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Díaz-Resendiz KJG, Bernal-Ortega JA, Covantes-Rosales CE, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Toledo-Ibarra GA, Ventura-Ramon GH, Girón-Pérez MI. In-vitro effect of diazoxon, a metabolite of diazinon, on proliferation, signal transduction, and death induction in mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:8-15. [PMID: 32629105 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The immune response of teleosts (bonefish) is altered by diazinon (DZN), an organophosphate pesticide. It has been suggested that such alteration is due to the extraneuronal cholinergic system in fish leukocytes that renders these cells a target of pesticides. Diazoxon (DZO), the oxon metabolite of DZN, has been attributed immunotoxic effects. Still, to date there are no reports on the effects of DZO upon parameters involved in the signaling cascade of immune response cells. Therefore, this work evaluated the effect of DZO on key parameters of cell signaling (intracellular Ca2+ flux, ERK 1/2 phosphorylation), cell proliferation, and antiproliferative processes (apoptosis, senescence, mitochondrial membrane potential) in spleen mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia fish. The results obtained show that DZO does not affect cell proliferation but causes a lack of response to stimulation with PMA and ionomycin to release intracellular calcium. In addition, it inhibits ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and causes loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis, and senescence. These results suggest that the lack of cell response to release intracytoplasmic Ca2+ inhibits ERK which disrupts the mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to cell apoptosis and senescence. These findings prove that DZO significantly affects key parameters involved in the survival of immune response cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J G Díaz-Resendiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA)-Unidad Nayarit, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Calle Tres s/n. Col. Cd Industrial, Z.P. 63173, Tepic, Mexico
| | - J A Bernal-Ortega
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicobiológicas y Farmacéuticas, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico
| | - C E Covantes-Rosales
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico
| | - P C Ortiz-Lazareno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico
| | - G A Toledo-Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA)-Unidad Nayarit, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Calle Tres s/n. Col. Cd Industrial, Z.P. 63173, Tepic, Mexico
| | - G H Ventura-Ramon
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA)-Unidad Nayarit, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Calle Tres s/n. Col. Cd Industrial, Z.P. 63173, Tepic, Mexico; Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicobiológicas y Farmacéuticas, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico
| | - M I Girón-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA)-Unidad Nayarit, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Calle Tres s/n. Col. Cd Industrial, Z.P. 63173, Tepic, Mexico.
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DelRe C, Huang C, Li T, Dennis P, Drockenmuller E, Xu T. Reusable Enzymatic Fiber Mats for Neurotoxin Remediation in Water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:44216-44220. [PMID: 30508482 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Highly effective and reusable organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH)-loaded fiber mats have been fabricated that are capable of degrading toxic organophosphates (OPs) over a broad range of relevant concentrations (from 8 to 8250 ppm). The inherent fragility of enzymes, a major impediment in their incorporation into technologically relevant materials, was overcome while retaining their high catalytic efficiency, selectivity, and sensitivity via a random heteropolymers (RHP) approach. Kinetic analysis guides the design of polycaprolactone matrix morphology from films to fibers, facilitating substrate diffusion in the material. The RHP-OPH fiber mats demonstrate excellent stability and reusability with minimal requirements for storage, retaining over 40% of their initial activity after repeated daily use for three months. Practically, present studies provide valuable guidance toward fabrication of enzyme-based functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher DelRe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Charley Huang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Tim Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Patrick Dennis
- Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Eric Drockenmuller
- CNRS, Ingenierie des Materiaux Polymeres , Univ Lyon, Universite Lyon 1 , UMR 5223 , F-69003 Lyon , France
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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Mitra A, Sarkar M, Chatterjee C. Modulation of Immune Response by Organophosphate Pesticides: Mammals as Potential Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12595-017-0256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Jaber BM, Petroianu GA, Rizvi SA, Borai A, Saleh NA, Hala SM, Saleh AM. Protective effect of metoclopramide against organophosphate-induced apoptosis in the murine skin fibroblast L929. