1
|
Huerta B, Chung-Davidson YW, Bussy U, Zhang Y, Bazil JN, Li W. Sea lamprey cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetics after exposure to TFM and its metabolites. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 219:105380. [PMID: 31855722 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Population control of invasive sea lamprey relies heavily on lampricide treatment of infested streams. The lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is thought to impair mitochondrial ATP production through uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. However, the effect of TFM on the entire electron transport chain (complexes I to V) in the mitochondria is not clear. In addition, TFM is reduced in phase I metabolism by sea lamprey at higher levels than in other fish species. The effects of these TFM reductive metabolites on mitochondria have not been explored. In this study, we sought to examine the effects of TFM and its reductive metabolite amino-TFM (TFMa) on cardiac mitochondrial oxygen consumption and membrane potential to delineate potential mechanisms for toxicity. To determine if molecules with similar structure also exhibit similar effects on mitochondria, we used 4-nitro-3-methylphenol (NMP) and its reductive metabolites 4-amino-3-methylphenol (NMPa) and 4-nitroso-3-methylphenol (NMPn) for comparisons. We found that mitochondrial bioenergetics was heavily affected with increasing concentrations of TFM, NMP, and NMPa when complexes I and II of the electron transport chain were examined, indicating that the toxic action of these compounds was exerted not only by uncoupling complex V, but also affecting complexes I and II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Huerta
- Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Yu-Wen Chung-Davidson
- Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Ugo Bussy
- Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Yizhu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Jason N Bazil
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moreira AC, Silva AM, Branco AF, Baldeiras I, Pereira GC, Seiça R, Santos MS, Sardão VA. Phytoestrogen coumestrol improves mitochondrial activity and decreases oxidative stress in the brain of ovariectomized Wistar-Han rats. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
3
|
Deus CM, Serafim TL, Magalhães-Novais S, Vilaça A, Moreira AC, Sardão VA, Cardoso SM, Oliveira PJ. Sirtuin 1-dependent resveratrol cytotoxicity and pro-differentiation activity on breast cancer cells. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1261-1278. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
4
|
Bernardes SS, Souza-Nogueira A, Moreira EG, Kishima MO, Guembarovski AFML, Turini TL, Turini CA. Nimesulide-induced fatal acute liver failure in an elderly woman with metastatic biliary adenocarcinoma. A case report. SAO PAULO MED J 2015; 133:371-6. [PMID: 25250798 PMCID: PMC10876349 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2013.7550003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Nimesulide is a selective inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase 2. Although considered to be a safe drug, cases of acute hepatitis and fulminant liver failure have been reported in Europe, the United States and South America, especially among elderly female patients. Until now, there had not been any reports in the literature relating to Brazilian subjects. CASE REPORT An 81-year old female who had been using nimesulide therapy for six days presented hematemesis and epistaxis two days before hospitalization. Clinical examination showed an extensive coagulation disorder, diffuse hematomas, hypotension and tachypnea. Laboratory tests revealed abnormalities in coagulation tests; leukocytosis; reduced platelet, hemoglobin and red blood cell counts; and elevated direct bilirubin, serum aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase and renal function biomarkers. Hepatitis B and C tests were not reactive. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA-19-9 and CA-125 levels were increased by, respectively, 1,000, 10,000 and 13 fold, whereas the alpha-fetoprotein level was normal, thus indicating a malignant tumor in the bile duct that did not originate from the liver. Thirty-six hours after hospitalization, the patient's condition worsened, leading to death. The necropsy findings included acute hepatitis with hepatocellular collapse, as well as metastasis of a carcinoma, probably from the bile duct. CONCLUSION Despite the carcinoma presented by the patient, nimesulide use may have contributed towards the fatal acute liver failure. Until this issue has been clarified, caution is required in prescribing nimesulide for liver disease patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santos Bernardes
- MSc. Assistant Professor, Department of General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - André Souza-Nogueira
- MSc. Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), and Poison Information Center, University Hospital, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Estefânia Gastaldello Moreira
- PhD. Adjunct Professor, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marina Okuyama Kishima
- MD. Adjunct Professor, Department of Clinical Medicine, University Hospital, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Tercilio Luiz Turini
- MD. Adjunct Professor, Department of Clinical Medicine, University Hospital, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Conceição Aparecida Turini
