others' misdeeds, (3) tolerance and acceptance, and (4) self-restraint. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses provided evidence of convergent and concurrent validity. The FS-16 demonstrates potential as a new personality assessment tool for measuring forbearance.
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Zhang X, Li H. The Moderation Effects of Self-Construal Between Dispositional Mindfulness and Interpersonal Forgiveness. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231152395. [PMID: 36645046 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231152395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies found an association between mindfulness and forgiveness. However, the effects of self-construal on this association are still unclear. In the present study, self-reported forgiveness and a behavioral measure of forgiveness were used to explore the moderating effect of self-construal plays between mindfulness and forgiveness among 126 participants recruited based on their mindfulness scores. Results showed that participants with high level of mindfulness in the interdependent self-construal condition reported greater forgiveness and gave more money donations towards transgressors than those in the independent self-construal condition, while there is no significant difference between interdependent and independent self-construal groups among participants with low level of mindfulness. These findings suggest that self-construal moderates the relationship between mindfulness and interpersonal forgiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Psychology, 12544Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haijiang Li
- Department of Psychology, 12544Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
- The Research Base of Online Education for Shanghai Middle and Primary Schools, Shanghai, China
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Liu Y, Tian H, Chen X, Jia F, Li R, Sun Y, Chen L, Zhu J, Jiang D, Zhuo C. Validity and reliability of a Chinese version of the Bergen Work Addiction Scale. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1029846. [PMID: 37205064 PMCID: PMC10185827 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1029846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Work addiction (WA), which can impair personal relationships, engagement in recreational activities, and/or health, is a behavioral addiction. A tool for the early detection of WA in China is needed. Objective The aim of this study was to develop and determine the validity and reliability of a Chinese version of the Bergen Work Addiction Scale (C-BWAS). Methods Two hundred social workers who provided post-discharge services for adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) were enrolled in this study. The construct validity of the C-BWAS was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Criterion validity was assessed by conducting Pearson correlation analyses of C-CWAS scores with Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) scores. Cronbach's α and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to evaluate the reliability of the C-BWAS. Results CFA confirmed a one-dimensional structure of the C-BWAS with good construct validity indices [comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.964, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.951, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.079, and minimum discrepancy Ĉ/degrees of freedom (Cmin/DF) = 0.362]. The standardized regression weights ranged from 0.523 to 0.753. All C-BWAS items loaded on one major factor (loading weights, 0.646-0.943). Coefficients of correlation between C-BWAS scores and HAM-D and HAM-A scores were 0.889 and 0.933, respectively. The Cronbach's α coefficient and ICC for the instrument was 0.837 and 0.905, respectively. Conclusion The presently developed C-BWAS showed very good reliability and acceptably validity. It can be employed as a useful tool for assessing WA severity in social workers who provide post-discharge services for adolescents with NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Yuanyuan Liu,
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Hongjun Tian,
| | - Xinying Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Jia
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ranli Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Langlang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Deguo Jiang,
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, China
- Chuanjun Zhuo,
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Wang W, Liu S, Worthington EL, Li H. The Validation of the Decisional and Emotional Forgiveness Scale among a Chinese Sample: The Mediating Role of Forgiveness between Stress Perception and Resilience. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16267. [PMID: 36498341 PMCID: PMC9741153 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to revise and test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Decisional and Emotional Forgiveness Scale. In experiment 1, 1171 college students and postgraduates were invited to complete the questionnaire that provides the data for this scale. The results from this, following exploratory factor analysis, showed that the factor loading values met the standards detailed in the past literature, except in the case of item C2. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (while excluding item C2) showed a good structure validity. Furthermore, it also showed that a four-factor model fit the data well and that the reliability values (including internal consistency and test-retest reliability) met the commonly held standards. Decisional and emotional forgiveness subfactors were significantly correlated with transgression-related interpersonal motivations and self-construal. Experiment 2 was conducted in order to further confirm the validity of the scale: the results of mediated analysis showed that emotional forgiveness and the path from decisional forgiveness to emotional forgiveness could mediate the relationship between stress perception and resilience. Thus, the revised Chinese version of the Decisional and Emotional Forgiveness Scale showed good reliability and validity within a Chinese sample, demonstrating its usability as an effective tool to evaluate college students' level of decisional and emotional forgiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Wang