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:329-340. [PMID: 29027213 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the protective efficacy of metoclopramide (MCP) against the organophosphates paraoxon (POX)- and malathion (MLT)-induced apoptosis in the murine L929 skin fibroblasts. L929 cells were exposed to either POX (10 nm) or 1.0 μm MLT in the absence and presence of increased concentrations of MCP. The protective effect of MCP on these organophosphate-stimulated apoptotic events was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis after staining with annexin-V/propidium iodide, processing and activation of the executioner caspase-3, cleavage of the poly-ADP ribose polymerase, fragmentation of the nucleosomal DNA and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ). Our results showed that increased doses of MCP alone (≥10 μm) did not induce apoptosis or activation of caspase-3. Pretreatment of the cells with MCP attenuated all the apoptotic events triggered by the organophosphate compounds in a dose-dependent manner reaching ~70-80% protection when they were preincubated at 1 and 5 μm of the drug before the addition of POX and MLT, respectively. Interestingly, MCP did not offer a significant protective effect against the cytotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor-α, cisplatinum, etoposide or paclitaxel, which stimulate apoptosis by various mechanisms, suggesting that the anti-apoptotic effect of the drug is specific to organophosphates. The strong and specific anti-apoptotic activity of subclinical doses of MCP against the cytotoxicity of organophosphate compounds suggests its potential clinical application in treating their poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem M Jaber
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Georg A Petroianu
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Syed A Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University (NSU), Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Anwar Borai
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada A Saleh
- Faculty of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sharif M Hala
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman M Saleh
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Prugh AM, Cole SD, Glaros T, Angelini DJ. Effects of organophosphates on the regulation of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 266:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ramirez-Vargas MA, Huerta-Beristain G, Guzman-Guzman IP, Alarcon-Romero LDC, Flores-Alfaro E, Rojas-Garcia AE, Moreno-Godinez ME. Methamidophos induces cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:147-155. [PMID: 26589457 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that organophosphate pesticide (OP) exposure is associated with oxidative stress. Methamidophos (MET) is an OP widely used in agriculture, which is regarded as a highly toxic pesticide and it is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether MET can induce oxidative stress at low concentrations in primary cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs from healthy individuals were exposed to MET (0-80 mg/L) for 0-72 h. We performed the MTT and neutral-red assays to assess the cytotoxicity. As indicators of oxidative stress, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed using flow cytometry, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were determined. MET decreased the viability of PBMCs in a dose-dependent manner. At concentrations of 3, 10, or 20 mg/L for 24 h, MET increased the ROS production significantly compared with the vehicle control. Similarly, MET increased the levels of MDA at the same concentrations that increased ROS (10 and 20 mg/L); however, no changes in GSH levels were observed. These results suggest that MET increased the generation of oxidative stress in PBMCs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 147-155, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Ramirez-Vargas
- Laboratorio De Toxicologia Y Salud Ambiental. Unidad Academica De Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma De Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Huerta-Beristain
- Laboratorio De Toxicologia Y Salud Ambiental. Unidad Academica De Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma De Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Iris Paola Guzman-Guzman
- Laboratorio De Investigacion En Obesidad Y Diabetes. Unidad Academica De Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma De Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Luz Del Carmen Alarcon-Romero
- Laboratorio De Enfermedades Cronico Degenerativas. Unidad Academica De Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Mexico, Universidad Autonoma De Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Laboratorio De Enfermedades Cronico Degenerativas. Unidad Academica De Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Mexico, Universidad Autonoma De Guerrero, Mexico
| | | | - Ma Elena Moreno-Godinez
- Laboratorio De Toxicologia Y Salud Ambiental. Unidad Academica De Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma De Guerrero, Mexico
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Li L, Du Y, Ju F, Ma S, Zhang S. Calcium plays a key role in paraoxon-induced apoptosis in EL4 cells by regulating both endoplasmic reticulum- and mitochondria-associated pathways. