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Yamasaki K, Dantam J, Sasanuma K, Hisamura R, Mizuno Y, Hui A, Jones L. Impact of in vitro lens deposition and removal on bacterial adhesion to orthokeratology contact lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2024; 47:102104. [PMID: 38161140 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2023.102104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of several contact lens (CL) care solutions on the removal of proteins and lipids, and how deposit removal impacts bacterial adhesion and solution disinfection. METHODS Lysozyme and lipid deposition on three ortho-k (rigid) and two soft CL materials were evaluated using an ELISA kit and gas chromatography respectively. Bacterial adhesion to a fluorosilicone acrylate material using Pseudomonas aeruginosa with various compositions of artificial tear solutions (ATS), including with denatured proteins, was also investigated. The impact of deposition of the different formulations of ATS on biofilm formation was explored using cover slips. Finally, the lysozyme and lipid cleaning efficacy and disinfection efficacy against P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus of four different contact lens care solutions were studied using qualitative analysis. RESULTS While maximum lysozyme deposition was observed with the fluorosilicone acrylate material (327.25 ± 54.25 µg/lens), the highest amount of lipid deposition was recorded with a fluoro-siloxanyl styrene material (134.71 ± 19.87 µg/lens). Adhesion of P. aeruginosa to fluorosilicone acrylate lenses and biofilm formation on cover slips were significantly greater with the addition of denatured proteins and lipids. Of the four contact lens care solutions investigated, the solution based on povidone-iodine removed both denatured lysozyme and lipid deposits and could effectively disinfect against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus when contaminated with denatured proteins and lipids. In contrast, the peroxide-based solution was able to inhibit P. aeruginosa growth only, while the two multipurpose solutions were unable to disinfect lenses contaminated with denatured proteins and lipids. CONCLUSION Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation is influenced by components within artificial tear solutions depositing on lenses, including denatured proteins and lipids, which also affects disinfection. The ability of different solutions to remove these deposits should be considered when selecting systems to clean and disinfect ortho-k lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaya Dantam
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Yohei Mizuno
- Kobe Research Center, OPHTECS Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Alex Hui
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Australia.
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong
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2
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Kiani P, Soozanipour A, Rezayat A, Taheri-Kafrani A. Lysozyme-immobilized bandage contact lens inhibits the growth and biofilm formation of common eye pathogens in vitro. Exp Eye Res 2023; 234:109601. [PMID: 37488008 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Bandage contact lenses have an increased affinity to accumulate tear film proteins and bacteria during wear. Among the wide variety of tear film proteins, lysozyme has attracted the most attention for several reasons, including the fact that it is found at a high concentration in the tear film, has exceptional antibacterial and antibiofilm properties, and its significant deposits onto contact lenses. This study aims to evaluate the effect of lysozyme on bacterial biofilm formation on bandage contact lenses. For this purpose, several methods, including microtiter plate test and Colony Forming Unit (CFU) assay have been used to determine antibacterial and antibiofilm characteristics of lysozyme against the two most frequent contact lens-induced bacterial ocular infections, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results of these assays demonstrate lysozyme potential to inhibit 57.9% and 80.7% of the growth of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. In addition, biofilm formations of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus reduced by 38.3% and 62.7%, respectively due to the antibiofilm effect of lysozyme. SEM and AFM imaging were utilized to visualize lysozyme antibacterial activity and topography changes of the contact lens surface, respectively, in the presence/absence of lysozyme. The results indicated that lysozyme can efficiently attack both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and consequently lysozyme-functionalized bandage contact lenses can reduce the risk of ocular infection after eye surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Kiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Asieh Soozanipour
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Azam Rezayat
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Asghar Taheri-Kafrani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran.
