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Vermeulen S, Knoops K, Duimel H, Parvizifard M, van Beurden D, López-Iglesias C, Giselbrecht S, Truckenmüller R, Habibović P, Tahmasebi Birgani Z. An in vitro model system based on calcium- and phosphate ion-induced hMSC spheroid mineralization. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100844. [PMID: 38033367 PMCID: PMC10682137 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A challenge in regenerative medicine is creating the three-dimensional organic and inorganic in vitro microenvironment of bone, which would allow the study of musculoskeletal disorders and the generation of building blocks for bone regeneration. This study presents a microwell-based platform for creating spheroids of human mesenchymal stromal cells, which are then mineralized using ionic calcium and phosphate supplementation. The resulting mineralized spheroids promote an osteogenic gene expression profile through the influence of the spheroids' biophysical environment and inorganic signaling and require less calcium or phosphate to achieve mineralization compared to a monolayer culture. We found that mineralized spheroids represent an in vitro model for studying small molecule perturbations and extracellular mediated calcification. Furthermore, we demonstrate that understanding pathway signaling elicited by the spheroid environment allows mimicking these pathways in traditional monolayer culture, enabling similar rapid mineralization events. In sum, this study demonstrates the rapid generation and employment of a mineralized cell model system for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Vermeulen
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kèvin Knoops
- Microscopy CORE Lab, M4I Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Duimel
- Microscopy CORE Lab, M4I Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maryam Parvizifard
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Denis van Beurden
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- Microscopy CORE Lab, M4I Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Roman Truckenmüller
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibović
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Zeinab Tahmasebi Birgani
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Urzì O, Olofsson Bagge R, Crescitelli R. The dark side of foetal bovine serum in extracellular vesicle studies. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12271. [PMID: 36214482 PMCID: PMC9549727 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/1912] [Revised: 12/12/1912] [Accepted: 12/12/1912] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to be involved in cell-cell communication and to take part in both physiological and pathological processes. Thanks to their exclusive cargo, which includes proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids from the originating cells, they are gaining interest as potential biomarkers of disease. In recent years, their appealing features have been fascinating researchers from all over the world, thus increasing the number of in vitro studies focused on EV release, content, and biological activities. Cultured cell lines are the most-used source of EVs; however, the EVs released in cell cultures are influenced by the cell culture conditions, such as the use of foetal bovine serum (FBS). FBS is the most common supplement for cell culture media, but it is also a source of contaminants, such as exogenous bovine EVs, RNA, and protein aggregates, that can contaminate the cell-derived EVs and influence their cargo composition. The presence of FBS contaminants in cell-derived EV samples is a well-known issue that limits the clinical applications of EVs, thus increasing the need for standardization. In this review, we will discuss the pros and cons of using FBS in cell cultures as a source of EVs, as well as the protocols used to remove contaminants from FBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Urzì
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineDepartment of SurgeryInstitute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of BiomedicineNeurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D)University of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Roger Olofsson Bagge
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineDepartment of SurgeryInstitute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of SurgerySahlgrenska University HospitalRegion Västra GötalandGothenburgSweden
| | - Rossella Crescitelli
