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Gupta D, Hossain KMZ, Roe M, Smith EF, Ahmed I, Sottile V, Grant DM. Long-Term Culture of Stem Cells on Phosphate-Based Glass Microspheres: Synergistic Role of Chemical Formulation and 3D Architecture. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5987-6004. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanak Gupta
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Kazi M. Zakir Hossain
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martin Roe
- Nanoscale & Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Emily F. Smith
- Nanoscale & Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - David M. Grant
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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2
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Oosterbeek RN, Margaronis KI, Zhang XC, Best SM, Cameron RE. Non-linear dissolution mechanisms of sodium calcium phosphate glasses as a function of pH in various aqueous media. Ann Ital Chir 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Gao X, Chen M, Yang X, Harper L, Ahmed I, Lu J. Simulating damage onset and evolution in fully bio-resorbable composite under three-point bending. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 81:72-82. [PMID: 29500980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a strain-based damage model to predict the stress-strain relationship and investigate the damage onset and evolution of the fibre and matrix of a fully bio-resorbable phosphate glass fibre reinforced composite under three-point bending. The flexural properties of the composite are crucial, particularly when it is employed as implant for long bone fracture. In the model, the 3D case of the strain and stress was used and the response of the undamaged material was assumed to be linearly elastic. The onset of damage was indicated by two damage variables for the fibre and matrix, respectively. The damage evolution law was based on the damage variable and the facture energy of the fibre and matrix, individually. A finite element (FE) model was created to implement the constitutive model and conduct numerical tests. An auto-adaptive algorithm is integrated in the FE model to improve the convergence. The FE model was capable of predicting the flexural modulus with around 3% relative error, and the flexural strength within 2% relative error in comparison with the experimental data. The numerical indices showed that the top surface of the sample was the most vulnerable under three-point bending. It was also found that the damage initiated in the fibre, was the primary driver for composite failure under three-point bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gao
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 315100, China
| | - Menghao Chen
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 315100, China
| | - Lee Harper
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jiawa Lu
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 315100, China.
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4
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Colquhoun R, Gadegaard N, Healy DM, Tanner KE. Characterisation of CorGlaes(®) Pure 107 fibres for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:149. [PMID: 27582069 PMCID: PMC5007269 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A degradable ultraphosphate (55 mol % P2O5) quinternary phosphate glass composition has been characterised in terms of its chemical, mechanical and degradation properties both as a bulk material and after drawing into fibres. This glass formulation displayed a large processing window simplifying fibre drawing. The fibres displayed stiffness and strength of 65.5 ± 20.8 GPa and 426±143 MPa. While amorphous discs of the glass displayed a linear dissolution rate of 0.004 mg cm(-2) h(-1) at 37 °C, in a static solution with a reduction in media pH. Once drawn into fibres, the dissolution process dropped the pH to <2 in distilled water, phosphate buffer saline and corrected-simulated body fluid, displaying an autocatalytic effect with >90 % mass loss in 4 days, about seven times faster than anticipated for this solution rate. Only cell culture media was able to buffer the pH taking over a week for full fibre dissolution, however, still four times faster dissolution rate than as a bulk material. However, at early times the development of a HCA layer was seen indicating potential bioactivity. Thus, although initial analysis indicated potential orthopaedic implant applications, autocatalysis leads to accelerating degradation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Colquhoun
- Biomedical Engineering Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Present address: Scottish Enterprise, Glasgow, G2 8LU, UK
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- Biomedical Engineering Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David M Healy
- Giltech Ltd, 12 North Harbour St, Ayr, KA8 8BN, UK
- Present address: IDP Services Ltd., Ayr, KA7 4EG, UK
| | - K Elizabeth Tanner
- Biomedical Engineering Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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5
