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Zayats R, Mou Z, Yazdanpanah A, Gupta G, Lopez P, Nayar D, Koh WH, Uzonna JE, Murooka TT. Antigen recognition reinforces regulatory T cell mediated Leishmania major persistence. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8449. [PMID: 38114497 PMCID: PMC10730873 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous Leishmania major infection elicits a rapid T cell response that is insufficient to clear residually infected cells, possibly due to the accumulation of regulatory T cells in healed skin. Here, we used Leishmania-specific TCR transgenic mice as a sensitive tool to characterize parasite-specific effector and immunosuppressive responses in vivo using two-photon microscopy. We show that Leishmania-specific Tregs displayed higher suppressive activity compared to polyclonal Tregs, that was mediated through IL-10 and not through disrupting cell-cell contacts or antigen presentation. In vivo expansion of endogenous Leishmania-specific Tregs resulted in disease reactivation that was also IL-10 dependent. Interestingly, lack of Treg expansion that recognized the immunodominant Leishmania peptide PEPCK was sufficient to restore robust effector Th1 responses and resulted in parasite control exclusively in male hosts. Our data suggest a stochastic model of Leishmania major persistence in skin, where cellular factors that control parasite numbers are counterbalanced by Leishmania-specific Tregs that facilitate parasite persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaniya Zayats
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Zhirong Mou
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Atta Yazdanpanah
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Paul Lopez
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Deesha Nayar
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Wan H Koh
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Thomas T Murooka
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Ozlem-Caliskan S, Ertabaklar H, Bilgin MD, Ertug S. Evaluation of photodynamic therapy against Leishmania tropica promastigotes using different photosensitizers. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2022; 38:354-364. [PMID: 34897808 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy is a two-step procedure, involving the use of photosensitizing agents followed by selective illumination of the target lesion with visible light. Photodynamic therapy has been described recently as a promising strategy for treatment of leishmaniasis. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro phototoxic, morphological, and apoptotic effect of methylene blue, toluidine blue, chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine, and pheophorbide a-mediated photodynamic therapy on the viability of Leishmania tropica promastigotes. METHODS Parasites were treated with methylene blue, toluidine blue, chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine, and pheophorbide a or/and methylene blue, toluidine blue, chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine, and pheophorbide a-mediated photodynamic therapy, and cell proliferation, morphological changes, and apoptosis were evaluated by XTT, giemsa staining, DAPI staining, and DNA fragmentation, respectively. RESULTS Parasite viability was significantly different in between the groups treated with methylene blue, toluidine blue, and pheophorbide a, with or without irradiation. chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine treatment did not lead to any alterations in cell viability in Leishmania tropica promastigotes with or without irradiation. DAPI staining results indicated that apoptotic bodies and nucleus fragmentation started to be visible in methylene blue, chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine, and pheophorbide a-mediated photodynamic therapy groups. DNA ladder pattern which is used to define apoptosis was observed in irradiated methylene blue, chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine, and pheophorbide a groups. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed that apoptosis-induced cell death was observed in Leishmania tropica promastigotes after the application of photosensitizers in combination with light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sercin Ozlem-Caliskan
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Hatice Ertabaklar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Dincer Bilgin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Sema Ertug
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
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Towards effective cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment with light-based technologies. A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 221:112236. [PMID: 34090038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected disease that represents a serious global public health concern. We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis targeting the use of light-based therapies on CL in preclinical studies since they are essential to identify the benefits, challenges, and limitations of proposing new technologies to fight CL. We searched Pubmed and Web of Science to include original preclinical researches in English that used light-based technologies to fight CL. Inclusion criteria encompassed any animal model for CL induction, an untreated infected group as the comparator, reliable and consistent methodology to develop and treat CL, focus on an antimicrobial therapeutic approach, and data for lesion size and/or parasite load in the infection site. We identified eight eligible articles, and all of them used photodynamic therapy (PDT). For the meta-analysis, three studies were included regarding the parasite load in the infection site and four comprised the lesion size. No overall statistically significant differences were observed between untreated control and PDT groups for parasite load. Differently, PDT significantly reduced the lesion size regardless of the protocol used to treat CL (in mm, SMD: -1.90; 95% CI: -3.74 to -0.07, p = 0.04). This finding is particularly encouraging since CL promotes disfiguring lesions that profoundly affect the quality of life of patients. We conclude that PDT is a new promising technology able to be topically used against CL if applied in more than one session, making it a promising ally for the management of CL.