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3
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Su CY, Yeh LK, Huang PH, Lin WP, Huang HF, Lai CC, Fang HW. Long-term effects of tear film component deposition on the surface and optical properties of two different orthokeratology lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101852. [PMID: 37150645 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2023.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand the effects of long-term deposition of tear film components on the surface and optical properties of orthokeratology (ortho-k) lenses, two different lenses, Brighten 22 and Optimum Extra, were tested here. METHODS Ortho-k lenses were immersed in artificial tears and cleaned with a commercial care solution repeatedly for up to 90 days. Both the daily and accumulated lysozyme deposition amounts using an Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay were then analyzed. The base curve, central thickness, power, and transmission of visible light, ultraviolet A, and ultraviolet B were analyzed before and after repeated tear film component deposition procedures. The surface roughness using atomic force microscopy was observed and an energy dispersive spectrometer was used to analyze the composition of the deposits. RESULTS The highest levels of lysozyme were adsorbed on both lens materials during the first four days of the procedure and became saturated by day 6. For both lens materials, contamination on the lenses was easily observed by day 30, and the degree of surface roughness was higher. The transmission levels of different light spectrums were reduced showing that the optical characteristics of both lenses were also affected. CONCLUSIONS The results provide in vitro evidence that lysozyme could not be completely removed from orthokeratology lenses. Both surface and optical properties were affected by the deposition of tear film components. However, only one commercial multipurpose care solution was used to clean the lens in this study when the main ingredient was a surfactant, and the results might be different when other care regimens with other key ingredients are used. In addition, whether tear film component deposition might result in increased risks of infection or corneal abrasion will require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Ying Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Kun Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, No. 5, Fuxing St., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Pin Lin
- Research and Development Center, Brighten Optix Co., 6F-1, No. 150, Sec.4, Chengde Rd., Shilin Dist., Taipei 111, Taiwan; Department of Optometry, University of Kang Ning, No. 137, Alley 75, Sec. 3, Kang Ning Road, Neihu District, Taipei 11485, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Fang Huang
- Research and Development Center, Brighten Optix Co., 6F-1, No. 150, Sec.4, Chengde Rd., Shilin Dist., Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, No. 5, Fuxing St., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wei Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.
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Mimura T. Allergic conjunctivitis in contact lens wearers: challenges and management recommendations. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2022.2067145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Mimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Chang WH, Liu PY, Lin DE, Jiang YT, Lu CJ, Hsu YHH. Dynamic Protein Adsorption-Desorption Analysis of Contact Lenses in a Three-Dimensional-Printed Eye Model. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-022-0003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Walsh K, Jones L, Moody K. Addressing common myths and misconceptions in soft contact lens practice. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 105:459-473. [PMID: 34886744 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.2003693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in contact lens technology over the past 50 years since the commercialisation of the first soft lenses in 1971 have been incredible, with significant changes in contact lens materials, frequency of replacement, care systems and lens designs occurring. However, despite the widespread availability of contact lenses, penetration rates for those who need vision correction remain in the low single digits and many practitioners seem to hold on to concepts around the potential value of contact lenses that appear based in the dim and distant past and are certainly no longer valid today. This review addresses 10 common 'myths and misconceptions' around soft contact lenses using an evidence-based approach that can hopefully dispel some of these incorrect assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Walsh
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kurt Moody
- Johnson & Johnson Vision, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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7
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Chan VWY, Phan CM, Walther H, Ngo W, Jones L. Effects of Temperature and Blinking on Contact Lens Dehydration of Contemporary Soft Lens Materials Using an In Vitro Blink Model. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:11. [PMID: 34251425 PMCID: PMC8287047 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.8.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of temperature and blinking on contact lens (CL) dehydration using an in vitro blink model. Methods Three silicone hydrogel (delefilcon A, senofilcon A, and comfilcon A) and two conventional hydrogel (etafilcon A and omafilcon A) CL materials were evaluated at 1 and 16 hours. The water content (WC) of the CLs was measured using a gravimetric method. Lenses were incubated on a blink model, internally heated to achieve a clinically relevant surface temperature of 35°C. An artificial tear solution (ATS) was delivered to the blink model at 4.5 µL/min with a blink rate of 6 blinks/min. A comparison set of lenses were incubated in a vial containing either 2 mL of ATS or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 35°C. Results Increasing temperature to 35°C resulted in a decrease in WC for all tested CLs over time (P ≤ 0.0052). For most CLs, there was no significant difference in WC over time between ATS or PBS in the vial (P > 0.05). With the vial system, WC decreased and plateaued over time. However, on the blink model, for most CLs, the WC significantly decreased after 1 hour but returned toward initial WC levels after 16 hours (P > 0.05). Conclusions The reduction in WC of CLs on the eye is likely due to both an increase in temperature and dehydration from air exposure and blinking. Translational Relevance This study showed that the novel, heated, in vitro blink model could be used to provide clinical insights into CL dehydration on the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W Y Chan