- MD. Adjunct Professor, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicology Analysis, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), and Poison Information Center, University Hospital, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saidi SA, Bourogâa E, Bouaziz A, Mongi S, Chaaben R, Jamoussi K, Mezghani-Jarraya R, van Pelt J, El-Feki A. Protective effects of Hammada scoparia flavonoid-enriched fraction on liver injury induced by warm ischemia/reperfusion. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:1810-1817. [PMID: 25885934 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1010737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of liver damage during liver surgery and transplantation. Plants have historically been used in treating liver damage, and Hammada scoparia (Pomel) (Chenopodiaceae) has been reported to possess a broad spectrum of pharmacological and therapeutic activities. OBJECTIVE In this study, a flavonoid-enriched fraction was used before the warm ischemia (WI) process as pharmacological preconditioning and in combination with technical postconditioning to evaluate their protective effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats were divided into five groups: a sham group; a control group (Control-IR) that was submitted to 60 min WI; a Pharmacological Preconditioning group (PreC-IR) that received flavonoid-enriched fraction (200 mg/kg body weight); a Postconditioning group (PostC) and a PreC + PostC group. RESULTS The use of the flavonoid-enriched fraction was noted to significantly (p < 0.05) reduce liver injury, as evidenced by the decrease in liver transaminase activities (AST and ALT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lipid peroxidation (TBARS), levels as well as the enhancement of antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) responses. The results also indicated that, compared with the separate application of pharmacological preconditioning and postconditioning, the combination of both treatments was more effective in reducing tissue oxidative stress levels through modulating SOD, GSH-PX, and CAT activities. Furthermore, the combined protocol further decreased the liver morphological score compared with solo treatment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Overall, the results indicate that the H. scoparia flavonoid-enriched fraction could be a promising candidate for future application as a pharmacological preconditioning agent against hepatic IRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saber Abdelkader Saidi
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Modulation of hepatic redox status and mitochondrial metabolism by exercise: Therapeutic strategy for liver diseases. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:862-70. [PMID: 23880173 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
7
|
Mitochondrial complex I dysfunction induced by cocaine and cocaine plus morphine in brain and liver mitochondria. Toxicol Lett 2013; 219:298-306. [PMID: 23542814 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function and energy metabolism are affected in brains of human cocaine abusers. Cocaine is known to induce mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac and hepatic tissues, but its effects on brain bioenergetics are less documented. Furthermore, the combination of cocaine and opioids (speedball) was also shown to induce mitochondrial dysfunction. In this work, we compared the effects of cocaine and/or morphine on the bioenergetics of isolated brain and liver mitochondria, to understand their specific effects in each tissue. Upon energization with complex I substrates, cocaine decreased state-3 respiration in brain (but not in liver) mitochondria and decreased uncoupled respiration and mitochondrial potential in both tissues, through a direct effect on complex I. Morphine presented only slight effects on brain and liver mitochondria, and the combination cocaine+morphine had similar effects to cocaine alone, except for a greater decrease in state-3 respiration. Brain and liver mitochondrial respirations were differentially affected, and liver mitochondria were more prone to proton leak caused by the drugs or their combination. This was possibly related with a different dependence on complex I in mitochondrial populations from these tissues. In summary, cocaine and cocaine+morphine induce mitochondrial complex I dysfunction in isolated brain and liver mitochondria, with specific effects in each tissue.
Collapse
|
8
|
Resveratrol affects differently rat liver and brain mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative stress in vitro: Investigation of the role of gender. Food Chem Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
9
|
Fu H, Chen H, Wang C, Xu H, Liu F, Guo M, Wang Q, Shi X. Flurbiprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, protects mice from hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting GSK-3β signaling and mitochondrial permeability transition. Mol Med 2012; 18:1128-35. [PMID: 22714712 PMCID: PMC3474435 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Flurbiprofen acts as a nonselective inhibitor for cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), but its impact on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains unclear. Mice were randomized into sham, I/R and flurbiprofen (Flurb) groups. The hepatic artery and portal vein to the left and median liver lobes were occluded for 90 min and unclamped for reperfusion to establish a model of segmental (70%) warm hepatic ischemia. Pretreatment of animals with flurbiprofen prior to I/R insult significantly decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and prevented hepatocytes from I/R-induced apoptosis/necrosis. Moreover, flurbiprofen dramatically inhibited mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore opening, and thus prevented mitochondrial-related cell death and apoptosis. Mechanistic studies revealed that flurbiprofen markedly inhibited glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β activity and increased phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9, which, consequently, could modulate the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT)-cyclophilin D (CyP-D) complex and the susceptibility to MPT induction. Therefore, administration of flurbiprofen prior to hepatic I/R ameliorates mitochondrial and hepatocellular damage through inhibition of MPT and inactivation of GSK-3β, and provides experimental evidence for clinical use of flurbiprofen to protect liver function in surgical settings in addition to its conventional use for pain relief.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Fu
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengcai Wang
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haitao Xu
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Liu
- and National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Guo
- and National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanxing Wang
- and National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyin Shi
