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Xu Y, Leng D, Li X, Wang D, Chai X, Schroyen M, Zhang D, Hou C. Effects of different electrostatic field intensities assisted controlled freezing point storage on water holding capacity of fresh meat during the early postmortem period. Food Chem 2024; 439:138096. [PMID: 38039609 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of different intensity electrostatic fields on the water holding capacity (WHC) of fresh meat during the early postmortem period in controlled freezing point storage (CFPS) were investigated. Significantly lower cooking loss were found in low voltage electrostatic field (LVEF) and high voltage electrostatic field (HVEF) compared to the control group (CK) (p < 0.05). The myofibril fragmentation index and microstructure results suggested that the sample under HVEF treatment remained relatively intact. It has been revealed that the changes in actomyosin properties under electrostatic field treatment groups were due to the combination and dissociation of actomyosin binding into myofilament concentration, which consequently affects the muscle WHC. The study further demonstrated that the electrostatic field, especially HVEF, might increase the WHC of fresh meat by affecting the distribution of water molecules and physiochemical properties of actomyosin during the early postmortem period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Xu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage de Déportés 2, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Dongmei Leng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Debao Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Chai
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Martine Schroyen
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage de Déportés 2, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Dequan Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Chengli Hou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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2
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Sun ZG, Yadav V, Amiri S, Cao W, De La Cruz EM, Murrell M. Cofilin-mediated actin filament network flexibility facilitates 2D to 3D actomyosin shape change. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151379. [PMID: 38168598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The organization of actin filaments (F-actin) into crosslinked networks determines the transmission of mechanical stresses within the cytoskeleton and subsequent changes in cell and tissue shape. Principally mediated by proteins such as α-actinin, F-actin crosslinking increases both network connectivity and rigidity, thereby facilitating stress transmission at low crosslinking yet attenuating transmission at high crosslinker concentration. Here, we engineer a two-dimensional model of the actomyosin cytoskeleton, in which myosin-induced mechanical stresses are controlled by light. We alter the extent of F-actin crosslinking by the introduction of oligomerized cofilin. At pH 6.5, F-actin severing by cofilin is weak, but cofilin bundles and crosslinks filaments. Given its effect of lowering the F-actin bending stiffness, cofilin- crosslinked networks are significantly more flexible and softer in bending than networks crosslinked by α-actinin. Thus, upon local activation of myosin-induced contractile stress, the network bends out-of-plane in contrast to the in-plane compression as observed with networks crosslinked by α-actinin. Here, we demonstrate that local effects on filament mechanics by cofilin introduces novel large-scale network material properties that enable the sculpting of complex shapes in the cell cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Gao Sun
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Physics, Yale University, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Vikrant Yadav
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Sorosh Amiri
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Wenxiang Cao
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Enrique M De La Cruz
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Michael Murrell
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Physics, Yale University, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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3
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Wan XY, Pan YP, Shu M, Geng JT, Wu GP, Zhong C. Paramyosin from field snail (Bellamya quadrata): Structural characteristics and its contribution to enhanced the gel properties of myofibrillar protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130097. [PMID: 38342265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
To assess the blending effect of field snails with grass carp muscle, the effects of paramyosin (PM) and actomyosin (AM) with different mixture ratios on the gel properties of the binary blend system were investigated in our work. The purified PM from field snail muscle was about 95 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Its main secondary structure was α-helix, which reached to 97.97 %. When the amount of PM increased in the binary blend system, their rheological indices and gel strength were improved. The water holding capacity (WHC) increased to 86.30 % at a mixture ratio of 2:8. However, the WHC and the area of immobile water (P22) dramatically decreased, and the area of free water (P23) increased when the mixture ratio exceeded 4:6. The low level of PM in binary blend system promoted the formation of a homogenous and dense gel network through non-covalent interactions as observed results of SEM and FTIR. When there were redundant PM molecules, the development of heterostructure via hydrophobic interaction of tail-tail contributed to the reduced gel properties of the binary blend system. These findings provided new insight into the binary blend system of PM and AM with different ratios to change the gel properties of myofibrillar protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Ying Wan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 30045, China
| | - Yu-Ping Pan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 30045, China
| | - Mei Shu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 30045, China
| | - Jie-Ting Geng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Guo-Ping Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 30045, China.
| | - Chan Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 30045, China.
