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Magnetic metal-organic frameworks containing abundant carboxylic groups for highly effective enrichment of glycopeptides in breast cancer serum. Talanta 2019; 204:446-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Patel K, Cai S, Singh BR. Current strategies for designing antidotes against botulinum neurotoxins. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:319-33. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.884066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kruti Patel
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Shuowei Cai
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Bal Ram Singh
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
- Institute of Advanced Sciences and Prime Bio, Inc., Botulinum Research Center, 166 Chase Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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Willis B, Eubanks LM, Dickerson TJ, Janda KD. The strange case of the botulinum neurotoxin: using chemistry and biology to modulate the most deadly poison. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8360-79. [PMID: 18844202 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the classic novella "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde", Robert Louis Stevenson paints a stark picture of the duality of good and evil within a single man. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), the most potent known toxin, possesses an analogous dichotomous nature: It shows a pronounced morbidity and mortality, but it is used with great effect in much lower doses in a wide range of clinical scenarios. Recently, tremendous strides have been made in the basic understanding of the structure and function of BoNT, which have translated into widespread efforts towards the discovery of biomacromolecules and small molecules that specifically modulate BoNT activity. Particular emphasis has been placed on the identification of inhibitors that can counteract BoNT exposure in the event of a bioterrorist attack. This Review summarizes the current advances in the development of therapeutics, including vaccines, peptides, and small-molecule inhibitors, for the prevention and treatment of botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Willis
- Department of Chemistry, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Willis B, Eubanks L, Dickerson T, Janda K. Der seltsame Fall des Botulinum-Neurotoxins: chemische und biologische Modulierung des tödlichsten aller Gifte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200705531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Eapen BR. Molecular biology of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A: a cosmetic perspective. J Cosmet Dermatol 2008; 7:221-5. [PMID: 18789058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2008.00392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cosmetic use of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) involves low doses of toxin administered for facial wrinkles and hyperhidrosis. The structural and functional properties of BoNT/A can affect the degree and duration of effect. Actively using the injected muscle is favorable as it exposes more receptors to BoNT/A. Divided doses of BoNT/A at an interval of more than 3 days may be longer lasting than single dose by blocking nascent neuronal sprouts. Antibodies are unlikely to be effective in BoNT/A neutralization because of the large area of receptor interaction. Several commonly used drugs including zinc and chloroquine can interact with BoNT/A, necessitating dosage adjustment for optimum effect. Serotype E (BoNT/E) can emerge as an antidote for BoNT/A for cosmetic use.
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Boldt GE, Kennedy JP, Hixon MS, McAllister LA, Barbieri JT, Tzipori S, Janda KD. Synthesis, characterization and development of a high-throughput methodology for the discovery of botulinum neurotoxin a inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:513-21. [PMID: 16827563 PMCID: PMC2644723 DOI: 10.1021/cc060010h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), etiological agents of the deadly food poisoning disease botulism, are the most toxic proteins currently known. Although only a few hundred cases of botulism are reported in the United States annually, there is growing interest in BoNTs attributable to their potential use as biological warfare agents. Neurotoxicity results from cleavage of the soluble NSF-attachment protein receptor complex proteins of the presynaptic vesicles by the BoNT light chain subunit, a Zn endopeptidase. Few effective inhibitors of BoNT/A LC (light chain) activity are known, and the discovery process is hampered by the lack of an efficient high-throughput assay for screening compound libraries. To alleviate this bottleneck, we have synthesized the peptide SNAPtide and have developed a robust assay for the high-throughput evaluation of BoNT/A LC inhibitors. Key aspects for the development of this optimized assay include the addition of a series of detergents, cosolvents, and salts, including 0.01% w/v Tween 20 to increase BoNT/A LC catalysis, stability, and ease of small molecule screening. To evaluate the effectiveness of the assay, a series of hydroxamate-based small molecules were synthesized and examined with BoNT/A LC. The methodology described is superior to other assays reported to date for the high-throughput identification of BoNT/A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E. Boldt
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jack P. Kennedy
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark S. Hixon
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura A. McAllister
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joseph T. Barbieri
- The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Saul Tzipori
- The Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: +1-858-784-2516; fax: +1-858-784-2595; e-mail:
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Moore GJ, Moore DM, Roy SS, Hayden LJ, Hamilton MG, Chan NWC, Lee WE. Hinge peptide combinatorial libraries for inhilbitors of botulinum neurotoxins and saxitoxin: Deconvolution strategy. Mol Divers 2006; 10:9-16. [PMID: 16404524 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-006-1394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Combinatorial library screening offers a rapid process for identifying potential therapies to toxins. Hinge peptide libraries, which rely on conformational diversity rather than traditional molecular diversity, reduce the need for huge numbers of syntheses and screening steps and greatly expedite the discovery process of active molecules. Hinge peptide libraries having the structures: Acetyl-X1-X2-hinge-X3-X4-NH2 (capped) and X1-hinge-X2-X3 (uncapped), where X1 through X4 are near-equimolar mixtures of twelve L-amino acids and hinge = 4-aminobutyric acid, were screened for inhibitory activity in bioassays for botulinum neurotoxins A and B (BoNT/A, BoNT/B) and saxitoxin. The zinc protease activity of the reduced light chains of BoNT/A and /B was assayed by measuring the cleavage of synthetic substrates. Saxitoxin activity was measured by the restoration of the viability of neuroblastoma cells treated with ouabain and