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Shuvalova M, Dmitrieva A, Belousov V, Nosov G. The role of reactive oxygen species in the regulation of the blood-brain barrier. Tissue Barriers 2024:2361202. [PMID: 38808582 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2024.2361202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the exchange of metabolites and cells between the blood and brain, and maintains central nervous system homeostasis. Various factors affect BBB barrier functions, including reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS can act as stressors, damaging biological molecules, but they also serve as secondary messengers in intracellular signaling cascades during redox signaling. The impact of ROS on the BBB has been observed in multiple sclerosis, stroke, trauma, and other neurological disorders, making blocking ROS generation a promising therapeutic strategy for BBB dysfunction. However, it is important to consider ROS generation during normal BBB functioning for signaling purposes. This review summarizes data on proteins expressed by BBB cells that can be targets of redox signaling or oxidative stress. It also provides examples of signaling molecules whose impact may cause ROS generation in the BBB, as well as discusses the most common diseases associated with BBB dysfunction and excessive ROS generation, open questions that arise in the study of this problem, and possible ways to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Shuvalova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of metabolism and redox biology, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Dmitrieva
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Belousov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of metabolism and redox biology, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgii Nosov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia
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Monaco A, Axis J, Amsler K. Simple graphical approach to investigate differences in transepithelial paracellular leak pathway permeability. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15202. [PMID: 35274827 PMCID: PMC8915387 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have reported differences in epithelial paracellular Leak Pathway permeability following genetic manipulations and treatment with various agents, the basis for these differences remains mostly unclear. Two primary mechanisms which could underlie differences in Leak Pathway permeability are differences in the density of Leak Pathway openings and differences in the opening size. Using a computational approach, we demonstrate that these two possibilities can be readily distinguished graphically by comparing the apparent paracellular permeabilities of a size panel of solutes measured across different cell layers. Using this approach, we demonstrated that depletion of ZO-1 protein in MDCK Type II renal epithelial cells decreased Leak Pathway opening size and increased opening density. Depletion of ZO-2 protein either had no effect or minimally decreased opening size and did not markedly change opening density. Comparison of MDCK Type II cells with MDCK Type I cells revealed that Type I cells exhibited a substantially smaller Leak Pathway permeability than did Type II cells. This lower permeability was due to a decrease in opening density with little or no change in opening size. These results demonstrate the utility of this approach to provide insights into the basis for observed differences in epithelial Leak Pathway permeability. This approach has wide applications including analysis of the molecular basis for Leak Pathway permeability, the effects of specific manipulations on Leak Pathway permeability properties, and the effects of permeation enhancers on Leak Pathway permeability properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Monaco
- Department of Biomedical SciencesNYIT College of Osteopathic MedicineOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Josephine Axis
- Department of Biomedical SciencesNYIT College of Osteopathic MedicineOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Kurt Amsler
- Department of Biomedical SciencesNYIT College of Osteopathic MedicineOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
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Monaco A, Ovryn B, Axis J, Amsler K. The Epithelial Cell Leak Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147677. [PMID: 34299297 PMCID: PMC8305272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell tight junction structure is the site of the transepithelial movement of solutes and water between epithelial cells (paracellular permeability). Paracellular permeability can be divided into two distinct pathways, the Pore Pathway mediating the movement of small ions and solutes and the Leak Pathway mediating the movement of large solutes. Claudin proteins form the basic paracellular permeability barrier and mediate the movement of small ions and solutes via the Pore Pathway. The Leak Pathway remains less understood. Several proteins have been implicated in mediating the Leak Pathway, including occludin, ZO proteins, tricellulin, and actin filaments, but the proteins comprising the Leak Pathway remain unresolved. Many aspects of the Leak Pathway, such as its molecular mechanism, its properties, and its regulation, remain controversial. In this review, we provide a historical background to the evolution of the Leak Pathway concept from the initial examinations of paracellular permeability. We then discuss current information about the properties of the Leak Pathway and present current theories for the Leak Pathway. Finally, we discuss some recent research suggesting a possible molecular basis for the Leak Pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Monaco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Ben Ovryn
- Department of Physics, New York Institute of Technology, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA;
| | - Josephine Axis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Kurt Amsler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (A.M.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-516-686-3716