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Bassett DC, Meszaros R, Orzol D, Woy M, Zhang YL, Tiedemann K, Wondraczek L, Komarova S, Barralet JE. A new class of bioactive glasses: calcium-magnesium sulfophosphates. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:2842-8. [PMID: 24115563 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Low-melting ionic sulfophosphate glasses from the system P2O5-SO4-MO-Na2O (M = Zn(2+), Ca(2+) or Mg(2+)) have been previously shown by us to allow tuneable aqueous dissolution and also enable processing temperatures well below 400°C. Sulfate ions are extremely safe for use in the body as decades of use of calcium sulfate bone grafts testifies and there is no known limit on their adult oral toxicity. This glass system therefore offers great potential for use as biomaterials, especially in organic-inorganic hybrid systems such as glass-polymer composites for tissue engineering or drug encapsulation and delivery applications. A compositional region was identified where stable sulfophosphates of the type P2O5-SO4-(Ca, Mg, Zn)O-Na2O can be fabricated. For these glasses, the viscosity-temperature-dependence, glass transformation temperatures (Tg ) and the onset of crystallization were evaluated as the primary processing parameters. As a first step in exploring their potential as a biomaterial, in this study we examine the bioactivity of several compositions of these glasses using fibroblast, monocyte, and osteoclast cell culture models to determine cellular responses in terms of attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bassett
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, H3A 2B2 Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Zhang J, Zhu Y, Li J, Zhu M, Tao C, Hanagata N. Preparation and characterization of multifunctional magnetic mesoporous calcium silicate materials. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2013; 14:055009. [PMID: 27877616 PMCID: PMC5090379 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/14/5/055009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have prepared multifunctional magnetic mesoporous Fe-CaSiO3 materials using triblock copolymer (P123) as a structure-directing agent. The effects of Fe substitution on the mesoporous structure, in vitro bioactivity, magnetic heating ability and drug delivery property of mesoporous CaSiO3 materials were investigated. Mesoporous Fe-CaSiO3 materials had similar mesoporous channels (5-6 nm) with different Fe substitution. When 5 and 10% Fe were substituted for Ca in mesoporous CaSiO3 materials, mesoporous Fe-CaSiO3 materials still showed good apatite-formation ability and had no cytotoxic effect on osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells evaluated by the elution cell culture assay. On the other hand, mesoporous Fe-CaSiO3 materials could generate heat to raise the temperature of the surrounding environment in an alternating magnetic field due to their superparamagnetic property. When we use gentamicin (GS) as a model drug, mesoporous Fe-CaSiO3 materials release GS in a sustained manner. Therefore, magnetic mesoporous Fe-CaSiO3 materials would be a promising multifunctional platform with bone regeneration, local drug delivery and magnetic hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufang Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuilian Tao
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nobutaka Hanagata
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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Zhu Y, Shang F, Li B, Dong Y, Liu Y, Lohe MR, Hanagata N, Kaskel S. Magnetic mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds: preparation, physicochemistry and biological properties. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:1279-1288. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tb00262k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Felfel RM, Ahmed I, Parsons AJ, Rudd CD. Bioresorbable composite screws manufactured via forging process: pull-out, shear, flexural and degradation characteristics. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2012; 18:108-22. [PMID: 23262309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bioresorbable screws have the potential to overcome some of the complications associated with metallic screws currently in use. Removal of metallic screws after bone has healed is a serious issue which can lead to refracture due to the presence of screw holes. Poly lactic acid (PLA), fully 40 mol% P(2)O(5) containing phosphate unidirectional (P40UD) and a mixture of UD and short chopped strand random fibre mats (P40 70%UD/30%RM) composite screws were prepared via forging composite bars. Water uptake and mass loss for the composite screws manufactured increased significantly to ∼1.25% (P=0.0002) and ∼1.1% (P<0.0001), respectively, after 42 days of immersion in PBS at 37 °C. The initial maximum flexural load for P40 UD/RM and P40 UD composite screws was ∼60% (P=0.0047) and ∼100% (P=0.0037) higher than for the PLA screws (∼190 N), whilst the shear load was slightly higher in comparison to PLA (∼2.2 kN). The initial pull-out strengths for the P40 UD/RM and PLA screws were similar whereas that for P40 UD screws was ∼75% higher (P=0.022). Mechanical properties for the composite screws decreased initially after 3 days of immersion and this reduction was ascribed to the degradation of the fibre/matrix interface. After 3 days interval the mechanical properties (flexural, shear and pull-out) maintained their integrity for the duration of the study (at 42 days). This property retention was attributed to the chemical durability of the fibres used and stability of the matrix properties during the degradation process. It was also deemed necessary to enhance the fibre/matrix interface via use of a coupling agent in order to maintain the initial mechanical properties acquired for the required period of time. Lastly, it is also suggested that the degrading reinforcement fibres may have the potential to buffer any acidic products released from the PLA matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Felfel