veratridine. Deconvolution of libraries was accomplished by fixing one position at a time beginning with the C-terminus. Primary library subsets in which position 4 was fixed showed moderate levels of inhibition for BoNT/A. Secondary library subsets showed stronger inhibition in the bioassays. In each of the bioassays, inhibitory potency was stronger when the second position to be fixed was on the opposite side of the hinge, rather than on the same side with respect to the C-terminus, suggesting that the hinge facilitates the interaction of side chains. Inhibitors for all three of the toxins studied were discovered within library subsets, although not necessarily in primary subsets. These studies demonstrate that (1) the best strategy for deconvoluting hinge peptide libraries is by fixing residues alternately on each side of the hinge moiety, and (2) it is essential to investigate secondary subsets even when primary subsets are inactive. The present findings support the concept that the increased flexibility imposed by the inclusion of a central hinge residue in small peptides increases the opportunity for side chain interactions, providing a distinct advantage for hinge peptide libraries over conventional peptide libraries. Hinge peptide libraries are a rich source of novel ligands for modulation of biomechanisms. The library subsets uncovered in this study may possess peptides that will lead to effective therapies to neurotoxin poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Moore
- PepMetics Inc., 772 Murphy Place, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8Y 3H4
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Burnett JC, Henchal EA, Schmaljohn AL, Bavari S. The evolving field of biodefence: therapeutic developments and diagnostics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 4:281-97. [PMID: 15803193 PMCID: PMC7096857 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bioweapons are a clear threat to both military and civilian populations. Here, the latest advances in the pursuit of inhibitors against biothreat threat toxins, current therapeutic strategies for treating biodefence related pathogens, and strategies for improving detection and exposure survivability are covered. There are numerous lead therapeutics that have emerged from drug discovery efforts. However, many of these are toxic and/or fail to possess conventional drug-like properties. One clear advantage of small (non-peptidic) molecules is that they possess scaffolds that are inherently more likely to evolve into real therapeutics. One of the major obstacles impeding the translation of these lead therapeutics into viable drugs is the lack of involvement of the pharmaceutical industry, which has been discovering leads and translating them into drugs for decades. The expertise of the pharmaceutical industry therefore needs to be more effectively engaged in developing drugs against biothreat agents. New methods for rapidly detecting and diagnosing biothreat agents are also in development. The detection and diagnosis of biothreats is inherently linked with treatment. The means for detecting the release of bioweapons are being deployed, and new technologies are shortening the timeframe between initial sample collection and conclusive agent determination. However, the organization of this process is imperfect. At present, a unifying entity that orchestrates the biodefence response is clearly needed to reduce the time-to-drug process and redundancies in drug development efforts. Such a central entity could formulate and implement plans to coordinate all participants, including academic institutions, government agencies and the private sector. This could accelerate the development of countermeasures against high probability biothreat agents.
The threat of bioterrorism and the potential use of biological weapons against both military and civilian populations has become a major concern for governments around the world. For example, in 2001 anthrax-tainted letters resulted in several deaths, caused widespread public panic and exerted a heavy economic toll. If such a small-scale act of bioterrorism could have such a huge impact, then the effects of a large-scale attack would be catastrophic. This review covers recent progress in developing therapeutic countermeasures against, and diagnostics for, such agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Burnett
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Target Structure-Based Drug Discovery Group, National Cancer Institute-SAIC, Frederick, 21702 Maryland USA
| | - Erik A. Henchal
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, 21702 Maryland USA
| | - Alan L. Schmaljohn
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, 21702 Maryland USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, 21702 Maryland USA
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Abstract
[structure: see text] The protected Gln-Phe hydroxyethylene dipeptide isostere 1 was synthesized as a precursor for preparation of potential inhibitors of Botulinum neurotoxin B metalloprotease. The method allows for the synthesis of additional hydroxyethylene dipeptide isosteres such as 2 with functionalized P1 side chains. The isosteres prepared were coupled with a dipeptide to produce protected pseudotetrapeptide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Erik Haug
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Burnett JC, Schmidt JJ, Stafford RG, Panchal RG, Nguyen TL, Hermone AR, Vennerstrom JL, McGrath CF, Lane DJ, Sausville EA, Zaharevitz DW, Gussio R, Bavari S. Novel small molecule inhibitors of botulinum neurotoxin A metalloprotease activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:84-93. [PMID: 14511652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.08.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most lethal biological substances to have been weaponized and are listed as biodefense category A agents. Currently, no small molecule (non-peptidic) therapeutics exist to counter this threat; hence, identifying and developing compounds that inhibit BoNTs is a high priority. In the present study, a high-throughput assay was used to identify small molecules that inhibit the metalloprotease activity of BoNT serotype A light chain (BoNT/A LC). All inhibitors were further verified using a HPLC-based assay. Conformational analyses of these compounds, in conjunction with molecular docking studies, were used to predict structural features that contribute to inhibitor binding and potency. Based on these results, a common pharmacophore for BoNT/A LC inhibitors is proposed. This is the first study to report small molecules (non-peptidics) that inhibit BoNT/A LC metalloprotease activity in the low microM range.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Burnett
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, NCI Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Foran PG, Davletov B, Meunier FA. Getting muscles moving again after botulinum toxin: novel therapeutic challenges. Trends Mol Med 2003; 9:291-9. [PMID: 12900216 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4914(03)00113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Foran
- Centre for Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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