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Balta I, Marcu A, Linton M, Kelly C, Gundogdu O, Stef L, Pet I, Ward P, Deshaies M, Callaway T, Sopharat P, Gradisteanu-Pircalabioru G, Corcionivoschi N. Mixtures of natural antimicrobials can reduce Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica and Clostridium perfringens infections and cellular inflammatory response in MDCK cells. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:37. [PMID: 34099034 PMCID: PMC8182910 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The classification of natural antimicrobials as potential antibiotic replacements is still hampered by the absence of clear biological mechanisms behind their mode of action. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying the anti-bacterial effect of a mixture of natural antimicrobials (maltodextrin, citric acid, sodium citrate, malic acid, citrus extract and olive extract) against Campylobacter jejuni RC039, Salmonella enterica SE 10/72 and Clostridium perfringens ATCC® 13124 invasion of Madin–Darby Canine Kidney cells (MDCK). Results Minimum sub-inhibitory concentrations were determined for Campylobacter jejuni (0.25%), Salmonella enterica (0.50%) and Clostridium perfringens (0.50%) required for the in vitro infection assays with MDCK cells. The antimicrobial mixture significantly reduced the virulence of all three pathogens towards MDCK cells and restored the integrity of cellular tight junctions through increased transepithelial resistance (TEER) and higher expression levels of ZO-1 (zonula occludens 1) and occludin. This study also identified the ERK (external regulated kinase) signalling pathway as a key mechanism in blocking the pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) in infected cells. The reduction in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and release by infected MDCK cells, in the presence of the antimicrobial mixture, was also associated with less tetrathionate formed by oxidation of thiosulphate (p < 0.0001). Conclusion The present study describes for the first time that mixtures of natural antimicrobials can prevent the formation of substrates used by bacterial pathogens to grow and survive in anaerobic environments (e.g. tetrathionate). Moreover, we provide further insights into pathogen invasion mechanisms through restoration of cellular structures and describe their ability to block the ERK–MAPK kinase pathway responsible for inflammatory cytokine release
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Affiliation(s)
- Igori Balta
- Food Microbiology, Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK. .,Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. .,Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine-King Michael I of Romania, 300645, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Adela Marcu
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine-King Michael I of Romania, 300645, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Mark Linton
- Food Microbiology, Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Carmel Kelly
- Food Microbiology, Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Lavinia Stef
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine-King Michael I of Romania, 300645, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Pet
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine-King Michael I of Romania, 300645, Timisoara, Romania
| | | | | | - Todd Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Food Microbiology, Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK. .,Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. .,Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine-King Michael I of Romania, 300645, Timisoara, Romania.
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He Y, Zhang R, Quan Z, He B, Xu Y, Chen Z, Ren Y, Liu X. Synthesis, Characterization, and Specific Localization of Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidant Peptide SS31 Probe. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9915699. [PMID: 34056004 PMCID: PMC8142804 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9915699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the targeting efficiency of FITC-SS31 to mitochondria in both normal and H2O2-induced oxidative damaged 661W cells, characterizing the properties of FITC-SS31 in the biological assays. The purity and molecular weight of FITC-SS31 were identified using HPLC and MS. MTT and LDH assays were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity and cell permeability. The binding ability of FITC-SS31 to cells was demonstrated by flow cytometry. The colocalization of FITC-SS31 and MitoTracker both in normal and oxidative cells was analyzed by a laser confocal microscope. We detected the DEGs between SS31+H2O2 and H2O2-alone-treated cells by RNA seq. GO and KEGG analyses were performed to predict the functional gene of SS31. The molecular weight of FITC-SS31 was 1142.2 with the 97.76% purity. The flow cytometry results showed that the MFI (mean fluorescence intensity) of FITC-SS31 in normal cells in the 4 h probe treatment group was higher than that in the 2 h and the 0 h group. The MFI in the 2 h probe treatment group was much higher than that in the 4 h and 0 h groups in damaged cells. The positive rate of 10 μM FITC-SS31 was higher than that of 1 μM and 5 μM. Fluorescein imaging analysis confirmed that FITC-SS31 was overlapped with MitoTracker. Through the analysis, DEGs were highly expressed in "localization, organelle, antioxidant activity, binding" functions and enriched in "AMPK signaling pathway, MAPK targets/nuclear events mediated by MAP kinase pathway and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway." It is speculated that SS31 exerts an antioxidant effect through one of these pathways. We hypothesized that SS31 could play a more efficient role in the pathological cells in the half-life period to avoid cell death due to oxidative damage. The functions of the DEGs in SS31+H2O2 and H2O2-alone samples are related to the localization and antioxidant activity of SS31. DEGs are mostly enriched in the AMPK signaling pathway, which needs further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuoya Quan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Beilei He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Yuan Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Activation of the NF- κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways Contributes to the Inflammatory Responses, but Not Cell Injury, in IPEC-1 Cells Challenged with Hydrogen Peroxide. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5803639. [PMID: 32411329 PMCID: PMC7204152 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5803639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress can lead to intestinal cell injury as well as the induction of inflammation. It is not clear whether inflammation is an important factor leading to cell injury caused by oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of inflammation in intestinal injury caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Our results revealed that H2O2 stimulation significantly decreased the viability of intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-1), increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and disrupted the distribution of the tight junction protein claudin-1. H2O2 significantly increased the mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). H2O2 stimulation also led to increased phosphorylation of p38 and jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p65 NF-κB protein translocation into the nucleus of IPEC-1 cells. Cells treated with the NF-κB inhibitor (BAY11-7082), the p38 inhibitor (SB202190), or the JNK inhibitor (PD98059) significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. However, treatment with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or NF-κB inhibitors did not prevent the damage effect on cell viability, LDH activity, or the distribution of claudin-1 in cells challenged with H2O2. In summary, our data demonstrate that activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways can contribute to the inflammatory response, but not cell injury, in IPEC-1 cells challenged with H2O2.