- Faculty of Engineering, Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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Hasan MS, Ahmed I, Parsons AJ, Walker GS, Scotchford CA. Material characterisation and cytocompatibility assessment of quinternary phosphate glasses. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:2531-2541. [PMID: 22760401 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Six phosphate glass formulations (in the system P(2)O(5)-CaO-MgO-Na(2)O-Fe(2)O(3)) were produced with fixed magnesium and calcium content at 24 and 16 mol%, respectively. P(2)O(5) and Fe(2)O(3) were varied between 40-50 and 0-4 mol% respectively, with the balance being Na(2)O. EDX analyses confirmed the final composition of the glasses investigated to within a 1-2 % error margin. Thermal analyses showed a linear increase in T(g) with increasing Fe(2)O(3) and P(2)O(5) contents, with Fe(2)O(3) showing a greater effect than P(2)O(5). This was proposed to be due to the formation of Fe-O-P bonds and an increase in the cross-link density of the glass network enhancing the durability of the glass. The glasses that were investigated revealed a decrease in degradation rate with increasing Fe(2)O(3) and P(2)O(5) contents and again the effect of Fe(2)O(3) was greater. All the above characteristics correlated well with structural changes measured by IR and XPS analyses. Cytocompatibility studies showed good cellular (MG63) response to the glasses up to 168 h in terms of cell viability, proliferation and differentiation. Statistical analysis revealed that all the formulations with the exception of P50Fe4 gave a comparable response to the control (TCP), which suggested that after a threshold level of glass durability is achieved the degradation rate has no or minimal effect on biocompatibility. However, it was seen that the glass chemistry can also affect cellular response, since increasing the P(2)O(5) content promoted phenotypic expression that was not related to degradation rate but to the degradation products. This was supported using an elution assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Hasan
- Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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10
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Kiani A, Lakhkar NJ, Salih V, Smith ME, Hanna JV, Newport RJ, Pickup DM, Knowles JC. Titanium-containing bioactive phosphate glasses. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2012; 370:1352-1375. [PMID: 22349246 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of biomaterials has revolutionized the biomedical field and has received substantial attention in the last two decades. Among the various types of biomaterials, phosphate glasses have generated great interest on account of their remarkable bioactivity and favourable physical properties for various biomedical applications relating to both hard and soft tissue regeneration. This review paper focuses mainly on the development of titanium-containing phosphate-based glasses and presents an overview of the structural and physical properties. The effect of titanium incorporation on the glassy network is to introduce favourable properties. The biocompatibility of these glasses is described along with recent developments in processing methodologies, and the potential of Ti-containing phosphate-based glasses as a bone substitute material is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kiani
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, University College London Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
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11
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Wu C, Fan W, Zhu Y, Gelinsky M, Chang J, Cuniberti G, Albrecht V, Friis T, Xiao Y. Multifunctional magnetic mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds with a hierarchical pore structure. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:3563-72. [PMID: 21745610 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthermia and local drug delivery have been proposed as potential therapeutic approaches for bone defects resulting from malignant bone tumors. The development of bioactive materials with magnetic and drug delivery properties may potentially meet this target. The aim of this study was to develop a multifunctional mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) scaffold system for both hyperthermic and local drug delivery applications. To this end iron (Fe)-containing MBG (Fe-MBG) scaffolds with a hierarchical large pores structure (300-500 μm) and fingerprint-like mesopores (4.5 nm) have been prepared. The effects of Fe on the mesopore structure and physiochemical, magnetic, drug delivery and biological properties of MBG scaffolds have been systematically investigated. The results show that the morphology of the mesopores varied from straight channels to curved fingerprint-like channels after incorporation of Fe into MBG scaffolds. The magnetism of MBG scaffolds can be tailored by controlling the Fe content. Furthermore, the incorporation of Fe into mesoporous MBG glass scaffolds enhanced the mitochondrial activity and the expression of bone-related genes (ALP and OCN) in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) attached to the scaffolds. The Fe-MBG scaffolds obtained also possessed high specific surface areas and demonstrated sustained drug delivery. Thus Fe-MBG scaffolds are magnetic, degradable and bioactive. The multifunctionality of Fe-MBG scaffolds suggests that there is great potential for their use in the treatment and regeneration of large-bone defects caused by malignant bone tumors through a combination of hyperthermia, local drug delivery and osteoconductivity.