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4
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Wong FL, Bunch TA, Lepak VC, Steedman AL, Colson BA. Cardiac myosin-binding protein C N-terminal interactions with myosin and actin filaments: Opposite effects of phosphorylation and M-domain mutations. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 186:125-137. [PMID: 38008210 PMCID: PMC10872421 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-C) domains (C0-C2) bind to thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments to coordinate contraction and relaxation of the heart. These interactions are regulated by phosphorylation of the M-domain situated between domains C1 and C2. In cardiomyopathies and heart failure, phosphorylation of cMyBP-C is significantly altered. We aimed to investigate how cMyBP-C interacts with myosin and actin. We developed complementary, high-throughput, C0-C2 FRET-based binding assays for myosin and actin to characterize the effects due to 5 HCM-linked variants or functional mutations in unphosphorylated and phosphorylated C0-C2. The assays indicated that phosphorylation decreases binding to both myosin and actin, whereas the HCM mutations in M-domain generally increase binding. The effects of mutations were greatest in phosphorylated C0-C2, and some mutations had a larger effect on actin than myosin binding. Phosphorylation also altered the spatial relationship of the probes on C0-C2 and actin. The magnitude of these structural changes was dependent on C0-C2 probe location (C0, C1, or M-domain). We conclude that binding can differ between myosin and actin due to phosphorylation or mutations. Additionally, these variables can change the mode of binding, affecting which of the interactions in cMyBP-C N-terminal domains with myosin or actin take place. The opposite effects of phosphorylation and M-domain mutations is consistent with the idea that cMyBP-C phosphorylation is critical for normal cardiac function. The precision of these assays is indicative of their usefulness in high-throughput screening of drug libraries for targeting cMyBP-C as therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L Wong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Thomas A Bunch
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Victoria C Lepak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Allison L Steedman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Brett A Colson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
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Tam R, Harris TJC. Reshaping the Syncytial Drosophila Embryo with Cortical Actin Networks: Four Main Steps of Early Development. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:67-90. [PMID: 37996673 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila development begins as a syncytium. The large size of the one-cell embryo makes it ideal for studying the structure, regulation, and effects of the cortical actin cytoskeleton. We review four main steps of early development that depend on the actin cortex. At each step, dynamic remodelling of the cortex has specific effects on nuclei within the syncytium. During axial expansion, a cortical actomyosin network assembles and disassembles with the cell cycle, generating cytoplasmic flows that evenly distribute nuclei along the ovoid cell. When nuclei move to the cell periphery, they seed Arp2/3-based actin caps which grow into an array of dome-like compartments that house the nuclei as they divide at the cell cortex. To separate germline nuclei from the soma, posterior germ plasm induces full cleavage of mono-nucleated primordial germ cells from the syncytium. Finally, zygotic gene expression triggers formation of the blastoderm epithelium via cellularization and simultaneous division of ~6000 mono-nucleated cells from a single internal yolk cell. During these steps, the cortex is regulated in space and time, gains domain and sub-domain structure, and undergoes mesoscale interactions that lay a structural foundation of animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Tam
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony J C Harris
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Mohran S, Steczina S, Mandrycky C, Kao K, Regnier M. Measuring the Contractile Kinetics of Isolated Myofibrils from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) Models of Cardiomyopathy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2735:213-233. [PMID: 38038851 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3527-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Isolated myofibrils provide biomechanical data at the contractile organelle level that are independent of cellular calcium handling and signaling pathways. These myofibrils can be harvested from animal tissue, human muscle biopsies, or stem cell-derived striated muscle. Here we present our myofibril isolation and rapid solution switching protocols, which allow for precise measurements of activation (kinetics and tension generation) and a biphasic relaxation relationship (initial slow isometric relaxation followed by a fast exponential decay in tension). This experiment is generated on a custom-built myofibril apparatus utilizing a two-photodiode array to detect micron level deflection of our forged glass tip force transducers. A complete activation/relaxation curve can be produced from a single myofibril in under 30 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saffie Mohran
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Translational Muscle Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sonette Steczina
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Translational Muscle Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christian Mandrycky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Translational Muscle Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerry Kao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Translational Muscle Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Regnier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Center for Translational Muscle Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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7
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Ishizaka T, Hatori K. Direct observation of oriented behavior of actin filaments interacting with desmin intermediate filaments. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130488. [PMID: 37838354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between actin filaments (AFs) and intermediate filaments (IFs) are frequently observed in living cells. The crosstalk between these cytoskeletal components underpins cellular organization and dynamics; however, the molecular basis of filamentous interactions is not fully understood. Here, we describe the mode of interaction between AFs and desmin IFs (DIFs) in a reconstituted in vitro system. METHODS AFs (rabbit skeletal muscle) and DIFs (chicken gizzard) were labeled with fluorescent dyes. DIFs were immobilized on a heavy meromyosin (HMM)-coated collodion surface. HMM-driven AFs with ATP hydrolysis was assessed in the presence of DIFs. Images of single filaments were obtained using fluorescence microscopy. Vector changes in the trajectories of single AFs were calculated from microscopy images. RESULTS AF speed transiently decreased upon contact with DIF. The difference between the incoming and outgoing angles of a moving AF broadened upon contact with a DIF. A smaller incoming angle tended to result in a smaller outgoing angle in a nematic manner. The percentage of moving AFs decreased with an increasing DIF density, but the speed of the moving AFs was similar to that in the no-desmin control. An abundance of DIFs tended to exclude AFs from the HMM-coated surfaces. CONCLUSIONS DIFs agitate the movement of AFs with the orientation. DIFs can bind to HMMs and weaken actin-myosin interactions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The study indicates that apart from the binding strength, the accumulation of weak interactions characteristic of filamentous structures may affect the dynamic organization of cell architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Ishizaka
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Hatori
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Japan.