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Varadarajan S, Stephenson RE, Miller AL. Multiscale dynamics of tight junction remodeling. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/22/jcs229286. [PMID: 31754042 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.229286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells form tissues that generate biological barriers in the body. Tight junctions (TJs) are responsible for maintaining a selectively permeable seal between epithelial cells, but little is known about how TJs dynamically remodel in response to physiological forces that challenge epithelial barrier function, such as cell shape changes (e.g. during cell division) or tissue stretching (e.g. during developmental morphogenesis). In this Review, we first introduce a framework to think about TJ remodeling across multiple scales: from molecular dynamics, to strand dynamics, to cell- and tissue-scale dynamics. We then relate knowledge gained from global perturbations of TJs to emerging information about local TJ remodeling events, where transient localized Rho activation and actomyosin-mediated contraction promote TJ remodeling to repair local leaks in barrier function. We conclude by identifying emerging areas in the field and propose ideas for future studies that address unanswered questions about the mechanisms that drive TJ remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranyaraajan Varadarajan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Rachel E Stephenson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
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Herbs-partitioned moxibustion improves intestinal epithelial tight junctions by upregulating A20 expression in a mouse model of Crohn’s disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Li R, Qi Y, Jiang M, Zhang T, Wang H, Wang L, Han M. Primary tumor-secreted VEGF induces vascular hyperpermeability in premetastatic lung via the occludin phosphorylation/ubiquitination pathway. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:2316-2326. [PMID: 31553086 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Primary tumor can induce the formation of premetastatic niche. The hyperpermeability of the vessels in the premetastatic niche is the first step in the development of metastasis. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of vascular hyperpermeability remain to be elucidated. In this study, 4T1 breast cells were injected into the breasts of mice to establish a tumor model. Our results showed that primary tumors induced hyperpermeability of the vessels in the premetastatic lung. Subsequent studies showed that the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was elevated in the tumor-bearing mice serum and the levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins occludin and ZO-1 were decreased in the premetastatic lung. In vitro studies demonstrated that VEGF increased the permeability of dextran and decreased the levels of occludin and ZO-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Moreover, the hyperpermeability of vessels and the degradation of occludin was blocked by bevacizumab. Overexpression of occludin alleviated the VEGF-induced hyperpermeability. Further investigations revealed that VEGF-induced occludin phosphorylation at Ser-490 and ubiquitination. Finally, we showed that VEGF accelerated the process of occludin degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In conclusion, primary tumor-secrete VEGF induce the occludin phosphorylation/ubiquitination and downregulation, resulting in the disruption of TJs and hyperpermeability of vessels in premetastatic lung. The occludin phosphorylation/ubiquitination pathway may be the mechanism of VEGF-induced vascular hyperpermeability in the lung premetastatic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Li
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yana Qi
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Man Jiang
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tiehong Zhang
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liguang Wang
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingyong Han
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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10
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Richter JF, Hildner M, Schmauder R, Turner JR, Schumann M, Reiche J. Occludin knockdown is not sufficient to induce transepithelial macromolecule passage. Tissue Barriers 2019; 7:1612661. [PMID: 31161924 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1608759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Occludin, a tight junction protein, has been reported to regulate barrier function - particularly the leak pathway for larger solutes - in epithelia. Therefore, we aimed to precisely define its role in macromolecule passage at single cell-cell junctions. A combination of varying occludin expression by transient and stable knockdown including systematic seeding strategies was employed to achieve a broad and defined pattern of variance in occludin expression over epithelia. This variance model enabled us to examine occludin function in the leak pathway using global and local analysis, i.e. to analyze macromolecule flux across epithelia and macromolecule passage at single-cell level. Macromolecular flux was found not to correlate with occludin expression in intestinal epithelial cells. In fact, by spatially resolving macromolecular permeation sites using a recently developed method we uncovered leaky cell junctions at the edge of Transwells resulting in increased passage. This demonstrates that rare leaks can determine net flux of macromolecules across epithelia while the vast majority of cellular junctions do not contribute significantly. Hence, concomitant local analysis of macromolecule passage across epithelial barriers is indispensable for interpretation of global flux data. By combining this new approach with cell culture models of the leak pathway, we can present evidence that lack of occludin is not sufficient to stimulate the epithelial leak pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Richter