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chau-Minh Phan
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong
| | - Hendrik Walther
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Ngo
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong
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8
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Chan VWY, Phan CM, Ngo W, Jones L. Lysozyme Deposition on Contact Lenses in an In Vitro Blink-Simulation Eye Model Versus a Static Vial Deposition Model. Eye Contact Lens 2021; 47:388-393. [PMID: 33840748 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate active lysozyme deposition on daily disposable (DD) contact lenses (CL) using a novel in vitro blink model. METHODS Three conventional hydrogel DD CL materials (etafilcon A, omafilcon A, nelfilcon A) and three silicone hydrogel DD CL materials (delefilcon A, senofilcon A, somofilcon A) were tested. The device blink rate was set to 6 blinks/min with a tear flow rate of 1 μL/min using an artificial tear solution (ATS) containing lysozyme and other typical tear film components. After incubation at 2, 4, or 8 hr, lenses were removed, and lysozyme activity was measured. A separate experiment was conducted with lenses incubated in a static vial containing 480 μL of ATS. RESULTS Etafilcon A deposited significantly higher amounts of active lysozyme (402±102 μg/lens) than other lens materials after 8 hr (P<0.0001). Etafilcon A had a higher amount of active lysozyme using the blink model compared with the static vial (P=0.0435), whereas somofilcon A (P=0.0076) and senofilcon A (P=0.0019) had a higher amount of lysozyme activity in the vial compared with the blink model. CONCLUSION The blink model can be tuned to provide quantitative data that closely mimics ex vivo studies and can be used to model deposition of lysozyme on CL materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W Y Chan
- Centre for Ocular Research and Education (CORE) (V.W.Y.C., C.-M.P., W.N., L.J.), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada ; and Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR) (C.-M.P., W.N., L.J.), Hong Kong, China
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9
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Heynen M, Ng A, Martell E, Subbaraman LN, Jones L. Activity of Deposited Lysozyme on Contemporary Soft Contact Lenses Exposed to Differing Lens Care Systems. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:1727-1733. [PMID: 33935489 PMCID: PMC8079347 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s296116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The amount of protein deposition on soft contact lenses and to what extent the proteins are denatured may have an impact on comfortable wearing times of contact lenses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of two lens care systems on total protein and the quantity and activity of lysozyme deposited on worn senofilcon A, silicone hydrogel contact lenses. Participants and Methods Thirty symptomatic soft contact lens wearers were enrolled into a 4-week prospective, randomized, bilateral eye, daily-wear, crossover, double-masked study. Participants were fitted with biweekly senofilcon A lenses and were assigned either a polyquaternium-1 and myristamidopropyl dimethylamine-containing system (OPTI-FREE RepleniSH) or a peroxide-based system (CLEAR CARE). After each wear period, proteins were extracted from the lenses and analyzed for total protein, total lysozyme quantity and activity. Results The use of either the peroxide-based system or the polyquaternium-1 and myristamidopropyl dimethylamine-containing system resulted in no difference (P>0.05) to the amount of total protein deposited on the lenses (6.7 ± 2.8 micrograms/lens versus 7.3 ± 2.8 micrograms/lens, respectively) or to the amount of denatured lysozyme deposits (0.8 ± 0.7 versus 0.9 ± 0.7 micrograms/lens), respectively. The total amount of lysozyme deposited on the lenses was significantly lower when using the peroxide-based system (1.3 ± 0.9 micrograms/lens) compared to the polyquaternium-1 and myristamidopropyl dimethylamine-containing system (1.7 ± 1.0 micrograms/lens) (P=0.02). Conclusion The inactivation of lysozyme deposited on senofilcon A lenses when disinfected with the peroxide-based or the polyquaternium-1 and myristamidopropyl dimethylamine-containing systems were neither statistically nor clinically significant and the overall amounts of denatured lysozyme recovered from the lenses were low (<1 microgram/lens).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Heynen
- Centre for Ocular Research and Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan Ng
- Centre for Ocular Research and Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Martell
- Centre for Ocular Research and Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lakshman N Subbaraman
- Centre for Ocular Research and Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research and Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
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10
