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Augustyniak M, Babczyńska A, Dziewięcka M, Flasz B, Karpeta-Kaczmarek J, Kędziorski A, Mazur B, Rozpędek K, Seyed Alian R, Skowronek M, Świerczek E, Świętek A, Tarnawska M, Wiśniewska K, Ziętara P. Does age pay off? Effects of three-generational experiments of nanodiamond exposure and withdrawal in wild and longevity-selected model animals. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135129. [PMID: 35636606 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) are considered a material with low toxicity. However, no studies describe the effects of ND withdrawal after multigenerational exposure. The aim was to evaluate ND exposure (in the 1st and 2nd generations) effects at low concentrations (0.2 or 2 mg kg-1) and withdrawal (in the 3rd generation) in the wild (H) and longevity-selected (D) model insect Acheta domesticus. We measured selected oxidative stress parameters, immunity, types of cell death, and DNA damage. Most of the results obtained in the 1st generation, e.g., catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), heat shock proteins (HSP70), defensins, or apoptosis level, confirmed no significant toxicity of low doses of NDs. Interestingly, strain-specific differences were observed. D-strain crickets reduced autophagy, the number of ROS+ cells, and DNA damage. The effect can be a symptom of mobilization of the organism and stimulation of physiological defense mechanisms in long-living organisms. The 2nd-generation D-strain insects fed ND-spiked food at higher concentrations manifested a reduction in CAT, TAC, early apoptosis, and DNA damage, together with an increase in HSP70 and defensins. ROS+ cells and cells with reduced membrane potential and autophagy did not differ significantly from the control. H-strain insects revealed a higher number of ROS+ cells and cells with reduced membrane potential, decreased CAT activity, and early apoptosis. Elimination of NDs from the diet in the 3rd generation did not cause full recovery of the measured parameters. We noticed an increase in the concentration of HSP70 and defensins (H-strain) and a decrease in apoptosis (D-strain). However, the most visible increase was a significant increase in DNA damage, especially in H-strain individuals. The results suggest prolonged adverse effects of NDs on cellular functions, reaching beyond "contact time" with these particles. Unintentional and/or uncontrolled ND pollution of the environment poses a new challenge for all organisms inhabiting it, particularly during multigenerational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augustyniak
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Babczyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marta Dziewięcka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Barbara Flasz
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Julia Karpeta-Kaczmarek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kędziorski
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Beata Mazur
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rozpędek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Reyhaneh Seyed Alian
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skowronek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Świerczek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata Świętek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Tarnawska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Klaudia Wiśniewska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Patrycja Ziętara
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
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A Biocompatible Ultrananocrystalline Diamond (UNCD) Coating for a New Generation of Dental Implants. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050782. [PMID: 35269268 PMCID: PMC8911871 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Implant therapy using osseointegratable titanium (Ti) dental implants has revolutionized clinical dental practice and has shown a high rate of success. However, because a metallic implant is in contact with body tissues and fluids in vivo, ions/particles can be released into the biological milieu as a result of corrosion or biotribocorrosion. Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) coatings possess a synergistic combination of mechanical, tribological, and chemical properties, which makes UNCD highly biocompatible. In addition, because the UNCD coating is made of carbon (C), a component of human DNA, cells, and molecules, it is potentially a highly biocompatible coating for medical implant devices. The aim of the present research was to evaluate tissue response to UNCD-coated titanium micro-implants using a murine model designed to evaluate biocompatibility. Non-coated (n = 10) and UNCD-coated (n = 10) orthodontic Ti micro-implants were placed in the hematopoietic bone marrow of the tibia of male Wistar rats. The animals were euthanized 30 days post implantation. The tibiae were resected, and ground histologic sections were obtained and stained with toluidine blue. Histologically, both groups showed lamellar bone tissue in contact with the implants (osseointegration). No inflammatory or multinucleated giant cells were observed. Histomorphometric evaluation showed no statistically significant differences in the percentage of BIC between groups (C: 53.40 ± 13% vs. UNCD: 58.82 ± 9%, p > 0.05). UNCD showed good biocompatibility properties. Although the percentage of BIC (osseointegration) was similar in UNCD-coated and control Ti micro-implants, the documented tribological properties of UNCD make it a superior implant coating material. Given the current surge in the use of nano-coatings, nanofilms, and nanostructured surfaces to enhance the biocompatibility of biomedical implants, the results of the present study contribute valuable data for the manufacture of UNCD coatings as a new generation of superior dental implants.