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
- The Research Base of Online Education for Shanghai Middle and Primary Schools, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Suyao Liu
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
- The Research Base of Online Education for Shanghai Middle and Primary Schools, Shanghai 200234, China
| | | | - Haijiang Li
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
- The Research Base of Online Education for Shanghai Middle and Primary Schools, Shanghai 200234, China
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Crookes AE, Warren MA, Meyer S. When threat is imminent, does character matter for climate action? Exploring environmental concerns, well-being, and character strengths in the Pacific Island Countries. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00812463221129361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pacific Island Countries are particularly vulnerable to the environmental and economic consequences of climate change including both direct and indirect impacts on individuals’ mental health. There is a need to better understand the links between environmental attitudes, pro-environmental behaviours, and well-being in this region and to develop cost-effective, culturally informed interventions. The present study explored the level of environmental concerns and attitudes among Pacific Island university students and how this relates to their overall well-being, the nature of their current pro-environmental actions, and the potential for individuals’ character strengths to predict pro-environmental attitudes. College students ( n = 269) from six Pacific Island Countries completed a survey measuring their character strengths, well-being, and environmental support. As expected, the young adults had very high levels of concern about environmental threats, and this was related to their overall well-being. The young adults felt a personal responsibility to protect the environments around their local communities, which suggests national climate change strategies should be embedded within this localised context. Character strengths were highly valued among the Pacific Island sample and showed some association with (specifically) support for environmental actions and policies. Given the high levels of environmental concern in the sample, the character strengths approach likely provides a bridge between emotional engagement and active allyship in some individuals. Therefore, further research should investigate the role of character strengths in empowering pacific students to play a more leading role in policy change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie E Crookes
- School of Law and Social Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, Fiji
| | - Meg A Warren
- College of Business and Economics, Western Washington University, USA
| | - Sierra Meyer
- College of Business and Economics, Western Washington University, USA
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Which dimensions of forgiveness mediate and moderate childhood trauma and depression? Insights to prevent suicide risk among university students. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY REPORT 2022. [DOI: 10.5114/hpr/150252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCollege students who are depressed as a direct or indirect effect of childhood trauma are at risk of suicide. Although for-giveness buffers mental health problems, there are inconsistencies in the results according to the object of forgiveness. This study aimed to examine the role of forgiveness, both as a mediator and as a moderator, for the association between childhood trauma and depression among university students.Participants and procedureThe sample comprised 398 students from a university in Semarang, Indonesia (M = 18.60, SD = 0.60, male = 26.1%) ob-tained through cluster random sampling. Measurements used were the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) question-naire, Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Forgiveness Scale which contained the dimensions of self, others, and situations.ResultsThe path analysis and the investigation of CI result showed that forgiveness mediated the relationship between ACEs and depression. Forgiveness of self and situations were also mediating, but not forgiveness of others. On the other hand, the moderating effect only applied to the forgiveness of others, the effect of which increased positively when the level was high.ConclusionsThe result of this study indicates how the addition of ACEs affects lower level of forgiveness, thus explaining the higher level of depression among college students. Only forgiveness of others among the dimensions of forgiveness is not deter-mined by the number of ACEs, but its increase determines the addition of depression level when there are more ACEs. The discussions highlight the mechanism of each dimension, contribution of collectivistic culture, different types of ACEs and limited incidence of ACEs among the general college student population.
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Mróz J, Kaleta K, Sołtys E. Decision to forgive scale and emotional forgiveness scale in a polish sample. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe paper presents the concept of emotional and decisional forgiveness proposed by Worthington et al. (Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30, 291–302, 2007) and employing the Polish versions of the Decision to Forgive Scale and Emotional Forgiveness Scale developed in line with this theory. Both scales are tools measuring episodic forgiveness is forgiveness for a specific transgression that is made once. Decisional forgiveness is a declaration to forgive, whereas emotional forgiveness is a “change of heart”. The results of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the structure of the Polish scales is exactly the same as of the original tools, i.e., in case of the DTFS, a one-factor solution (CFI = .998, GFI = .990, RMSEA = .042), and in case of the EFS, a two-factor solution (CFI = .987; GFI = .984; RMSEA = .051). The Polish versions of the DTFS and EFS were significantly correlated with other tools of forgiveness (TRIM-18 – episodic forgiveness and HFS– dispositional forgiveness).