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineDepartment of SurgeryInstitute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Zhang M, Cao TT, Wei ZG, Zhang YQ. Silk Sericin Hydrolysate is a Potential Candidate as a Serum-Substitute in the Culture of Chinese Hamster Ovary and Henrietta Lacks Cells. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5300249. [PMID: 30690536 PMCID: PMC6346402 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The silk sericin hydrolysate (SSH) from the waste of silk processing as a substitute of fetal bovine serum (FBS) was used for the culture of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and Henrietta Lacks (Hela) strain of human cervical cancer cells. The survival ratio of these cells cultured in SSH media were similar to or higher than those in FBS media. Especially after the serum was replaced by low concentration of SSH at 15.0 μg/ml for 5 d, the proliferation of both cells was also similar to or higher than that of FBS group; the percentages of CHO and Hela cells in S-phase were 28.9 and 28.0%, respectively. The former is nearly two times that of FBS group, the latter is also higher than the control group. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that among the differentially expressed genes, the relative expression of CXCL12 gene of CHO cells in SSH group increased, was three times that of serum group, and the relative expression of LCN2 gene of Hela cells increased 2.8 times, indicating that these related genes were activated to promote cell growth and proliferation. These results fully illustrated the hydrolysated sericin has a potential use as serum substitutes in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Silk Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Cao
- Silk Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Zheng-Guo Wei
- Silk Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- Silk Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
- Corresponding author, e-mail: (Y.-Q. Zhang)
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Chien YC, Mansouri A, Jiang W, Khan SR, Gray JJ, McKee MD. Modulation of calcium oxalate dihydrate growth by phosphorylated osteopontin peptides. J Struct Biol 2018; 204:131-144. [PMID: 30016645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a significant component of kidney stone matrix and a key modulator of stone formation. Here, we investigated the effects of different phosphorylated states of a synthesized peptide of OPN (the ASARM peptide; acidic, serine- and aspartate-rich motif) on calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals, a major mineral phase of kidney stones. In vitro, phosphorylated OPN-ASARM peptides strongly inhibited COD crystal growth in solution as compared to the nonphosphorylated state, with increasing inhibitory potency correlating with the degree of peptide phosphorylation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the inhibition from the phosphopeptides resulted in distinctive, rosette-like crystal aggregates called spherulites. The OPN-ASARM peptides preferentially bound and specifically inhibited the {1 1 0} crystallographic faces of COD, as identified by combining atomic force microscopy and computational simulation approaches. These {1 1 0} surfaces of COD have high lattice calcium occupancy (exposure), providing preferential binding sites for the highly acidic peptides; binding and inhibition by OPN-ASARM peptides at the {1 1 0} faces led to crystal aggregation and intergrowth. The crystal spherulite formations obtained in vitro when using the most phosphorylated form of OPN-ASARM peptide at a high concentration, resembled crystal morphologies observed in vivo in a rat model of urolithiasis, in which crystal deposits in the kidney contain abundant OPN as revealed by immunogold labeling. A mechanistic model for spherulite formation is proposed based on the symmetry and crystallographic structure of COD, where the phosphate groups of OPN-ASARM bind to calcium atoms at [1 1 1] step risers on the COD {1 1 0} surface, inducing the periodic emergence of new COD crystals to form spherulites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Mansouri
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wenge Jiang
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Saeed R Khan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marc D McKee
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Bhadja P, Lunagariya J, Ouyang JM. Seaweed sulphated polysaccharide as an inhibitor of calcium oxalate renal stone formation. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Liu L, Wang J, Duan S, Chen L, Xiang H, Dong Y, Wang W. Systematic evaluation of sericin protein as a substitute for fetal bovine serum in cell culture. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31516. [PMID: 27531556 PMCID: PMC4987615 DOI: 10.1038/srep31516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) shows obvious deficiencies in cell culture, such as low batch to batch consistency, adventitious biological contaminant risk, and high cost, which severely limit the development of the cell culture industry. Sericin protein derived from the silkworm cocoon has become increasingly popular due to its diverse and beneficial cell culture characteristics. However, systematic evaluation of sericin as a substitute for FBS in cell culture medium remains limited. In this study, we conducted cellular morphological, physiological, and transcriptomic evaluation on three widely used mammalian cells. Compared with cells cultured in the control, those cultured in sericin-substitute medium showed similar cellular morphology, similar or higher cellular overall survival, lower population doubling time (PDT), and a higher percentage of S-phase with similar G2/G1 ratio, indicating comparable or better cell growth and proliferation. At the transcriptomic level, differentially expressed genes between cells in the two media were mainly enriched in function and biological processes related to cell growth and proliferation, reflecting that genes were activated to facilitate cell growth and proliferation. The results of this study suggest that cells cultured in sericin-substituted medium perform as well as, or even better than, those cultured in FBS-containing medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jinhuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Shengchang Duan