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Domingo MG, Kurtz M, Maglione G, Martin M, Brites F, Tasat DR, Olmedo DG. Systemic effect of
TiO
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micro‐ and nanoparticles after acute exposure in a murine model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:1563-1572. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Gisele Domingo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Anatomía Patológica Buenos Aires Argentina
- Becario de Investigación de la Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Melisa Kurtz
- CONICET Buenos Aires Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología Buenos Aires Argentina
- CONICET ‐ Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Instituto de Tecnologías Emergentes y Ciencias Aplicadas (ITECA) San Martín, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Guillermo Maglione
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología Buenos Aires Argentina
- CONICET ‐ Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Instituto de Tecnologías Emergentes y Ciencias Aplicadas (ITECA) San Martín, Buenos Aires Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Histología y Embriología Buenos Aires Argentina
| | | | - Fernando Brites
- CONICET Buenos Aires Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Laboratorio de Lípidos y Lipoproteínas Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Deborah Ruth Tasat
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología Buenos Aires Argentina
- CONICET ‐ Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Instituto de Tecnologías Emergentes y Ciencias Aplicadas (ITECA) San Martín, Buenos Aires Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Histología y Embriología Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Daniel Gustavo Olmedo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Anatomía Patológica Buenos Aires Argentina
- CONICET Buenos Aires Argentina
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Fong JSL, Booth MA, Rifai A, Fox K, Gelmi A. Diamond in the Rough: Toward Improved Materials for the Bone-Implant Interface. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100007. [PMID: 34170623 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability of an orthopedic implant to integrate successfully with the surrounding bone tissue is imperative for optimal patient outcomes. Here, the recent advances and future prospects for diamond-based coatings of conventional osteo-implant materials (primarily titanium) are explored. The ability of these diamond coatings to enhance integration into existing bone, improved implant mechanical properties, facilitate surface chemical functionalization, and provide anti-microbial properties are discussed in context of orthopedic implants. These diamond-based materials may have the additional benefit of providing an osteo-inductive effect, enabling better integration into existing bone via stem cell recruitment and bone regeneration. Current and timely research is highlighted to support the discussion and suggestions in further improving implant integration via an osseoinductive effect from the diamond composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S L Fong
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Marsilea A Booth
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Aaqil Rifai
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Kate Fox
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Amy Gelmi
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
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Kotsakis GA, Olmedo DG. Peri-implantitis is not periodontitis: Scientific discoveries shed light on microbiome-biomaterial interactions that may determine disease phenotype. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:231-240. [PMID: 33690947 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peri-implantitis is an immune-mediated biological complication that is attributed to bacterial biofilms on the implant surface. As both periodontitis and peri-implantitis have similar inflammatory phenotypes when assessed cross-sectionally, treatment protocols for peri-implantitis were modeled according to those used for periodontitis. However, lack of efficacy of antimicrobial treatments targeting periodontal pathogens coupled with recent discoveries from open-ended microbial investigation studies create a heightened need to revisit the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis compared with that of periodontitis. The tale of biofilm formation on intraoral solid surfaces begins with pellicle formation, which supports initial bacterial adhesion. The differences between implant- and tooth-bound biofilms appear as early as bacterial adhesion commences. The electrostatic forces and ionic bonding that drive initial bacterial adhesion are fundamentally different in the presence of titanium dioxide or other implant alloys vs mineralized organic hydroxyapatite, respectively. Moreover, the interaction between metal surfaces and the oral environment leads to the release of implant degradation products into the peri-implant sulcus, which exposes the microbiota to increased environmental stress and may alter immune responses to bacteria. Clinically, biofilms found in peri-implantitis are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, which are effective against periodontal communities even as monotherapies and demonstrate a composition different from that of biofilms found in periodontitis; these facts strongly suggest that a new model of peri-implant infection is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios A Kotsakis
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel G Olmedo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Anatomía Patológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina & CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Paparella ML, Domingo MG, Puia SA, Jacobi-Gresser E, Olmedo DG. Titanium dental implant-related pathologies: A retrospective histopathological study. Oral Dis 2021; 28:503-512. [PMID: 33544935 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To perform a retrospective, descriptive, histopathological study of peri-implant tissue pathologies associated with titanium dental implants (TDI), and to evaluate the presence of metallic particles in samples from a single diagnostic center. METHODS Sixty-eight cases of TDI-associated lesions were retrieved from the Surgical Pathology Laboratory archives, School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires (UBA) (1990-2018). The study included re-examining the histopathological features of the biopsy samples, analyzing the inflammatory infiltrate, and examining the samples to detect metallic particles whose chemical composition was determined spectrophotometrically (EDS). Available clinical and radiographic data were also reviewed. RESULTS The retrieved cases ranged from lesions of inflammatory origin to neoplastic lesions. Metallic particles were observed in 36 cases (52.9%), all of which showed inflammation. Particle length ranged from 2 to 85µm. EDS analysis of the particles/deposits observed in the tissues showed the presence of aluminum, titanium, iron, and nickel, among other elements. CONCLUSIONS A significant number of TDI-associated lesions, including cases not reported to date and diagnosed at a single diagnostic center, are shown here. Cases showing particles exhibited an inflammatory response, irrespective of the histopathological diagnosis. The role of metallic particles in the development of TDI-associated lesion is yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Paparella