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Escobar P, Vera AM, Neira LF, Velásquez AO, Carreño H. Photodynamic therapy using ultradeformable liposomes loaded with chlorine aluminum phthalocyanine against L. (V.) braziliensis experimental models. Exp Parasitol 2018; 194:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pinto JG, Fontana LC, de Oliveira MA, Kurachi C, Raniero LJ, Ferreira-Strixino J. In vitro evaluation of photodynamic therapy using curcumin on Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:883-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Taheri T, Saberi Nik H, Seyed N, Doustdari F, Etemadzadeh MH, Torkashvand F, Rafati S. Generation of stable L. major(+EGFP-LUC) and simultaneous comparison between EGFP and luciferase sensitivity. Exp Parasitol 2015; 150:44-55. [PMID: 25637784 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Because of the lack of an accurate and sensitive tool to evaluate the parasitemia level, treatment or prevention of leishmaniasis remains an important challenge worldwide. To monitor and track leishmanial infection by two parameters in real time, we generated stably transgenic Leishmania that express a bi-reporter protein as fused EGFP and firefly luciferase. Using two reporter genes (egfp-luc) simultaneously increases the experimental sensitivity for detection/diagnosis, and in vitro quantification of parasites as well as real-time infection in mice. Through different specific tools, EGFP and LUC signals from the parasite were detectable and measurable within a mammalian host and promastigotes. Here, the LUC protein provided a higher level of sensitivity than did EGFP, so that infection was detectable at an earlier stage of the disease in the footpad (injection site) and lymph nodes by bioluminescence. These results depicted that: (1) both quantitative reporter genes, EGFP and LUC, could be simultaneously used to detect parasitemia in vitro and in vivo and (2) sensitivity of firefly luciferase was 10-fold higher than that of EGFP in promastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Taheri
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hana Saberi Nik
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Seyed
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Doustdari
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Torkashvand
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Rafati
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Calvo-Álvarez E, Álvarez-Velilla R, Fernández-Prada C, Balaña-Fouce R, Reguera RM. Trypanosomatids see the light: recent advances in bioimaging research. Drug Discov Today 2014; 20:114-21. [PMID: 25256779 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of genetically engineered pathogens that express fluorescent or luminescent proteins represents a huge stride forward in the understanding of trypanosomatid-borne tropical diseases. Nowadays, such modified microorganisms are being used to screen thousands of compounds under a target-free (phenotypic) approach. In addition, experimental infections with transgenic parasites drastically reduce the number of animals required for preclinical studies, because no animal needs to be put down to assess its parasite load. Finally, the use of fluorescent parasites is contributing to unraveling genetic exchange events between trypanosomatid strains. This phenomenon is important for understanding the mechanism by which traits such as virulence, tissue tropism, and drug resistance are transferred, as well as the emergence of novel strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Calvo-Álvarez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Raquel Álvarez-Velilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Christopher Fernández-Prada
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of the CHUL of Québec and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Rosa M Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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Calvo-Álvarez E, Guerrero NA, Álvarez-Velilla R, Prada CF, Requena JM, Punzón C, Llamas MÁ, Arévalo FJ, Rivas L, Fresno M, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Balaña-Fouce R, Reguera RM. Appraisal of a Leishmania major strain stably expressing mCherry fluorescent protein for both in vitro and in vivo studies of potential drugs and vaccine against cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1927. [PMID: 23209866 PMCID: PMC3510153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious zoonotic disease. It is produced by a digenetic parasite, which resides in the phagolysosomal compartment of different mammalian macrophage populations. There is an urgent need to develop new therapies (drugs) against this neglected disease that hits developing countries. The main goal of this work is to establish an easier and cheaper tool of choice for real-time monitoring of the establishment and progression of this pathology either in BALB/c mice or in vitro assays. To validate this new technique we vaccinated mice with an attenuated Δhsp70-II strain of Leishmania to assess protection against this disease. METHODOLOGY We engineered a transgenic L. major strain expressing the mCherry red-fluorescent protein for real-time monitoring of the parasitic load. This is achieved via measurement of fluorescence emission, allowing a weekly record of the footpads over eight weeks after the inoculation of BALB/c mice. RESULTS In vitro results show a linear correlation between the number of parasites and fluorescence emission over a range of four logs. The minimum number of parasites (amastigote isolated from lesion) detected by their fluorescent phenotype was 10,000. The effect of antileishmanial drugs against mCherry+L. major infecting peritoneal macrophages were evaluated by direct assay of fluorescence emission, with IC(50) values of 0.12, 0.56 and 9.20 µM for amphotericin B, miltefosine and paromomycin, respectively. An experimental vaccination trial based on the protection conferred by an attenuated Δhsp70-II mutant of Leishmania was used to validate the suitability of this technique in vivo. CONCLUSIONS A Leishmania major strain expressing mCherry red-fluorescent protein enables the monitoring of parasitic load via measurement of fluorescence emission. This approach allows a simpler, faster, non-invasive and cost-effective technique to assess the clinical progression of the infection after drug or vaccine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nestor Adrian Guerrero
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Jose María Requena
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Luis Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Diomune, Parque Cientifico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Rosa M. Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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JG P, CP S, J M. Assessment of Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis promastigote viability after photodynamic treatment with aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (AlPcS4). J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1678-91992011000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pinto JG
- Vale do Paraíba University, Brazil
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