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Chenggong District, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Hui Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Chenggong District, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Chenggong District, Kunming 650500, China
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Holt SG, Smith ER. Fetuin-A-containing calciprotein particles in mineral trafficking and vascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 31:1583-7. [PMID: 27190332 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium and phosphate combine to form insoluble precipitates in both inorganic and organic materials. This property is useful biologically and has been used by numerous organisms to create hard tissues, a process referred to as biomineralisation [1]. In humans, calcium and phosphate combine to form useful crystal structures largely composed of calcium hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] and these are essential in the growth, maintenance and strength of parts of the skeleton and other structures like teeth. However, it remains unclear how the body achieves the exquisite specificity involved in biomineralisation. In ageing and disease, these pathways are perturbed, resulting in ectopic calcium crystal deposition impairing tissue function and, interestingly, frequently accompanied by simultaneous loss of mineral from sites where it is useful (e.g. bone). One paradigm for this maladaptive situation is renal failure; a situation that we know is associated with vascular stiffening and calcification, along with mineral loss from the skeleton. Mineral trafficking is a loose term used to describe the movements of calcium salts around the body, and new insights into these pathways may explain some of the problems of previous models of bone mineral disease in renal failure and point to potential future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Holt
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia Melbourne University, Melbourne Medical School, Level 2 (Street level), West Wing, Medical Building 181, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Edward R Smith
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
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8
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Labat B, Morin-Grognet S, Gaudière F, Bertolini-Forno L, Thoumire O, Vannier JP, Ladam G, Atmani H. Synergistic influence of topomimetic and chondroitin sulfate-based treatments on osteogenic potential of Ti-6Al-4V. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1988-2000. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Labat
- Normandie Université; Caen France
- Laboratoire De Biophysique Et Biomatériaux (La2B - MERCI EA 3829), Université De Rouen, Centre Universitaire D'Évreux; 1 Rue Du 7ème Chasseurs Évreux Cedex 27002 France
| | - Sandrine Morin-Grognet
- Normandie Université; Caen France
- Laboratoire De Biophysique Et Biomatériaux (La2B - MERCI EA 3829), Université De Rouen, Centre Universitaire D'Évreux; 1 Rue Du 7ème Chasseurs Évreux Cedex 27002 France
| | - Fabien Gaudière
- Normandie Université; Caen France
- Laboratoire De Biophysique Et Biomatériaux (La2B - MERCI EA 3829), Université De Rouen, Centre Universitaire D'Évreux; 1 Rue Du 7ème Chasseurs Évreux Cedex 27002 France
| | - Lucia Bertolini-Forno
- Normandie Université; Caen France
- Laboratoire De Biophysique Et Biomatériaux (La2B - MERCI EA 3829), Université De Rouen, Centre Universitaire D'Évreux; 1 Rue Du 7ème Chasseurs Évreux Cedex 27002 France
| | - Olivier Thoumire
- Normandie Université; Caen France
- Laboratoire De Biophysique Et Biomatériaux (La2B - MERCI EA 3829), Université De Rouen, Centre Universitaire D'Évreux; 1 Rue Du 7ème Chasseurs Évreux Cedex 27002 France
| | - Jean-Pierre Vannier
- Normandie Université; Caen France
- Laboratoire De Biophysique Et Biomatériaux (La2B - MERCI EA 3829), Université De Rouen, Centre Universitaire D'Évreux; 1 Rue Du 7ème Chasseurs Évreux Cedex 27002 France
- MERCI, EA 3829, Faculté De Médecine-Pharmacie, Université De Rouen; 22 Boulevard Gambetta Rouen 76183 France
| | - Guy Ladam
- Normandie Université; Caen France
- Laboratoire De Biophysique Et Biomatériaux (La2B - MERCI EA 3829), Université De Rouen, Centre Universitaire D'Évreux; 1 Rue Du 7ème Chasseurs Évreux Cedex 27002 France
| | - Hassan Atmani
- Normandie Université; Caen France
- Laboratoire De Biophysique Et Biomatériaux (La2B - MERCI EA 3829), Université De Rouen, Centre Universitaire D'Évreux; 1 Rue Du 7ème Chasseurs Évreux Cedex 27002 France