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:211-20. [PMID: 26998625 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2016.1156796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Paraoxon (POX) is one of the most toxic organophosphorus pesticides, but its toxic mechanisms associated with apoptosis remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate calcium-associated mechanisms in POX-induced apoptosis in EL4 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS EL4 cells were exposed to POX for 0-16 h. EGTA was used to chelate Ca(2+ ) in extracellular medium, and heparin and procaine were used to inhibit Ca(2+ )efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Z-ATAD-FMK was used to inhibit caspase-12 activity. The apoptotic rate assay, western blotting and immunocytochemistry (ICC) were used to reveal the mechanisms of POX-induced apoptosis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION POX significantly increased the expression and activation of caspase-12 and caspase-3, enhanced expression of calpain 1 and calpain 2, and induced the release of cyt c, but did not change the expression of Grp 78. Inhibiting caspase-12 activity alleviated POX-induced upregulation of calpain 1 and caspase-3, promoted POX-induced upregulation of calpain 2, and reduced POX-induced cyt c release, suggesting that there was a cross-talk between the ER-associated pathway and mitochondria-associated apoptotic signals. Attenuating intracellular calcium concentration with EGTA, heparin or procaine decreased POX-induced upregulation of calpain 1, calpain 2, caspase-12 and caspase-3, and reduced POX-induced cyt c release. After pretreatment with EGTA or procaine, POX significantly promoted expression of Grp 78. CONCLUSIONS Calcium played a key role in POX-induced apoptosis in EL4 cells by regulating both ER- and mitochondria-associated pathways. The cross-talk of ER- and mitochondria-associated pathways was accomplished through calcium signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Du
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Furong Ju
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Shunxiang Ma
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , People's Republic of China
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Fernandes LS, Emerick GL, Santos NAGD, de Paula ES, Barbosa F, Santos ACD. In vitro study of the neuropathic potential of the organophosphorus compounds trichlorfon and acephate. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:522-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H, Abnous K, Khoei A, Imenshahidi M. Protective effect of crocin against apoptosis induced by subchronic exposure of the rat vascular system to diazinon. Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:1237-45. [PMID: 27353299 DOI: 10.1177/0748233714554941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research has suggested that natural antioxidant, crocin, an active ingredient of saffron, may protect against diazinon (DZN)-induced toxicity. Although increased production of lipid peroxidation by DZN in rat aorta has been shown previously, the effects of DZN on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in vascular system have not been evaluated. In this study, the effect of crocin on DZN-induced apoptosis in rat vascular system was investigated. The rats were divided into 7 groups: corn oil (control), DZN (15 mg/kg/day, gavage), crocin (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) + DZN, vitamin E (200 IU/kg, i.p., 3 days a week) + DZN, and crocin (50 mg/kg/day, i.p.). The treatments were continued for 4 weeks. Levels of apoptotic (Bax, caspase 3, and caspase 9) and antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl2) were analyzed by Western blotting. Transcript levels of Bax and Bcl2 genes were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results showed DZN-induced apoptosis by activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3 and by increasing the Bax/Bcl2 ratio (both protein and messenger RNA levels). Crocin and vitamin E inhibited apoptosis induced by DZN. In summary, subchronic exposure to DZN induced caspase-mediated apoptosis, and crocin reduced the toxic effects of DZN by inhibiting apoptosis in aortic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Khoei
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Imenshahidi
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Prins JM, Chao CK, Jacobson SM, Thompson CM, George KM. Oxidative stress resulting from exposure of a human salivary gland cells to paraoxon: an in vitro model for organophosphate oral exposure. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:715-21. [PMID: 24486155 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) compounds are used as insecticides, acaricides, and chemical agents and share a common neurotoxic mechanism of action. The biochemical alterations leading to many of the deleterious effects have been studied in neuronal cell lines, however, non-neuronal toxic effects of OPs are far less well characterized in vitro, and specifically in cell lines representing oral routes of exposure. To address this void, the human salivary gland (HSG) cell line, representing likely interactions in the oral cavity, was exposed to the representative OP paraoxon (PX; O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenoxy phosphate) over a range of concentrations (0.01-100 μM) and analyzed for cytotoxicity. PX induced cytotoxicity in HSG cells at most of the exposure concentrations as revealed by MTT assay, however, the release of LDH only occurred at the highest concentration of PX tested (100 μM) at 48 h. Slight increases in cellular ATP levels were measured in PX-exposed (10 μM) HSG cells at 24 h. Exposing HSG cells to 10 μM PX also led to an increase in DNA fragmentation prior to loss of cellular membrane integrity implicating reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a trigger of toxicity. The ROS genes gss, gstm2, gstt2 and sod2 were upregulated, and the presence of superoxide following 10 μM PX exposure was determined via dihydroethidium fluorescence studies further implicating PX-induced oxidative stress in HSG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Prins
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Chih-Kai Chao
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Saskia M Jacobson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Charles M Thompson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States.