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Cabras C, Buyukbayraktar ÇG, Loi G, Sechi C. The Propensity to Forgive and Self-Esteem in Catholic and Islamic Contexts: Italy and Turkey. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 156:367-380. [PMID: 35482952 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2022.2047875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between the propensity to forgive and self-esteem in Italian (Christian tradition) and Turkish (Islamic tradition) samples. Italian and Turkish versions of the Heartland Forgiveness scale (HFS) and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES) were used. The sample consisted of 837 university students aged 18-35 (49% women and 51% men). Correlation analysis, for the total sample and for Italian and turkish students separately, and 2-way between groups ANOVA were used to examine the association between self-esteem and forgiveness and main effects and interactions of country and gender as they relate to HFS and RSES scores. Post-hoc analyses were performed where appropriate. The results revealed that self-esteem correlated strongly with self-forgiveness and forgiveness of situations; however, we found no significant relationship between forgiveness of others and self-esteem. Further, Italian and Turkish respondents did not differ in their levels of self-esteem or in their levels of self-forgiveness, but we found that Italian students have a higher propensity to forgive others and situations than Turkish students. Future research will need to explore how other religious traditions are linked to the propensity to forgive, as well as the relationship between self-esteem and propensity to forgive in other countries, including participants of different ages.
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Decisional forgiveness across spanish and american samples: Translation, validation, and measurement invariance of the decision to forgive scale. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Balkin RS, Mendoza SM, Hendricks L, Harris NA, Flores S, Casillas C, Wood A. Evaluation of Trauma, Forgiveness, and Well‐Being Among African Americans. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Balkin
- Department of Leadership and Counselor Education The University of Mississippi
| | | | | | | | - Serena Flores
- School of Education University of St. Thomas–Houston
| | | | - Alyssa Wood
- Department of Leadership and Counselor Education The University of Mississippi
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12
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Kaleta K, Mróz J. The effect of apology on emotional and decisional forgiveness: The role of personality. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Major JLL, Wade NG, Brenner RE. Self‐Construal and Forgiveness Revisited: Replication and Extension. COUNSELING AND VALUES 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cvj.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. L. Major
- Department of Psychology Iowa State University
- Now at Center for Counseling and Student Development University of Delaware
| | | | - Rachel E. Brenner
- Department of Psychology Iowa State University
- Now at Department of Psychology Colorado State University
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Toussaint L, Gall AJ, Cheadle A, Williams DR. Editor choice: Let it rest: Sleep and health as positive correlates of forgiveness of others and self-forgiveness. Psychol Health 2020; 35:302-317. [PMID: 31364412 PMCID: PMC6992518 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1644335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The present study examined forgiveness of others, self-forgiveness, sleep, and health in a nationally representative sample of United States adults. It was hypothesised that sleep would mediate the associations of forgiveness of others and self-forgiveness with health.Design: A nationally representative survey of 1,423 United States adults.Main Outcome Measures: Measures included forgiveness of others, self-forgiveness, sleep quantity, sleep quality, psychological distress, life satisfaction, and self-rated physical health.Results: Forgiveness of others (β = .20, p < .001) and self-forgiveness (β = .11, p < .01) were associated with sleep and forgiveness of others (β = .24, p < .001) and self-forgiveness (β = .27, p < .001) were associated with health. Sleep was associated with health (β = .45, p < .001) and also acted as a mediator of the associations of forgiveness of others (β = .09, p < .01) and self-forgiveness (β = .05, p < .01) with health.Conclusions: Forgiveness of others and self-forgiveness may attenuate emotions such as anger, regret, and rumination and provide a buffer between one's own and others' offenses occurring during the day and offer a restful mental state that supports sound sleep which, in turn, is associated with better health.