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Addison WN, Nelea V, Chicatun F, Chien YC, Tran-Khanh N, Buschmann MD, Nazhat SN, Kaartinen MT, Vali H, Tecklenburg MM, Franceschi RT, McKee MD. Extracellular matrix mineralization in murine MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cultures: an ultrastructural, compositional and comparative analysis with mouse bone. Bone 2015; 71:244-56. [PMID: 25460184 PMCID: PMC6342200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone cell culture systems are essential tools for the study of the molecular mechanisms regulating extracellular matrix mineralization. MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell cultures are the most commonly used in vitro model of bone matrix mineralization. Despite the widespread use of this cell line to study biomineralization, there is as yet no systematic characterization of the mineral phase produced in these cultures. Here we provide a comprehensive, multi-technique biophysical characterization of this cell culture mineral and extracellular matrix, and compare it to mouse bone and synthetic apatite mineral standards, to determine the suitability of MC3T3-E1 cultures for biomineralization studies. Elemental compositional analysis by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) showed calcium and phosphorus, and trace amounts of sodium and magnesium, in both biological samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) on resin-embedded intact cultures demonstrated that similar to 1-month-old mouse bone, apatite crystals grew with preferential orientations along the (100), (101) and (111) mineral planes indicative of guided biogenic growth as opposed to dystrophic calcification. XRD of crystals isolated from the cultures revealed that the mineral phase was poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite with 10 to 20nm-sized nanocrystallites. Consistent with the XRD observations, electron diffraction patterns indicated that culture mineral had low crystallinity typical of biological apatites. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed apatitic carbonate and phosphate within the biological samples. With all techniques utilized, cell culture mineral and mouse bone mineral were remarkably similar. Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy showed that the cultures had a dense fibrillar collagen matrix with small, 100nm-sized, collagen fibril-associated mineralization foci which coalesced to form larger mineral aggregates, and where mineralized sites showed the accumulation of the mineral-binding protein osteopontin. Light microscopy, confocal microscopy and three-dimensional reconstructions showed that some cells had dendritic processes and became embedded within the mineral in an osteocyte-like manner. In conclusion, we have documented characteristics of the mineral and matrix phases of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cultures, and have determined that the structural and compositional properties of the mineral are highly similar to that of mouse bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Addison
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - V Nelea
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - F Chicatun
- Department of Mining and Materials, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Y-C Chien
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - N Tran-Khanh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M D Buschmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S N Nazhat
- Department of Mining and Materials, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M T Kaartinen
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - H Vali
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M M Tecklenburg
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - R T Franceschi
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M D McKee
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Michels AJ, Frei B. Myths, artifacts, and fatal flaws: identifying limitations and opportunities in vitamin C research. Nutrients 2013; 5:5161-92. [PMID: 24352093 PMCID: PMC3875932 DOI: 10.3390/nu5125161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Research progress to understand the role of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in human health has been slow in coming. This is predominantly the result of several flawed approaches to study design, often lacking a full appreciation of the redox chemistry and biology of ascorbic acid. In this review, we summarize our knowledge surrounding the limitations of common approaches used in vitamin C research. In human cell culture, the primary issues are the high oxygen environment, presence of redox-active transition metal ions in culture media, and the use of immortalized cell lines grown in the absence of supplemental ascorbic acid. Studies in animal models are also limited due to the presence of endogenous ascorbic acid synthesis. Despite the use of genetically altered rodent strains lacking synthesis capacity, there are additional concerns that these models do not adequately recapitulate the effects of vitamin C deprivation and supplementation observed in humans. Lastly, several flaws in study design endemic to randomized controlled trials and other human studies greatly limit their conclusions and impact. There also is anecdotal evidence of positive and negative health effects of vitamin C that are widely accepted but have not been substantiated. Only with careful attention to study design and experimental detail can we further our understanding of the possible roles of vitamin C in promoting human health and preventing or treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Michels