| | - Kathleen M George
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States.
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Flora SJS, Dwivedi N, Deb U, Kushwaha P, Lomash V. Effects of co-exposure to arsenic and dichlorvos on glutathione metabolism, neurological, hepatic variables and tissue histopathology in rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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12
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Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H, Movassaghi AR, Imenshahidi M, Abnous K. Protective effect of crocin on diazinon induced cardiotoxicity in rats in subchronic exposure. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:547-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Fjordbøge AS, Baun A, Vastrup T, Kjeldsen P. Zero valent iron reduces toxicity and concentrations of organophosphate pesticides in contaminated groundwater. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:627-633. [PMID: 23021613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The potential of zero valent iron (ZVI) for remediation of contaminated groundwater from an abandoned chemical disposal site was examined through batch and column experiments. The key contaminants were organophosphate pesticides but the chemical analysis also comprised additional 22 compounds including synthesis intermediates and degradation products of organophosphates. The ZVI treatment showed that all the contaminants were degraded with the exception of two diesters (phosphorothioates). The most rapid reduction was found for methyl parathion, ethyl parathion and malathion, which had first-order degradation rate constants on the order of 10(-3) min(-1). In the study, acute toxicity towards freshwater crustaceans (Daphnia magna) was included to evaluate the overall efficiency of ZVI treatment of the complex mixture. The acute toxicity tests with D. magna showed that the untreated groundwater was highly toxic. Thus, 50% of the daphnids were unable to swim upon 24h exposure to groundwater diluted 770 times. ZVI facilitated degradation resulted in a complete toxicity removal for the first four pore volumes, where after a three times dilution caused 50% inhibition of the mobility of the daphnids. The rapid degradation of the highly toxic organophosphates combined with the significant decrease in the ecotoxicological potential shows a promising potential for site remediation of organophosphates with ZVI technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika S Fjordbøge
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej, Building 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Febbraio F, Merone L, Cetrangolo GP, Rossi M, Nucci R, Manco G. Thermostable Esterase 2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius as Biosensor for the Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1530-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102025z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Febbraio
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, CNR. Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigia Merone
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, CNR. Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Mosè Rossi
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, CNR. Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Nucci
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, CNR. Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, CNR. Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Charoenying T, Suriyo T, Thiantanawat A, Chaiyaroj SC, Parkpian P, Satayavivad J. Effects of paraoxon on neuronal and lymphocytic cholinergic systems. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 31:119-128. [PMID: 21787676 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic system in lymphocytes is hypothesized to be a key target for neurotoxic organophosphates (OPs). The present study determined the comparative effects of paraoxon, the active metabolite of OP-parathion, which is detected in the human neuroblastoma line, SH-SY5Y, and leukemic T-lymphocytes, MOLT-3, in vitro. Paraoxon induced cytotoxic effects in a dose- and time-dependent manner in both cells. Further, the paraoxon-induced modulatory effects were comparable despite different cell types, including over-expression of N-terminus acetylcholinesterase (N-AChE) protein, a marker of apoptosis, down-regulations of mRNA encoding M1, M2, and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), and induction in expression of c-Fos gene, an indication of certain mAChR subtype(s) activation. Furthermore, the non-selective cholinergic antagonist atropine partially attenuated the paraoxon-induced N-AChE and c-Fos activations in both types of cells. These results provide initial and additional information that OPs may similarly induce neuro- and immuno-toxic effects through mAChRs activation, and they underline the potential of using lymphocytes for assessing OPs-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvisith Charoenying