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Anatomía Patológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Gisele Domingo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Anatomía Patológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Research Fellow of the University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Ariel Puia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Cirugía I, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Daniel Gustavo Olmedo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Anatomía Patológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Czarniewska E, Nowicki P, Kuczer M, Schroeder G. Impairment of the immune response after transcuticular introduction of the insect gonadoinhibitory and hemocytotoxic peptide Neb-colloostatin: A nanotech approach for pest control. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10330. [PMID: 31316090 PMCID: PMC6637150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46720-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article shows that nanodiamonds can transmigrate through the insect cuticle easily, and the doses used were not hemocytotoxic and did not cause inhibition of cellular and humoral immune responses in larvae, pupae and adults of Tenebrio molitor. The examination of the nanodiamond biodistribution in insect cells demonstrated the presence of nanodiamond aggregates mainly in hemocytes, where nanoparticles were efficiently collected as a result of phagocytosis. To a lesser extent, nanodiamond aggregates were also detected in fat body cells, while they were not observed in Malpighian tubule cells. We functionalized nanodiamonds with Neb-colloostatin, an insect hemocytotoxic and gonadoinhibitory peptide, and we showed that this conjugate passed through the insect cuticle into the hemolymph, where the peptide complexed with the nanodiamonds induced apoptosis of hemocytes, significantly decreased the number of hemocytes circulating in the hemolymph and inhibited cellular and humoral immune responses in all developmental stages of insects. The results indicate that it is possible to introduce a peptide that interferes with the immunity and reproduction of insects to the interior of the insect body by means of a nanocarrier. In the future, the results of these studies may contribute to the development of new pest control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Czarniewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego str. 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Patryk Nowicki
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego str. 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariola Kuczer
- Faculty of Chemistry, University in Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie str. 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Schroeder
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego str. 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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Karpeta-Kaczmarek J, Kędziorski A, Augustyniak-Jabłokow MA, Dziewięcka M, Augustyniak M. Chronic toxicity of nanodiamonds can disturb development and reproduction of Acheta domesticus L. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 166:602-609. [PMID: 29982148 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The use of nanodiamonds in numerous materials designed for industry and medicine is growing rapidly. Consequently health and environmental risks associated with the exposure of humans and other biota to nanodiamonds-based materials are of the utmost importance. Scarcity of toxicological data for these particles led us to examine the potentially deleterious effects of nanodiamonds in model insect species, Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera) chronically exposed to ND in its diet. Organism-level end-point indices (lifespan, body weight, consumption, caloric value of faeces, reproduction) revealed adverse changes in the treated crickets in comparison with the control. Preliminary studies of oxidative stress level in the offspring of ND-treated crickets suggest toxicity of these particles limited to the exposed individuals. EPR analysis showing increase of radical signal in the faeces of ND-fed crickets led us to propose novel mechanism of nanodiamonds toxicity that is discussed in the light of literature data. CAPSULE Development and reproduction of Acheta domesticus can be disturbed by the chronic exposure to nanodiamonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Karpeta-Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, PL 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Kędziorski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, PL 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Marta Dziewięcka
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, PL 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Maria Augustyniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, PL 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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Nistor PA, May PW. Diamond thin films: giving biomedical applications a new shine. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:20170382. [PMID: 28931637 PMCID: PMC5636274 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress made in the last two decades in chemical vapour deposition technology has enabled the production of inexpensive, high-quality coatings made from diamond to become a scientific and commercial reality. Two properties of diamond make it a highly desirable candidate material for biomedical applications: first, it is bioinert, meaning that there is minimal immune response when diamond is implanted into the body, and second, its electrical conductivity can be altered in a controlled manner, from insulating to near-metallic. In vitro, diamond can be used as a substrate upon which a range of biological cells can be cultured. In vivo, diamond thin films have been proposed as coatings for implants and prostheses. Here, we review a large body of data regarding the use of diamond substrates for in vitro cell culture. We also detail more recent work exploring diamond-coated implants with the main targets being bone and neural tissue. We conclude that diamond emerges as one of the major new biomaterials of the twenty-first century that could shape the way medical treatment will be performed, especially when invasive procedures are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Nistor
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - P W May
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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Tien HW, Lee CY, Lin IN, Chen YC. Long term in vivo functional stability and encapsulation reliability of using ultra-nanocrystalline diamond as an insulating coating layer for implantable microchips. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:3706-3717. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00867h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thin ultra-nanocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films were evaluated for their use as encapsulating coatings for long-term implantable microchips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Wen Tien
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Tsing-Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Republic of China
| | - Chi-Young Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Tsing-Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Republic of China
| | - I-Nan Lin
- Department of Physics
- Tamkang University
- Tamsui 251
- Republic of China
| | - Ying-Chieh Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Tsing-Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Republic of China
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