- Linus Pauling Institute, 307 Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Abstract
To investigate potential differences in stone composition with regard to the type of Primary Hyperoxaluria (PH), and in relation to the patient’s medical therapy (treatment naïve patients versus those on preventive medication) we examined twelve kidney stones from ten PH I and six stones from four PH III patients. Unfortunately, no PH II stones were available for analysis. The study on this set of stones indicates a more diverse composition of PH stones than previously reported and a potential dynamic response of morphology and composition of calculi to treatment with crystallization inhibitors (citrate, magnesium) in PH I. Stones formed by PH I patients under treatment are more compact and consist predominantly of calcium-oxalate monohydrate (COM, whewellite), while calcium-oxalate dihydrate (COD, weddellite) is only rarely present. In contrast, the single stone available from a treatment naïve PH I patient as well as stones from PH III patients prior to and under treatment with alkali citrate contained a wide size range of aggregated COD crystals. No significant effects of the treatment were noted in PH III stones. In disagreement with findings from previous studies, stones from patients with primary hyperoxaluria did not exclusively consist of COM. Progressive replacement of COD by small COM crystals could be caused by prolonged stone growth and residence times in the urinary tract, eventually resulting in complete replacement of calcium-oxalate dihydrate by the monohydrate form. The noted difference to the naïve PH I stone may reflect a reduced growth rate in response to treatment. This pilot study highlights the importance of detailed stone diagnostics and could be of therapeutic relevance in calcium-oxalates urolithiasis, provided that the effects of treatment can be reproduced in subsequent larger studies.
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12
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Sacchetti A. Cancer cell killing by Celecoxib: Reality or just in vitro precipitation-related artifact? J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1434-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Peng H, Ouyang JM, Yao XQ, Yang RE. Interaction between submicron COD crystals and renal epithelial cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:4727-37. [PMID: 22973095 PMCID: PMC3433325 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s33848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to investigate the adhesion characteristics between submicron calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) with a size of 150 ± 50 nm and African green monkey kidney epithelial cells (Vero cells) before and after damage, and to discuss the mechanism of kidney stone formation. Methods Vero cells were oxidatively injured by hydrogen peroxide to establish a model of injured cells. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe Vero–COD adhesion. Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry was used to quantitatively measure the amount of adhered COD microcrystals. Nanoparticle size analyzer and laser scanning confocal microscopy were performed to measure the change in the zeta potential on the Vero cell surface and the change in osteopontin expression during the adhesion process, respectively. The level of cell injury was evaluated by measuring the changes in malonaldehyde content, and cell viability during the adhesion process. Results The adhesion capacity of Vero cells in the injury group to COD microcrystals was obviously stronger than that of Vero cells in the control group. After adhesion to COD, cell viability dropped, both malonaldehyde content and cell surface zeta potential increased, and the fluorescence intensity of osteopontin decreased because the osteopontin molecules were successfully covered by COD. Submicron COD further damaged the cells during the adhesion process, especially for Vero cells in the control group, leading to an elevated amount of attached microcrystals. Conclusion Submicron COD can further damage injured Vero cells during the adhesion process. The amount of attached microcrystals is proportional to the degree of cell damage. The increased amount of microcrystals that adhered to the injured epithelial cells plays an important role in the formation of early-stage kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Peng HH, Martel J, Lee YH, Ojcius DM, Young JD. Serum-derived nanoparticles: de novo generation and growth in vitro, and internalization by mammalian cells in culture. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:643-58. [PMID: 21506688 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM While nanoparticles (NPs) have been shown to form spontaneously in body fluids such as serum, the possible implications of these NPs for cell cultures that use supporting media containing serum remain unclear. To understand the de novo formation of NPs, we delineated their growth characteristics, chemical composition and interaction with cells in culture. MATERIALS & METHODS Serum-derived particles were analyzed using a combination of dynamic light scattering, turbidity measurements, spectroscopic techniques and optical/electron microscopies. RESULTS NPs were found in serum and in serum-containing medium and they increased in size and number during incubation. The mineral particles, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate phosphate bound to organics such as proteins, underwent an amorphous-to-crystalline transformation with time. Serum-derived particles were internalized by the cells tested, eventually reaching lysosomal compartments. CONCLUSION The spontaneous formation of serum-derived NPs and their internalization by cells may have overlooked effects on cultured cells in vitro as well as potential pathophysiological consequences in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hsin Peng