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Oti-Boadi M, Dankyi E, Kwakye-Nuako CO. Stigma and Forgiveness in Ghanaian Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:1391-1400. [PMID: 31970599 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study explored stigma experiences of mothers of children with ASD and forgiveness as their coping response. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 mothers of children with ASD. Results of this study found several noteworthy themes including, feelings of mother, family/societal reactions, forgiveness factors, and impact of forgiveness. Mothers reported significant stigmatization from families and society. Some expressed their feelings towards themselves, others and God, and finally recounted the use of forgiveness as a coping resource which contributed significantly to their well-being. Findings from this study contribute to the emerging literature on forgiveness as a coping resource for persons who are offended. Implications for clinical practice, intervention and policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oti-Boadi
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, LG 84, Accra, Ghana.
| | - E Dankyi
- Center for Social Policy, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - C O Kwakye-Nuako
- Department of Psychology, Methodist University College Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Kurniati NMT, Worthington EL, Widyarini N, Citra AF, Dwiwardani C. Does forgiving in a collectivistic culture affect only decisions to forgive and not emotions? REACH forgiveness collectivistic in Indonesia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 55:861-870. [PMID: 31898323 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
According to some theorising, in collectivistic societies, forgiveness is mainly enacted to maintain relationships, not engender emotional transformation. This present study was designed to explore whether forgiveness affects decisional and emotional forgiveness in Indonesia, a country categorised as collectivistic. The evidence-based REACH Forgiveness psychoeducational group intervention was adapted to collectivistic culture (REACH forgiveness collectivistic; REACH-FC), and its efficacy was assessed in a randomised controlled trial. Undergraduates in Indonesia (N = 97; 24 male; 73 female; ages 16-21) were randomly assigned within a 2 × 3(S) quasi-experimental repeated-measures design comparing immediate treatment (IT) and waiting list (WL) conditions [Condition (IT, WL) × Time ([S] 3 time points). Harmonious value, a personality variable assessing the strength of participants' desire for group harmony, was the covariate. The condition × time (S) interactions for both decisional and emotional forgiveness were significant, challenging some previous literature. Clearly, not all forms of collectivism have similar effects when individuals and communities deal with transgressions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nilam Widyarini
- Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gunadarma, Depok, Indonesia
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Kim JJ, Enright RD. Differing views on forgiveness: how do graduate-level theology students in South Korea perceive divine and human forgiveness? JOURNAL OF SPIRITUALITY IN MENTAL HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19349637.2019.1689889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jichan J. Kim
- Department of Psychology, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, USA
| | - Robert D. Enright
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison and International Forgiveness Institute, Inc, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Głaz S. The Relationship of Forgiveness and Values with Meaning in Life of Polish Students. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2019; 58:1886-1907. [PMID: 31209683 PMCID: PMC6759669 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article was to show the relationship of terminal values and forgiveness with meaning in life in Polish students who consider themselves faithful and practicing. The study involved youth studying at the Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow. It was carried out among 368 students. The age of the participants ranged between 19 and 23. Three tools were applied: Rokeach Value Survey, Forgiveness Scale by Toussaint, and the Purpose in Life Test of Crumbaugh and Maholick. The analysis of the results obtained proves that terminal values and forgiveness have a statistically significant relationship with meaning in the life of the studying youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Głaz
- Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakowie, ul. Kopernika 26, 31-501, Kraków, Poland.