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CLEAR - Contact lens complications. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:330-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Drolle E, Ngo W, Leonenko Z, Subbaraman L, Jones L. Nanoscale Characteristics of Ocular Lipid Thin Films Using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:41. [PMID: 32832246 PMCID: PMC7414624 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.7.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe the use of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) to investigate the electrical surface potential of human meibum and to demonstrate successful use of this instrument on both human meibum and a meibum model system (six-lipid stock [6LS]) to elucidate nanoscale surface chemistry and self-assembly characteristics. Materials and Methods 6LS and meibum were analyzed in this study. Mica-supported thin films were created using the Langmuir-Blodgett trough. Topography and electrical surface potential were quantified using simultaneous atomic force microscopy/KPFM imaging. Results Both lipid mixtures formed thin film patches on the surface of the mica substrate, with large aggregates resting atop. The 6LS had aggregate heights ranging from 41 to 153 nm. The range in surface potential was 33.0 to 125.9 mV. The meibum thin films at P = 5 mN/m had aggregates of 170 to 459 nm in height and surface potential ranging from 15.9 to 76.1 mV, while thin films at P = 10 mN/m showed an aggregate size range of 147 to 407 nm and a surface potential range of 11.5 to 255.1 mV. Conclusions This study showed imaging of the differences in electrical surface potential of meibum via KPFM and showed similarities in nanoscale topography. 6LS was also successfully analyzed, showing the capabilities of this method for use in both in vitro and ex vivo ocular research. Translational Relevance This study describes the use of KPFM for the study of ocular surface lipids for the first time and outlines possibilities for future studies to be carried out using this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Drolle
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Ngo
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zoya Leonenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lakshman Subbaraman
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Efron N, Brennan NA, Chalmers RL, Jones L, Lau C, Morgan PB, Nichols JJ, Szczotka-Flynn LB, Willcox MD. Thirty years of 'quiet eye' with etafilcon A contact lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2020; 43:285-297. [PMID: 32278644 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Frequent replacement contact lenses made from the etafilcon A hydrogel lens material were introduced onto the market over 30 years ago, and etafilcon A remains the most widely used hydrogel lens material today. Although the prescribing of silicone hydrogel lenses is increasing, millions of lens wearers globally have been wearing hydrogel lenses for many years and exhibit a physiologically-stable 'quiet eye', with a low profile of adverse events. Hydrogel lenses are demonstrated to maintain a low inflammatory response and infection risk profile during daily wear, which in the case of etafilcon A, may be related to its low modulus, and the naturally-protective, anti-microbial, non-denatured lysozyme absorbed into the lens from the tear fluid. Although improved corneal physiology from decreased hypoxia with silicone hydrogel lenses is well accepted, equivalent levels of corneal oxygenation are maintained during daily wear of low to medium powered hydrogel lenses, which do not impede the daily corneal de-swelling process, and do not induce clinically significant changes in ocular health. Therefore, hydrogel lenses remain an important alternative for daily wear in modern contact lens practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Efron
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | | | | | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Charis Lau
- Johnson & Johnson Vision, Inc, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Philip B Morgan
- Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Jason J Nichols
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Optometry, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Loretta B Szczotka-Flynn
- University Hospitals Eye Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mark D Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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13
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Sulley A, Dumbleton K. Silicone hydrogel daily disposable benefits: The evidence. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2020; 43:298-307. [PMID: 32098715 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Daily disposable (DD) contact lenses first came to the market approximately 25 years ago and eye care professionals (ECPs) started prescribing silicone hydrogel (SiH) contact lenses, primarily for extended or continuous wear, approximately 20 years ago. It has now been over ten years since SiH DD contact lenses have been available, and while SiH materials are routinely prescribed by ECPs for reusable daily wear, hydrogel materials are still frequently selected for the DD modality of contact lens wear. This article reviews the evidence to support the benefits of both a DD modality and SiH materials and how patients' needs may be met with SiH DD contact lenses, with respect to clinical performance, health outcomes, satisfaction, compliance and convenience. Factors which may enable or constrain ECPs from prescribing SiH DD contact lenses, as opposed to hydrogel DD and reusable contact lenses, for more of their patients are discussed with the objective of providing ECPs with a greater understanding of the advantages that can be afforded by prescribing SiH DD contact lenses to both their new and existing contact lens wearers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy Dumbleton
- Clinical Research Scientist and Consultant, Berkeley, CA, USA; Associate Clinical Professor, School of Optometry, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA.