- Inter-University Program in Environmental Toxicology, Technology, and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Mahidol University, and Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
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Prins JM, George KM, Thompson CM. Paraoxon-induced protein expression changes to SH-SY5Y cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1656-62. [PMID: 20931991 DOI: 10.1021/tx100192f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were examined to determine changes in protein expression following exposure to the organophosphate paraoxon (O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenoxy phosphate). Exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to paraoxon (20 μM) for 48 h showed no significant change in cell viability as established using an MTT assay. Protein expression changes from the paraoxon-treated SH-SY5Y cells were determined using a comparative, subproteome approach by fractionation into cytosolic, membrane, nuclear, and cytoskeletal fractions. The fractionated proteins were separated by 2D-PAGE, identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and expression changes determined by densitometry. Over 400 proteins were separated from the four fractions, and 16 proteins were identified with altered expression ≥1.3-fold including heat shock protein 90 (-1.3-fold), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (+2.8-fold), and H(+) transporting ATP synthase beta chain (-3.1-fold). Western blot analysis conducted on total protein isolates confirmed the expression changes in these three proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Prins
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA
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Bharate SB, Prins JM, George KM, Thompson CM. Thionate versus Oxon: comparison of stability, uptake, and cell toxicity of ((14)CH(3)O)(2)-labeled methyl parathion and methyl paraoxon with SH-SY5Y cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:8460-8466. [PMID: 20590114 PMCID: PMC2932872 DOI: 10.1021/jf100976v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The stability, hydrolysis, and uptake of the organophosphates methyl parathion and methyl paraoxon were investigated in SH-SY5Y cells. The stabilities of ((14)CH(3)O)(2)-methyl parathion ((14)C-MPS) and ((14)CH(3)O)(2)-methyl paraoxon ((14)C-MPO) at 1 microM in culture media had similar half-lives of 91.7 and 101.9 h, respectively. However, 100 microM MPO caused >95% cytotoxicity at 24 h, whereas 100 microM MPS caused 4-5% cytotoxicity at 24 h ( approximately 60% cytotoxicity at 48 h). Greater radioactivity was detected inside cells treated with MPO as compared to MPS, although >80% of the total MPO uptake was primarily dimethyl phosphate (DMP). Maximum uptake was reached after 48 h of (14)C-MPS or (14)C-MPO exposure with total uptakes of 1.19 and 1.76 nM/10(6) cells for MPS and MPO, respectively. The amounts of MPS and MPO detected in the cytosol after 48 h of exposure time were 0.54 and 0.37 nM/10(6) cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B. Bharate
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula MT 59812
| | - John M. Prins
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula MT 59812
| | - Kathleen M. George
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula MT 59812
| | - Charles M. Thompson
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula MT 59812
- ATERIS Technologies LLC, 901 N Orange Street, Missoula MT 59802
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18
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Li L, Cao Z, Jia P, Wang Z. Calcium signals and caspase-12 participated in paraoxon-induced apoptosis in EL4 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:728-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sadri S, Bahrami F, Khazaei M, Hashemi M, Asgari A. Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist WIN-55,212-2 Protects Differentiated PC12 Cells From Organophosphorus- Induced Apoptosis. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:201-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581809359708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid neuroprotection is usually greater in vivo than in neuronal cell culture systems. To the authors' knowledge, a good in vitro culture model for the neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids does not exist. Therefore, a 3-dimensional (3D) culture system was developed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN-55,212-2 on apoptosis of differentiated PC12 cells, caused by the organophosphorus compounds paraoxon and diazinon. Cells pretreated with WIN-55,212-2 were exposed to a proapoptotic concentration of paraoxon and diazinon. TUNEL was used to detect apoptosis, and neurite length was assessed by morphometry. Both paraoxon and diazinon induced apoptosis, although the latter was more potent. WIN-55,212-2 also protected cells from neurite retraction and DNA fragmentation induced by the OPs. The results suggest that WIN-55,212-2 protects PC12 cells cultured under 3D conditions from organophosphorus-induced apoptosis. This 3D culture system may prove to be a useful tool for investigating the neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Sadri