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Lichtenfeld S, Maier MA, Buechner VL, Fernández Capo M. The Influence of Decisional and Emotional Forgiveness on Attributions. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1425. [PMID: 31293482 PMCID: PMC6603330 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on forgiveness suggests that forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping process important for clinical settings as it can promote both physical and mental health (Worthington et al., 2005; Witvliet and McCullough, 2007). Investigating antecedents of forgiveness, empirical studies and theoretical models propose that attributions influence forgiveness. However, hardly any studies or theoretical models have ever looked at the possibility that this relationship may be reciprocal in nature and whether forgiveness also impacts a victim's attributions has not been investigated. The present, highly powered (n = 969) study seeks to fill this gap and provides the first empirical support that emotional forgiveness has a strong influence on subsequent attributions. Specifically, individuals, who have emotionally forgiven a transgression, hold the transgressor less responsible for the offense compared to those in the decisional forgiveness and control condition. Moreover, the findings conceptually replicate previous research (Lichtenfeld et al., 2015) by demonstrating that emotional, but not decisional forgiveness affects cognition and, thus, emotional and decisional forgiveness should be treated as distinct facets in the forgiveness process. Implications of these results for clinical and health psychology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus A. Maier
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa L. Buechner
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Fernández Capo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Joo M, Terzino KA, Cross SE, Yamaguchi N, Ohbuchi KI. How Does Culture Shape Conceptions of Forgiveness? Evidence From Japan and the United States. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022119845502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Theories of culture, cognition, and social relations suggest there may be differences in conceptions of forgiveness between the members of East Asian and Western cultures, but few researchers have examined this issue. This article builds on previous research on prototypes of forgiveness in the United States to address the question “What is forgiveness?” in Japan. In Studies 1a and 1b, we investigated Japanese conceptions of forgiveness. Study 2 demonstrated that forgiveness features that U.S. and Japanese participants generated are meaningfully different. Compared with Americans, Japanese participants focused more on aspects related to relationship harmony; they seemed to emphasize an adjustment motive and decisional forgiveness. They also put less emphasis on emotional forgiveness and attention to individuals in comparison with Americans. Our results suggest that the high value placed on relationship maintenance in Japan leads to different understandings of forgiveness. Inclusion of culturally diverse conceptions into the definition of forgiveness aids further understanding of forgiveness, which, in turn, enhances the development and application of existing theories.
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Explorations of Forgiveness in Ghanaian Marriages. PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12646-018-0471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Cowden RG, Worthington EL, Nonterah CW, Cairo AH, Griffin BJ, Hook JN. Development of the Collectivist-Sensitive Trait Forgivingness Scale. Scand J Psychol 2019; 60:169-180. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. Cowden
- University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban South Africa
- Middle Tennessee State University; Murfreesboro USA
- University of the Free State; Bloemfontein South Africa
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“Mere” Christian Forgiveness: An Ecumenical Christian Conceptualization of Forgiveness through the Lens of Stress-And-Coping Theory. RELIGIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rel10010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forgiveness is a central theme within the Christian faith, yet Christian traditions sometimes vary in how they understand and approach the forgiveness process. Nevertheless, in this paper, we present an ecumenical model of Christian forgiveness that highlights the essential components that are shared across most Christian traditions. Importantly, rather than using a theological lens to develop and describe this model, we have primarily used a psychological lens. Specifically, we have adopted stress-and-coping theory as the psychological framework for understanding a Christian conceptualization of forgiveness. We identify four types of forgiveness (divine forgiveness, self-forgiveness, person-to-person forgiveness, and organizational–societal forgiveness) and describe a Christian conceptualization of each one, filtered through the psychological perspective of stress-and-coping theory.
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How to Enhance Sustainability through Transformational Leadership: The Important Role of Employees’ Forgiveness. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10082682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present research attempts to investigate an intermediating process that influences an association between transformational leadership and innovative behavior. Previous studies have mainly focused on the intrapsychic traits of individual employees (e.g., intrinsic motivation and psychological empowerment) as an important mediator to explain the enhancing effect of transformational leadership on employee’s creativity. Yet, given that many interactions among employees in an organization tend to occur in the form of ‘interpersons’, the importance of interpersonal relationship-based traits has received relatively less attention from leadership scholars. Based on the context-attitude-behavior framework, we posit that transformational leadership enhances innovative behavior by boosting the level of employees’ forgiveness which is an interpersonal relationship-based trait among employees. We conducted structural equation modeling analysis with a survey from 374 employees in South Korea. The result demonstrated that forgiveness partially mediates the influence of transformational leadership on innovative behavior. We believe that our finding may contribute to expanding transformational leadership and positive organizational scholarship literature by identifying a new path that transformational leadership increases innovative behavior. The theoretical and practical implications, limitations of this study, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Huwaë S, Schaafsma J. Motives to (not) forgive deviant group members: A comparison within and between cultures. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Huwaë