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grattagliano I, de Bari O, Bernardo TC, Oliveira PJ, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Role of mitochondria in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease--from origin to propagation. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:610-8. [PMID: 22484459 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mitochondria play a major role in cell energy-generating processes and integrate several signalling pathways to control cellular life and death. DESIGN AND METHODS Several liver diseases are characterized by mitochondrial alterations which are directly or indirectly dependent on the activation of intracellular stress cascades or receptor-mediated pathways. This article examines the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in critical initiating or propagating events in fatty liver infiltration and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Genetic variants and the role of drug-induced toxicity have been considered. RESULTS Key alterations of mitochondrial physiology associated with hepatocyte fatty changes are described. The value of novel non-invasive diagnostic methods to detect mitochondrial metabolic alterations is also discussed. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial metabolic remodeling is a predominant factor in the appearance and perpetuation of hepatocyte fat accumulation. Non-invasive techniques to identify mitochondrial dysfunction and proper mitochondria protection are two necessary clinical steps for an efficient management of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Grattagliano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Clinica Medica A. Murri, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Amacher DE. The primary role of hepatic metabolism in idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:335-47. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.658041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
12
|
Mota PC, Cordeiro M, Pereira SP, Oliveira PJ, Moreno AJ, Ramalho-Santos J. Differential effects of p,p′-DDE on testis and liver mitochondria:Implications for reproductive toxicology. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 31:80-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
13
|
Yang M, Chordia MD, Li F, Huang T, Linden J, Macdonald TL. Neutrophil- and Myeloperoxidase-Mediated Metabolism of Reduced Nimesulide: Evidence for Bioactivation. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1691-700. [DOI: 10.1021/tx1001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Mahendra D. Chordia
- Department of Chemistry and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Fengping Li
- Department of Chemistry and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Joel Linden
- Department of Chemistry and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Timothy L. Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kale VM, Hsiao CJJ, Boelsterli UA. Nimesulide-induced electrophile stress activates Nrf2 in human hepatocytes and mice but is not sufficient to induce hepatotoxicity in Nrf2-deficient mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:967-76. [PMID: 20405857 DOI: 10.1021/tx100063z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nimesulide is a widely prescribed nitroaromatic sulfoanilide-type nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that, despite its favorable safety profile, has been associated with rare cases of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Because reactive metabolites have been implicated in DILI, we aimed at investigating whether hepatic bioactivation of nimesulide produces a protein-reactive intermediate in hepatocytes. Also, we explored whether nimesulide can activate the transcription factor Nrf2 that would protect from drug-induced hepatocyte injury. We found that [(14)C]-nimesulide covalently bound to human liver microsomes (<50 pmol/mg under standard conditions) or immortalized human hepatocytes in a sulfaphenazole-sensitive, rifampicin-inducible manner; yet the overall extent of binding was modest. Although exposure of hepatocytes to nimesulide was not associated with increased net levels of superoxide anion, nimesulide (100 microM, 24 h) caused nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in a sulfaphenazole-sensitive manner, indicating a role of electrophilic metabolites. However, knockdown of Nrf2 with siRNA did not make the cells more sensitive to nimesulide-induced cell injury. Similarly, exposure of wild-type C57BL/6x129 Sv mice to nimesulide (100 mg/kg/day, po, for 5 days) was associated with nuclear translocation of immunoreactive Nrf2 in a small number of hepatocytes and induced >2-fold the expression levels of the Nrf2-target gene Nqo1 in wild-type but not Nrf2-null mice. Nimesulide administered to Nrf2(-/-) knockout mice did not cause increases in serum ALT activity or any apparent histopathological signs of liver injury. In conclusion, these data indicate that nimesulide is bioactivated by CYP2C to a protein-reactive electrophilic intermediate that activates the Nrf2 pathway even at nontoxic exposure levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay M Kale
- University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodrigues AS, Lacerda B, Moreno AJM, Ramalho-Santos J. Proton leak modulation in testicular mitochondria affects reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:224-31. [PMID: 20235330 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial proton leak can account for almost 20% of oxygen consumption and it is generally accepted that this process contributes to basal metabolism. In order to clarify the role of basal proton leak in testicular mitochondria, we performed a comparative study with kidney and liver mitochondrial fractions. Proton leak stimulated by linoleic acid and inhibited by guanosine diphosphate (GDP) was detected, in a manner that was correlated with protein levels for uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in the three fractions. Modulation of proton leak had an effect on reactive oxygen species production as well as on lipid peroxidation, and this effect was also tissue-dependent. However, a possible role for the adenine nucleotide transporter (ANT) in testicular mitochondria proton leak could not be excluded. The modulation of proton leak appears as a possible and attractive target to control oxidative stress with implications for male gametogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Rodrigues
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Curti C. Comment on the in vitro and in vivo effects of nimesulide on liver mitochondria. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2007; 21:382-3; author reply 383. [PMID: 17994579 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|