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Ahmed I, Jones IA, Parsons AJ, Bernard J, Farmer J, Scotchford CA, Walker GS, Rudd CD. Composites for bone repair: phosphate glass fibre reinforced PLA with varying fibre architecture. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:1825-1834. [PMID: 21671001 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Internal fixation for bone fractures with rigid metallic plates, screws and pins is a proven operative technique. However, refracture's have been observed after rigid internal fixation with metal plates and plate fixation has been known to cause localised osteopenia under and near the plate. In the present study, resorbable composites comprising a PLA matrix reinforced with iron doped phosphate glass fibres were investigated. Non-woven random mat laminates of approximately 30% and 45% fibre volume fraction (V(f)) were produced, along with unidirectional and 0°-90° samples of approximately 20% V(f). The non-woven composite laminates achieved maximum values of 10 GPa modulus and 120 MPa strength. The 0-90º samples showed unexpectedly low strengths close to matrix value (~50 MPa) although with a modulus of 7 GPa. The UD specimens exhibited values of 130 MPa and 11.5 GPa for strength and modulus respectively. All the modulus values observed were close to that expected from the rule of mixtures. Samples immersed in deionised water at 37°C revealed rapid mechanical property loss, more so for the UD and 0-90º samples. It was suggested that continuous fibres wicked the degradation media into the composite plates which sped up the deterioration of the fibre-matrix interface. The effect was less pronounced in the non-woven random mat laminates due to the discontinuous arrangement of fibres within the composite, making it less prone to wicking. Random mat composites revealed a higher mass loss than the UD and 0°-90° specimens, it was suggested this was due to the higher fibre volume fractions of these composites and SEM studies revealed voidage around the fibres by day 3. Studies of pH of the degradation media showed similar profiles for all the composites investigated. An initial decrease in pH was attributed to the release of phosphate ions into solution followed by a gradual return back to neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ahmed
- Faculty of Engineering, Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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13
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Felfel RM, Ahmed I, Parsons AJ, Walker GS, Rudd CD. In vitro degradation, flexural, compressive and shear properties of fully bioresorbable composite rods. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 4:1462-72. [PMID: 21783156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have investigated self-reinforced polylactic acid (SR-PLA) and polyglycolic acid (SR-PGA) rods which could be used as intramedullary (IM) fixation devices to align and stabilise bone fractures. This study investigated totally bioresorbable composite rods manufactured via compression moulding at ~100 °C using phosphate glass fibres (of composition 50P(2)O(5)-40CaO-5Na(2)O-5Fe(2)O(3) in mol%) to reinforce PLA with an approximate fibre volume fraction (v(f)) of 30%. Different fibre architectures (random and unidirectional) were investigated and pure PLA rods were used as control samples. The degradation profiles and retention of mechanical properties were investigated and PBS was selected as the degradation medium. Unidirectional (P50 UD) composite rods had 50% higher initial flexural strength as compared to PLA and 60% higher in comparison to the random mat (P50 RM) composite rods. Similar initial profiles for flexural modulus were also seen comparing the P50 UD and P50 RM rods. Higher shear strength properties were seen for P50 UD in comparison to P50 RM and PLA rods. However, shear stiffness values decreased rapidly (after a week) whereas the PLA remained approximately constant. For the compressive strength studies, P50 RM and PLA rods remained approximately constant, whilst for the P50 UD rods a significantly higher initial value was obtained, which decreased rapidly after 3 days immersion in PBS. However, the mechanical properties decreased after immersion in PBS as a result of the plasticisation effect of water within the composite and degradation of the fibres. The fibres within the random and unidirectional composite rods (P50 RM and P50 UD) degraded leaving behind microtubes as seen from the SEM micrographs (after 28 days degradation) which in turn created a porous structure within the rods. This was the main reason attributed for the increase seen in mass loss and water uptake for the composite rods (~17% and ~16%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Felfel