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Stem Cells Division, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Applied Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Bahrami
- Applied Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozafar Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Stem Cells Division, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Hashemi
- Applied Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Asgari
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pohanka M, Novotný L, Misík J, Kuca K, Zdarova-Karasova J, Hrabinova M. Evaluation of cholinesterase activities during in vivo intoxication using an electrochemical sensor strip - correlation with intoxication symptoms. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:3627-34. [PMID: 22412329 PMCID: PMC3297120 DOI: 10.3390/s90503627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholinesterase activity in blood of laboratory rats was monitored. Rats were intoxicated with paraoxon at dosis of 0 - 65 - 125 - 170 - 250 - 500 nmol. The 250 nmol dose was found to be the LD(50). An electrochemical sensor was found useful to provide information about cholinesterase activity. The decrease of cholinesterase activity was correlated to intoxication symptoms and mortality level. It was found that the symptoms of intoxication are not observed while at least 50% of cholinesterase activity in blood remains. The minimal cholinesterase activity essential to survival is around 10%, when compared with the initial state. No changes in levels of low moleculary weight antioxidants were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (L.N.)
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (J.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Ladislav Novotný
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (L.N.)
| | - Jan Misík
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (J.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (L.N.)
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (J.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Jana Zdarova-Karasova
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (J.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: (L.N.)
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Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ, Azimullah S, Nurulain SM, Mechkarska M, Lorke DE, Hasan MY, Petroianu GA, Al-Ramadi BK. The organophosphate paraoxon has no demonstrable effect on the murine immune system following subchronic low dose exposure. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 21:891-901. [PMID: 19144274 DOI: 10.1177/039463200802100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxon is the bioactive metabolite of the organophosphate pesticide parathion. Desulphuration of parathion by liver enzymes or sunlight results in the formation of paraoxon which inhibits acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of a 6-week, subchronic treatment with two different daily intraperitoneal doses (30 or 40 nmol) of paraoxon on the immune system of BALB/c mice. At a dose of 30 nmol/day, body weight of treated animals was unchanged compared to the controls. In contrast, the higher dose (40 nmol/day) induced a reduction in body growth, particularly in the first 3 weeks of treatment, peaking at week 2 when the saline group showed a 14.2-fold increase in body weight gain compared to paraoxon-treated animals. Moreover, mice treated with either dose of paraoxon had a >50% reduction in AChE activity during the first 3 weeks of treatment, but by the end of the treatment (week 6), AChE activity returned to normal. With regard to immunological parameters, there was no significant difference in either total spleen weight or in the ratios of various spleen cell populations between control and paraoxon-treated animals. Furthermore, no changes were observed in mitogen-induced cytokine secretion from splenocytes of paraoxon-treated mice. Finally, subchronic exposure to paraoxon did not alter mortality of mice exposed to a bacterial infection with Salmonella typhimurium. These data suggest that although subchronic exposure to paraoxon induced a transient inhibition in AChE activity, it had no demonstrable effect on the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fernandez-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Franco R, Sánchez-Olea R, Reyes-Reyes EM, Panayiotidis MI. Environmental toxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis: ménage à trois. Mutat Res 2008; 674:3-22. [PMID: 19114126 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an evolutionary conserved homeostatic process involved in distinct physiological processes including organ and tissue morphogenesis, development and senescence. Its deregulation is also known to participate in the etiology of several human diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders. Environmental stressors (cytotoxic agents, pollutants or toxicants) are well known to induce apoptotic cell death and to contribute to a variety of pathological conditions. Oxidative stress seems to be the central element in the regulation of the apoptotic pathways triggered by environmental stressors. In this work, we review the established mechanisms by which oxidative stress and environmental stressors regulate the apoptotic machinery with the aim to underscore the relevance of apoptosis as a component in environmental toxicity and human disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Franco