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14
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Dantam J, Subbaraman LN, Jones L. Adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Delftia acidovorans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to contact lenses under the influence of an artificial tear solution. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:32-43. [PMID: 31973583 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1710832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Corneal infection is a devastating sight-threatening complication that is associated with contact lens (CL) wear, commonly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lately, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Delftia acidovorans, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia have been associated with corneal infection. This study investigated the adhesion of these emerging pathogens to CLs, under the influence of an artificial tear solution (ATS) containing a variety of components commonly found in human tears. Two different CL materials, etafilcon A and senofilcon A, either soaked in an ATS or phosphate buffered saline, were exposed to the bacteria. Bacterial adhesion was investigated using a radio-labeling technique (total counts) and plate count method (viable counts). The findings from this study revealed that in addition to P. aeruginosa, among the emerging pathogens evaluated, A. xylosoxidans showed an increased propensity for adherence to both CL materials and S. maltophilia showed lower viability. ATS influenced the viable counts more than the total counts on CLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Dantam
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Lakshman N Subbaraman
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Phan CM, Walther H, Qiao H, Shinde R, Jones L. Development of an Eye Model With a Physiological Blink Mechanism. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:1. [PMID: 31534830 PMCID: PMC6727780 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop an eye model with a physiological blink mechanism. Methods All parts of the eye model were designed using computer-aided design software. The eyelid consisted of a unique 3D printed structure containing teeth to physically secure a flexible membrane. Both the eyeball and eyelid membrane were synthesized using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Four molecular weights of PVA (89–98, 85–124, 130, and 146–186 kDa) were tested at a range of concentrations between 5% and 30% weight/volume. The wettability and water content of these materials were compared with the bovine cornea and sclera. The model was connected to a microfluidic pump, which delivers artificial tear solution (ATS) to the eyelid. A corneal topographer was used to evaluate the tear break-up and tear film regeneration. Results The eyelid flexes and slides across the eyeball during each blink, which ensures direct contact between the two surfaces. When loaded with an ATS, this mechanism evenly spreads the solution over the eyeball to generate an artificial tear film. The artificial tear film in this eye model had a tear break-up time (TBUT) of 5.13 ± 0.09 seconds at 1.4 μL/min flow rate, 6 blinks/min, and <25% humidity. Conclusions This model simulates a physiological blink actuation and an artificial tear film layer. Future studies will examine variations in flow rates and ATS composition to simulate clinical values of TBUT. Translational Relevance The eye model could be used to study in vitro TBUT, tear deposition, and simple drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau-Min Phan
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Hendri Walther
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ha Qiao
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ra Shinde
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal Institute of Technology, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Lyndo Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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16
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The influence of protein deposition on contact lens tear film stability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 180:229-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide a review of existing literature describing complications with contemporary contact lenses and their management. It is envisioned that this will serve as a useful summary of noninfectious and infectious complications associated with contact lens wear.
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18
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Su CY, Lai CC, Yeh LK, Li KY, Shih BW, Tseng CL, Fang HW. The characteristics of a preservative-free contact lens care solution on lysozyme adsorption and interfacial friction behavior. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 171:538-543. [PMID: 30096475 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The population of soft contact lens wearers is increasing, thus the issues of feeling comfortable and contact lens-induced clinical symptoms are concerned. Both lysozyme deposition and mechanical friction among contact lens and the eye can induce discomfort and eye conditions. Therefore, we characterized our developed preservative-free contact lens care solution on lysozyme adsorption and lubrication. Two distinct lens materials were washed with the care solution after being soaked in lysozyme, as well as were rubbed against the glass in the presence of lysozyme and the care solution for measuring the friction coefficient. Our results demonstrated that the preservative-free contact lens care solution can be applied as a potential lubricant for a specific type of soft contact lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Ying Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chun Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou. No. 5, Fuxing St., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Kun Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou. No. 5, Fuxing St., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yi Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Wu Shih
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Li Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wei Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.