- Faculty of Engineering, Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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Parsons AJ, Ahmed I, Rudd CD, Cuello GJ, Pellegrini E, Richard D, Johnson MR. Neutron scattering and ab initio molecular dynamics study of cross-linking in biomedical phosphate glasses. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:485403. [PMID: 21406745 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/48/485403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Details of the microscopic structure of phosphate glasses destined for biomedical applications, which include sodium, magnesium and calcium cations, have been obtained from the static structure factor measured by means of neutron scattering. A complementary, molecular dynamics study has been performed on a range of phosphate glasses using density functional theory methods, which allow structural fluctuations, including bond breaking, in the liquid phase before quenching to the glass phase. Good agreement between experiment and simulation allows the molecular dynamics trajectories to be analysed in detail. In particular, attention is focused on the cross-linking of divalent cations in contrast with the structural aspects associated with monovalent cations. Magnesium cations are found equidistant and bridging between the phosphorus atoms of different phosphate chains, leading to a shorter phosphorus-phosphorus second neighbour distance (that is, a more compact packing of neighbouring phosphate chains) compared to the effect of sodium cations. Calcium cations show behaviour intermediate between those of magnesium and sodium. Molecular dynamics simulations give access to the cation mobility, which is lowest for magnesium, reflecting its structural, cross-linking role.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Parsons
- Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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15
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Felfel RM, Ahmed I, Parsons AJ, Haque P, Walker GS, Rudd CD. Investigation of Crystallinity, Molecular Weight Change, and Mechanical Properties of PLA/PBG Bioresorbable Composites as Bone Fracture Fixation Plates. J Biomater Appl 2010; 26:765-89. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328210384532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, bioresorbable phosphate-based glass (PBG) fibers were used to reinforce poly(lactic acid) (PLA). PLA/PBG random mat (RM) and unidirectional (UD) composites were prepared via laminate stacking and compression molding with fiber volume fractions between 14% and 18%, respectively. The percentage of water uptake and mass change for UD composites were higher than the RM composites and unreinforced PLA. The crystallinity of the unreinforced PLA and composites increased during the first few weeks and then a plateau was seen. XRD analysis detected a crystalline peak at 16.6° in the unreinforced PLA sample after 42 days of immersion in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at 37°C. The initial flexural strength of RM and UD composites was ∼106 and ∼115 MPa, whilst the modulus was ∼6.7 and ∼9 GPa, respectively. After 95 days immersion in PBS at 37°C, the strength decreased to 48 and 52 MPa, respectively as a result of fiber–matrix interface degradation. There was no significant change in flexural modulus for the UD composites, whilst the RM composites saw a decrease of ∼45%. The molecular weight of PLA alone, RM, and UD composites decreased linearly with time during degradation due to chain scission of the matrix. Short fiber pull-out was seen from SEM micrographs for both RM and UD composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda M. Felfel
- Faculty of Engineering, Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Faculty of Science, Physics Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Faculty of Engineering, Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andrew J. Parsons
- Faculty of Engineering, Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Papia Haque
- Faculty of Engineering, Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Gavin S. Walker
- Faculty of Engineering, Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Chris D. Rudd