- Tilburg Center for Cognition and Communication (TiCC); Tilburg University; Tilburg The Netherlands
| | - Juliette Schaafsma
- Tilburg Center for Cognition and Communication (TiCC); Tilburg University; Tilburg The Netherlands
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Kurniati NMT, Worthington EL, Kristi Poerwandari E, Ginanjar AS, Dwiwardani C. Forgiveness in Javanese collective culture: The relationship between rumination, harmonious value, decisional forgiveness and emotional forgiveness. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Worthington EL, Cowden RG. The psychology of forgiveness and its importance in South Africa. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0081246316685074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this qualitative review is to stimulate empirical research on forgiveness within South Africa (and other portions of Africa). The article explores a Western understanding of the psychology of forgiveness, including its definition as distinct from reconciliation, its sequelae, and its predictors. Findings are examined with particular emphasis on differences between research in more Westernised societies (i.e., United States and Western Europe), where most of the forgiveness research has historically occurred, and research in South Africa. A culturally sensitive approach to the study of forgiveness and reconciliation in South Africa was utilised, and the extant research on forgiveness in South Africa was briefly reviewed. The article informs emergent forgiveness researchers about ways to effectively launch Africa-centric studies and outlines future directions in the field to researchers who are already involved in conducting forgiveness research. Thus, a research agenda is suggested for making an impact on the field of forgiveness, on forgiveness in Africa, (particularly) on forgiveness research in South Africa, and on reconciliation and the furthering of peace.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard G Cowden
- Institute of Psychology & Wellbeing, North-West University, South Africa
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Zdaniuk A, Bobocel DR. The role of idealized influence leadership in promoting workplace forgiveness. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sandage SJ, Long B, Moen R, Jankowski PJ, Worthington EL, Wade NG, Rye MS. Forgiveness in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Quasi-Experimental Study. J Clin Psychol 2015; 71:625-40. [PMID: 25877954 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This pilot study evaluated a manualized group forgiveness module within dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). METHOD The study utilized a quasi-experimental double pretest design with adults (N = 40; 88.1% female, 11.9% male) diagnosed with borderline personality disorder in outpatient DBT. Measures of forgiveness, attachment, and psychiatric symptoms were completed at 4 time points. RESULTS Participants showed increases in all measures of forgiveness and decreases in attachment insecurity and psychiatric symptoms during the forgiveness module and maintained to the 6-week follow-up. These effects were not observed during the prior distress tolerance module. Latent change score modeling showed reductions in anxious attachment mediated the effect of changes in benevolent motivations to forgive and trait forgiveness scores on reductions in psychiatric symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Effect sizes were similar to meta-analytic findings on (a) forgiveness interventions and (b) reductions in psychiatric symptoms in DBT. Participant feedback suggested elements for further development. A randomized controlled trial is needed.
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Toussaint L, Kamble S, Marschall JC, Duggi DB. The effects of brief prayer on the experience of forgiveness: An American and Indian comparison. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 51:288-95. [PMID: 25640652 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study offers a cross-cultural examination of the effect of prayer on forgiveness. American (n = 51) and Indian (n = 100) participants either prayed for their romantic partner (prayer condition) or described their romantic partner's physical attributes (control condition). Prayers were self-guided and lasted 3 minutes. Pre-test and post-test measures of retaliation were completed. Results showed that participants in the prayer group showed statistically significant decreases in retaliation motives from pre-test to post-test and the magnitude of this change was not different across cultures. Control groups in both cultures showed no change. Because of the religious diversity present in the Indian sample, the robustness of the effect of prayer on forgiveness was tested across Christian, Hindu and Muslim Indians. Religious affiliation did not moderate the effect of prayer on forgiveness in this sample. Results suggest that a brief prayer is capable of producing real change in forgiveness and this change is consistent across American and Indian cultures and across three different religious groups in India. Brief prayer for others that enhances forgiveness may be useful for individuals in close relationships, in certain counselling settings and for people in many different walks of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shanmukh Kamble
- Department of Psychology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India
| | | | - Deepti B Duggi
- Department of Psychology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India
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Dorn K, Hook JN, Davis DE, Van Tongeren DR, Worthington EL. Behavioral methods of assessing forgiveness. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2013.844267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hook JN, Worthington EL, Utsey SO, Davis DE, Gartner AL, Jennings DJ, Van Tongeren DR, Dueck A. Does forgiveness require interpersonal interactions? Individual differences in conceptualization of forgiveness. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Scherer M, Worthington EL, Hook JN, Campana KL, West SL, Gartner AL. Forgiveness and Cohesion in Familial Perceptions of Alcohol Misuse. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-6676.2012.00021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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