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, 111. T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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Das GP, Shaik AP, Jamil K. Estimation of Apoptosis and Necrosis Caused by PesticidesIn Vitroon Human Lymphocytes Using DNA Diffusion Assay. Drug Chem Toxicol 2008; 29:147-56. [PMID: 16707324 DOI: 10.1080/01480540600561387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides like monocrotophos, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, and acephate are most commonly used in India for agriculture and public health programs. Previous studies have revealed that at low doses, organophosphorus pesticides not only act as genotoxic agents but also affect several other biochemical pathways. The aim of the current investigation was to assess apoptosis and necrosis caused by these pesticides on human peripheral blood lymphocytes under in vitro conditions using the DNA diffusion assay. Our studies have revealed that all the above pesticides induced apoptosis and necrosis in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes in in vitro conditions. The results are statistically significant (p < 0.001). Data on these alterations of immune cells are required for understanding the subchronic effects mediated by pesticides on nontarget organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Prabhavathy Das
- Genetics Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, A.C. Guards, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Febbraio F, D'Andrea SE, Mandrich L, Merone L, Rossi M, Nucci R, Manco G. Irreversible inhibition of the thermophilic esterase EST2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius. Extremophiles 2008; 12:719-28. [PMID: 18622571 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-008-0179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic studies of irreversible inhibition in recent years have received growing attention owing to their relevance to problems of basic scientific interest as well as to their practical importance. Our studies have been devoted to the characterization of the effects that well-known acetylcholinesterase irreversible inhibitors exert on a carboxylesterase (EST2) from the thermophilic eubacterium Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius. In particular, sulfonyl inhibitors and the organophosphorous insecticide diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (paraoxon) have been studied. The incubation of EST2 with sulfonyl inhibitors resulted in a time-dependent inactivation according to a pseudo-first-order kinetics. On the other hand, the EST2 inactivation process elicited by paraoxon, being the inhibition reaction completed immediately after the inhibitor addition, cannot be described as a pseudo-first-order kinetics but is better considered as a high affinity inhibition. The values of apparent rate constants for paraoxon inactivation were determined by monitoring the enzyme/substrate reaction in the presence of the inhibitor, and were compared with those of the sulfonyl inhibitors. The protective effect afforded by a competitive inhibitor on the EST2 irreversible inhibition, and the reactivation of a complex enzyme/irreversible-inhibitor by hydroxylamine and 2-PAM, were also investigated. The data have been discussed in the light of the recently described dual substrate binding mode of EST2, considering that the irreversible inhibitors employed were able to discriminate between the two different binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Febbraio
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widely used throughout the world as insecticides in agriculture and as eradicating agents for termites around homes. The main toxicity of OPs is neurotoxicity, which is caused by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. OPs also affect the immune response, including effects on antibody production, interleukin-2 production, T cell proliferation, decrease of CD5 cells, and increases of CD26 cells and autoantibodies, Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles, and the inhibition of natural killer (NK) cell, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activities. However, there have been few studies of the mechanism of OP-induced immunotoxicity, especially the mechanism of OP-induced inhibition of cytolytic activity of killer cells. This study reviews new mechanisms of OP-induced inhibition of the activities of NK cells, LAK cells, and CTLs. It has been reported that