- Faculty of Engineering, Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Scotchford CA, Shataheri M, Chen PS, Evans M, Parsons AJ, Aitchison GA, Efeoglu C, Burke JL, Vikram A, Fisher SE, Rudd CD. Repair of calvarial defects in rats by prefabricated, degradable, long fibre composite implants. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 96:230-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Khan RA, Parsons AJ, Jones IA, Walker GS, Rudd CD. Surface treatment of phosphate glass fibers using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate: Fabrication of poly(caprolactone)-based composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Investigation of the spreading and adhesion of human osteosarcoma cells on smooth and micro-grooved polydimethylsiloxane surfaces. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Brauer DS, Rüssel C, Vogt S, Weisser J, Schnabelrauch M. Degradable phosphate glass fiber reinforced polymer matrices: mechanical properties and cell response. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:121-7. [PMID: 17587147 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of biodegradable materials for internal fracture fixation is of great interest, as they would both eliminate the problem of stress shielding and obviate the need for a second operation to remove fixation devices. Preliminary investigations for the production of degradable fiber reinforced polymer composite materials are detailed. Composites were produced of phosphate invert glass fibers of the glass system P(2)O(5)-CaO-MgO-Na(2)O-TiO(2), which showed a low solubility in previous work. The fibers were embedded into a matrix of a degradable organic polymer network based on methacrylate-modified oligolactide. Fracture behavior, bending strength and elastic modulus were evaluated during 3-point bending tests and the fracture surface of the composites was investigated using a scanning electron microscope. Short-term biocompatibility was tested in an FDA/EtBr viability assay using MC3T3-E1 murine pre-osteoblast cells and showed a good cell compatibility of the composite materials. Results suggested that these composite materials are biocompatible and show mechanical properties which are of interest for the production of degradable bone fixation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia S Brauer
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Abou Neel EA, Ahmed I, Blaker JJ, Bismarck A, Boccaccini AR, Lewis MP, Nazhat SN, Knowles JC. Effect of iron on the surface, degradation and ion release properties of phosphate-based glass fibres. Acta Biomater 2005; 1:553-63. [PMID: 16701835 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate-based glass fibres (PGF) have the unique characteristic of being completely soluble in an aqueous environment, releasing bioactive and biocompatible ions. They have been proposed as tissue engineering scaffolds for craniofacial skeletal muscle regeneration, where myoblasts are seeded directly onto the fibres. Studies have shown that these cells have a preference in their initial attachment to fibres of certain composition and size, which in turn control the rate of degradation. This study investigated the relationship between the surface properties, degradation properties and ion release (cationic and anionic species) by altering the chemical composition of the PGF. Iron oxide (Fe2O3) was incorporated into glasses containing P2O5 (50 mol%), CaO (30 mol%) and Na2O (20 mol%). Six glass compositions with Fe2O3 ranging from 0 to 5 mol% by replacing the equivalent Na2O mol% were investigated. Contact angle measurements showed that polar interactions occurring on the glass surfaces diminished with increasing Fe2O3 content. This behaviour was reflected in the estimated surface energies of the glasses, where the overall surface energy decreased with increasing Fe2O3 content due to the decrease in polar or acid/base component. The incorporation of up to 5 mol% Fe2O3 into PGF resulted in a significant reduction in the degradation rate (by two orders of magnitude), which can be related to the formation of more hydration resistant P-O-Fe bonds. However, the degradation rate increased with decreasing fibre diameter (comparing average diameters of 31.6 +/- 6.5 microm versus 13.1 +/- 1.3 microm) for a given mass of fibre, and this is related to the surface area to volume ratio. Taken together the results suggest that fibres with the larger diameters and containing 3-5 mol% Fe2O3 could initially be a more durable scaffold than ones with 1 or 2 mol% Fe2O3 for initial cell attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Abou Neel
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom
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