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19
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Boost M, Cho P, Wang Z. Disturbing the balance: effect of contact lens use on the ocular proteome and microbiome. Clin Exp Optom 2017; 100:459-472. [PMID: 28771841 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact lens wear is a popular, convenient and effective method for vision correction. In recent years, contact lens practice has expanded to include new paradigms, including orthokeratology; however, their use is not entirely without risk, as the incidence of infection has consistently been reported to be higher in contact lens wearers. The explanations for this increased susceptibility have largely focused on physical damage, especially to the cornea, due to a combination of hypoxia, mechanical trauma, deposits and solution cytotoxicity, as well as poor compliance with care routines leading to introduction of pathogens into the ocular environment. However, in recent years, with the increasing availability and reduced cost of molecular techniques, the ocular environment has received greater attention with in-depth studies of proteins and other components. Numerous proteins were found to be present in the tears and their functions and interactions indicate that the tears are far more complex than formerly presumed. In addition, the concept of a sterile or limited microbial population on the ocular surface has been challenged by analysis of the microbiome. Ocular microbiome was not considered as one of the key sites for the Human Microbiome Project, as it was thought to be limited compared to other body sites. This was proven to be fallacious, as a wide variety of micro-organisms were identified in the analyses of human tears. Thus, the ocular environment is now recognised to be more complicated and interference with this ecological balance may lead to adverse effects. The use of contact lenses clearly changes the situation at the ocular surface, which may result in consequences which disturb the balance in the healthy eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Boost
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.,Squina International Centre for Infection Control, Hong Kong
| | - Pauline Cho
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.,Squina International Centre for Infection Control, Hong Kong
| | - Zhaoran Wang
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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20
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Hackl EV, Khutoryanskiy VV, Ermolina I. Hydrogels based on copolymers of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate and 2-hydroxyethylacrylate as a delivery system for proteins: Interactions with lysozyme. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V. Hackl
- Leicester School of Pharmacy; De Montfort University; Leicester United Kingdom
| | | | - Irina Ermolina
- Leicester School of Pharmacy; De Montfort University; Leicester United Kingdom
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21
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Omali NB, Subbaraman LN, Coles-Brennan C, Fadli Z, Jones LW. Biological and Clinical Implications of Lysozyme Deposition on Soft Contact Lenses. Optom Vis Sci 2015; 92:750-7. [PMID: 26002002 PMCID: PMC5638422 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Within a few minutes of wear, contact lenses become rapidly coated with a variety of tear film components, including proteins, lipids, and mucins. Tears have a rich and complex composition, allowing a wide range of interactions and competitive processes, with the first event observed at the interface between a contact lens and tear fluid being protein adsorption. Protein adsorption on hydrogel contact lenses is a complex process involving a variety of factors relating to both the protein in question and the lens material. Among tear proteins, lysozyme is a major protein that has both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory functions. Contact lens materials that have high ionicity and high water content have an increased affinity to accumulate lysozyme during wear, when compared with other soft lens materials, notably silicone hydrogel lenses. This review provides an overview of tear film proteins, with a specific focus on lysozyme, and examines various factors that influence protein deposition on contact lenses. In addition, the impact of lysozyme deposition on various ocular physiological responses and bacterial adhesion to lenses and the interaction of lysozyme with other tear proteins are reviewed. This comprehensive review suggests that deposition of lysozyme on contact lens materials may provide a number of beneficial effects during contact lens wear.
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Elkins CM, Qi QM, Fuller GG. Corneal cell adhesion to contact lens hydrogel materials enhanced via tear film protein deposition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105512. [PMID: 25144576 PMCID: PMC4140805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tear film protein deposition on contact lens hydrogels has been well characterized from the perspective of bacterial adhesion and viability. However, the effect of protein deposition on lens interactions with the corneal epithelium remains largely unexplored. The current study employs a live cell rheometer to quantify human corneal epithelial cell adhesion to soft contact lenses fouled with the tear film protein lysozyme. PureVision balafilcon A and AirOptix lotrafilcon B lenses were soaked for five days in either phosphate buffered saline (PBS), borate buffered saline (BBS), or Sensitive Eyes Plus Saline Solution (Sensitive Eyes), either pure or in the presence of lysozyme. Treated contact lenses were then contacted to a live monolayer of corneal epithelial cells for two hours, after which the contact lens was sheared laterally. The apparent cell monolayer relaxation modulus was then used to quantify the extent of cell adhesion to the contact lens surface. For both lens types, lysozyme increased corneal cell adhesion to the contact lens, with the apparent cell monolayer relaxation modulus increasing up to an order of magnitude in the presence of protein. The magnitude of this increase depended on the identity of the soaking solution: lenses soaked in borate-buffered solutions (BBS, Sensitive Eyes) exhibited a much greater increase in cell attachment upon protein addition than those soaked in PBS. Significantly, all measurements were conducted while subjecting the cells to moderate surface pressures and shear rates, similar to those experienced by corneal cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Elkins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Qin M. Qi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Gerald G. Fuller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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