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Thermoresponsive, in situ cross-linkable hydrogels based on N-isopropylacrylamide: fabrication, characterization and mesenchymal stem cell encapsulation. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:1460-7. [PMID: 21187170 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels that solidify in response to a dual, physical and chemical, mechanism upon temperature increase were fabricated and characterized. The hydrogels were based on N-isopropylacrylamide, which renders them thermoresponsive, and contained covalently cross-linkable moieties in the macromers. The effects of the macromer end group, acrylate or methacrylate, and the fabrication conditions on the degradative and swelling properties of the hydrogels were investigated. The hydrogels exhibited higher swelling below their lower critical solution temperature (LCST). When immersed in cell culture medium at physiological temperature, which was above their LCST, hydrogels showed constant swelling and no degradation over 8 weeks, with the methacrylated hydrogels showing greater swelling than their acrylated analogs. In addition, hydrogels immersed in cell culture medium under the same conditions showed lower swelling compared with phosphate-buffered saline. The interplay between chemical cross-linking and thermally induced phase separation affected the swelling characteristics of the hydrogels in different media. Mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in the hydrogels in vitro were viable over 3 weeks and markers of osteogenic differentiation were detected when the cells were cultured with osteogenic supplements. Hydrogel mineralization in the absence of cells was observed in cell culture medium with the addition of fetal bovine serum and β-glycerol phosphate. The results suggest that these hydrogels may be suitable as carriers for cell delivery in tissue engineering.
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Degradation of sulfated polysaccharide extracted from algal Laminaria japonica and its modulation on calcium oxalate crystallization. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chien YC, Masica DL, Gray JJ, Nguyen S, Vali H, McKee MD. Modulation of calcium oxalate dihydrate growth by selective crystal-face binding of phosphorylated osteopontin and polyaspartate peptide showing occlusion by sectoral (compositional) zoning. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:23491-501. [PMID: 19581305 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.021899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) mineral and the urinary protein osteopontin/uropontin (OPN) are commonly found in kidney stones. To investigate the effects of OPN on COD growth, COD crystals were grown with phosphorylated OPN or a polyaspartic acid-rich peptide of OPN (DDLDDDDD, poly-Asp(86-93)). Crystals grown with OPN showed increased dimensions of the {110} prismatic faces attributable to selective inhibition at this crystallographic face. At high concentrations of OPN, elongated crystals with dominant {110} faces were produced, often with intergrown, interpenetrating twin crystals. Poly-Asp(86-93) dose-dependently elongated crystal morphology along the {110} faces in a manner similar to OPN. In crystal growth studies using fluorescently tagged poly-Asp(86-93) followed by imaging of crystal interiors using confocal microscopy, sectoral (compositional) zoning in COD was observed resulting from selective binding and incorporation (occlusion) of peptide exclusively into {110} crystal sectors. Computational modeling of poly-Asp(86-93) adsorption to COD {110} and {101} surfaces also suggests increased stabilization of the COD {110} surface and negligible change to the natively stable {101} surface. Ultrastructural, colloidal-gold immunolocalization of OPN by transmission electron microscopy in human stones confirmed an intracrystalline distribution of OPN. In summary, OPN and its poly-Asp(86-93) sequence similarly affect COD mineral growth; the {110} crystallographic faces become enhanced and dominant attributable to {110} face inhibition by the protein/peptide, and peptides can incorporate into the mineral phase. We, thus, conclude that the poly-Asp(86-93) domain is central to the OPN ability to interact with the {110} faces of COD, where it binds to inhibit crystal growth with subsequent intracrystalline incorporation (occlusion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ching Chien
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada
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