NK cells, LAK cells, and CTLs induce cell death in tumors or virus-infected target cells by two main mechanisms. The first mechanism is direct release of cytolytic granules that contain the pore-forming protein perforin, several serine proteases termed granzymes, and granulysin by exocytosis to kill target cells, which is called the granule exocytosis pathway. The second mechanism is mediated by the Fas ligand (Fas-L)/Fas pathway, in which FasL (CD95 L), a surface membrane ligand of the killer cell cross links with the target cell's surface death receptor Fas (CD95) to induce apoptosis of the target cells. To date, it has been reported that OPs inhibit NK cell, LAK cell, and CTL activities by at least the following three mechanisms: 1) OPs impair the granule exocytosis pathway of NK cells, LAK cells, and CTLs by inhibiting the activity of granzymes, and by decreasing the intracellular levels of perforin, granzyme A, and granulysin, which were mediated by inducing degranulation of NK cells and by inhibiting the transcription of the mRNAs of perforin, granzyme A, and granulysin. 2) OPs impair the FasL/Fas pathway of NK cells, LAK cells, and CTLs, as investigated by using perforin-knockout mice, in which the granule exocytosis pathway of NK cells does not function and only the FasL/Fas pathway remains functional. 3) OPs induce apoptosis of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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26
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Li Q, Kobayashi M, Kawada T. Organophosphorus pesticides induce apoptosis in human NK cells. Toxicology 2007; 239:89-95. [PMID: 17681413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We found previously that organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) significantly inhibited natural killer (NK) activity. To explore the mechanism of OP-induced inhibition of NK activity, we investigated whether OPs can induce apoptosis in NK cells in the present study. We used NK-92CI and NK-92MI cells, which are interleukin-2 independent human NK cell lines. NK-92CI and/or NK-92MI were treated with dichlorvos (DDVP) or chlorpyrifos (CP) at 0-100 ppm for 1-72 h at 37 degrees C in vitro. Apoptosis induced by DDVP and CP was determined by FITC-Annexin V staining and the intracellular level of active caspase-3 was analysed by flow cytometry. We found that DDVP and CP significantly induced apoptosis in NK-92CI and NK-92MI cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. DDVP also induced an increase of intracellular active caspase-3 in NK-92CI in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and a caspase-3 inhibitor, Z-DEVD-FMK, significantly inhibited DDVP-induced apoptosis, suggesting that this apoptosis is partially mediated by activation of intracellular caspase-3. The pattern of apoptosis induced by CP differed from that induced by DDVP. CP showed a faster response than DDVP at higher doses; whereas, DDVP showed a slower, but stronger apoptosis-inducing ability than CP at lower doses. Moreover, the response to OPs differed between NK-92CI and NK-92MI cells, and NK-92CI was more sensitive to OPs than NK-92MI. This is similar to the inhibition of NK activity induced by DDVP, in which NK-92CI was more easily inhibited by DDVP than NK-92MI. Taken together, these findings suggest that OP-induced inhibition of NK activity may be at least partially mediated by OP-induced apoptosis in NK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Tokyo, Japan.
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Conlon JM, Sonnevend A, Patel M, Camasamudram V, Nowotny N, Zilahi E, Iwamuro S, Nielsen PF, Pál T. A melittin-related peptide from the skin of the Japanese frog, Rana tagoi, with antimicrobial and cytolytic properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 306:496-500. [PMID: 12804591 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two peptides with antimicrobial and cytolytic properties were purified from an extract of the skin of Tago's brown frog Rana tagoi. The primary structure of one peptide (FLPILGKLLS(10)GIL.NH(2)) identifies it as a member of the temporin family, whereas the second peptide (AIGSILGALA(10)KGLPTLISWI(20)KNR.NH(2)) displays 78% sequence identity to melittin from the venom of the honeybee Apis florea. Compared with melittin, the melittin-related peptide (MRP) was equipotent in inhibiting the growth of the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, 5-fold less potent against the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and against the fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. MRP was 13-fold less hemolytic than melittin against human erythrocytes and 4- and 5-fold less cytolytic against mouse EL4 T-lymphoma-derived cells and L929 fibroblasts, respectively. However, at non-cytotoxic concentrations (<or=8 microM), MRP did not protect HeLa cells from cell death produced by human rhinovirus type 2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Conlon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates.
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