- a Institute of Anatomy II , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Markus Hildner
- a Institute of Anatomy II , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Ralf Schmauder
- b Institute of Physiology II , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- c Department of Pathology , Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Michael Schumann
- d Dept. of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology , Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - University medicine Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Juliane Reiche
- e Institute of Biochemistry II , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
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11
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Meng SS, Guo FM, Zhang XW, Chang W, Peng F, Qiu HB, Yang Y. mTOR/STAT-3 pathway mediates mesenchymal stem cell-secreted hepatocyte growth factor protective effects against lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction and apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3637-3650. [PMID: 30242894 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) protect the endothelial barrier complex and survival, implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) via paracrine hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). However, the mechanism of HGF in endothelial regulation remains unclear. Here, we introduced a coculture protocol of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) and overexpression of the HGF gene of MSCs (MSC-HGF). Immunofluorescence and endothelial permeability analysis revealed that MSC-HGF protected endothelial tight junction protein occludin expression and attenuated cellular permeability as well as endothelial apoptosis. To investigate the novel mechanism mammalian TOR (mTOR)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3) signaling in HGF protective effects against endothelial barrier and apoptosis, we used recombinant mouse HGF in endothelial cells. In addition, we used mTOR inhibitor rapamycin to inhibit the mTOR pathway. Our study demonstrated that rapamycin decreased the protective effects of HGF on the endothelium by decreasing tight junction protein occludin expression and cell proliferation, and raising lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endothelial permeability, endothelial cell injury factors ET-1 and vWF. Similarly, the protective effects of HGF on reducing endothelial barrier and apoptosis were weakened when PMVECs were treated with the STAT-3 inhibitor S3I-201. Moreover, mTOR/STAT-3 were activated by HGF demonstrated as raising mTOR (Ser2448) and STAT3 (Ser727) phosphorylation proteins, leading to endothelial barrier improvement and survival. Reversely, rapamycin or S3I-201 inhibited mTOR/STAT-3 activation. Taken together, our findings highlight that the activation of the mTOR/STAT-3 pathway provides novel mechanistic insights into MSC-secreted HGF protection against LPS-induced vascular endothelial permeability dysfunction and apoptosis, which contributes to decreasing microvascular loss and lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng-Mei Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi-Wen Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Chang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Bo Qiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Bilal S, Jaggi S, Janosevic D, Shah N, Teymour S, Voronina A, Watari J, Axis J, Amsler K. ZO-1 protein is required for hydrogen peroxide to increase MDCK cell paracellular permeability in an ERK 1/2-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C422-C431. [PMID: 29874107 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00185.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increases paracellular permeability of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, but the mechanism mediating this effect remains unclear. Treatment of MDCK cells with H2O2 activated ERK 1/2. Inhibition of ERK 1/2 activation blocked the ability of H2O2 to increase paracellular permeability. Knockdown of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein but not occludin eliminated the ability of H2O2 to increase paracellular permeability. H2O2 treatment did not, however, affect the total cell content or contents of the Triton X-100-soluble and -insoluble fractions for occludin, ZO-1, or ZO-2. H2O2 treatment decreased the number of F-actin stress fibers in the basal portion of the cells. Similar to wild-type MDCK cells, H2O2 increased ERK 1/2 activation in ZO-1 knockdown and occludin knockdown cells. Inhibition of ERK 1/2 activation blocked the increase in paracellular permeability in occludin knockdown cells. ZO-1 knockdown cell paracellular permeability was regulated by PP1, an src inhibitor, indicating that the loss of response to H2O2 was not a general loss of the ability to regulate the paracellular barrier. Inhibition of myosin ATPase activity with blebbistatin increased paracellular permeability in ZO-1 knockdown cells but not in wild-type MDCK cells. H2O2 treatment sensitized wild-type MDCK cells to inhibition of myosin ATPase. Knockdown of TOCA-1 protein, which promotes formation of local branched actin networks, reproduced the effects of ZO-1 protein knockdown. These results demonstrate that H2O2 increases MDCK cell paracellular permeability through activation of ERK 1/2. This H2O2 action requires ZO-1 protein and TOCA-1 protein, suggesting involvement of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Bilal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Shirin Jaggi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Danielle Janosevic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Nikita Shah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Shereen Teymour
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Angelina Voronina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Jessica Watari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Josephine Axis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Kurt Amsler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York
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