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8
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Huang X, Xing Y, Cui Y, Ji B, Ding B, Zhong J, Jiu Y. Actomyosin-dependent cell contractility orchestrates Zika virus infection. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261301. [PMID: 37622381 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging pathogen infections, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), pose an increasing threat to human health, but the role of mechanobiological attributes of host cells during ZIKV infection is largely unknown. Here, we reveal that ZIKV infection leads to increased contractility of host cells. Importantly, we investigated whether host cell contractility contributes to ZIKV infection efficacy, from both the intracellular and extracellular perspective. By performing drug perturbation and gene editing experiments, we confirmed that disruption of contractile actomyosin compromises ZIKV infection efficiency, viral genome replication and viral particle production. By culturing on compliant matrix, we further demonstrate that a softer substrate, leading to less contractility of host cells, compromises ZIKV infection, which resembles the effects of disrupting intracellular actomyosin organization. Together, our work provides evidence to support a positive correlation between host cell contractility and ZIKV infection efficacy, thus unveiling an unprecedented layer of interplay between ZIKV and the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Huang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yifan Xing
- Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanqin Cui
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Baohua Ji
- Biomechanics and Mechanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Binbin Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaming Jiu
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Yao Y, Wang X, Cui H, Hayat K, Zhang X, Ho CT. Improved tenderness and water retention of pork pieces and its underlying molecular mechanism through the combination of low-temperature preheating and traditional cooking. Food Chem 2023; 421:136137. [PMID: 37099953 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of two-stage heating with different preheating combinations on the shear force and water status of pork-pieces were explored. The results showed that the combined preheating at 50 ℃ for 35 min or at 60 ℃ for 5 or 20 min with traditional high temperature heating reduced the shear force and improved the water retention of meat, which was attributed to uniformly separation of myofibers and smaller myofiber space. Visible dissociation of actomyosin in heating groups of 50 ℃-35 min, and 60 ℃-5, 20 min was related to the tenderization of meat. The higher surface hydrophobicity, tryptophan fluorescence intensity, and lower α-helices of actomyosin at 60 ℃ contributed to the liberation of actin. However, severe oxidation of sulfhydryl groups at 70 ℃ and 80 ℃ promoted the aggregation of actomyosin. This study presents the advantage of two-stage heating in improving meat tenderness and juiciness and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Heping Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Khizar Hayat
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
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10
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Ashour DJ, Durney CH, Planelles-Herrero VJ, Stevens TJ, Feng JJ, Röper K. Zasp52 strengthens whole embryo tissue integrity through supracellular actomyosin networks. Development 2023; 150:dev201238. [PMID: 36897564 PMCID: PMC10112930 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
During morphogenesis, large-scale changes of tissue primordia are coordinated across an embryo. In Drosophila, several tissue primordia and embryonic regions are bordered or encircled by supracellular actomyosin cables, junctional actomyosin enrichments networked between many neighbouring cells. We show that the single Drosophila Alp/Enigma-family protein Zasp52, which is most prominently found in Z-discs of muscles, is a component of many supracellular actomyosin structures during embryogenesis, including the ventral midline and the boundary of the salivary gland placode. We reveal that Zasp52 contains within its central coiled-coil region a type of actin-binding motif usually found in CapZbeta proteins, and this domain displays actin-binding activity. Using endogenously-tagged lines, we identify that Zasp52 interacts with junctional components, including APC2, Polychaetoid and Sidekick, and actomyosin regulators. Analysis of zasp52 mutant embryos reveals that the severity of the embryonic defects observed scales inversely with the amount of functional protein left. Large tissue deformations occur where actomyosin cables are found during embryogenesis, and in vivo and in silico analyses suggest a model whereby supracellular Zasp52-containing cables aid to insulate morphogenetic changes from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina J. Ashour
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Clinton H. Durney
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z2Canada
| | | | - Tim J. Stevens
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - James J. Feng
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z2Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3Canada
| | - Katja Röper
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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11
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Ozkan Kucuk NE, Yigit BN, Degirmenci BS, Qureshi MH, Yapici GN, Kamacıoglu A, Bavili N, Kiraz A, Ozlu N. Cell cycle-dependent palmitoylation of protocadherin 7 by ZDHHC5 promotes successful cytokinesis. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:297268. [PMID: 36762613 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division requires dramatic reorganization of the cell cortex, which is primarily driven by the actomyosin network. We previously reported that protocadherin 7 (PCDH7) gets enriched at the cell surface during mitosis, which is required to build up the full mitotic rounding pressure. Here, we report that PCDH7 interacts with and is palmitoylated by the palmitoyltransferase, ZDHHC5. PCDH7 and ZDHHC5 colocalize at the mitotic cell surface and translocate to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. The localization of PCDH7 depends on the palmitoylation activity of ZDHHC5. Silencing PCDH7 increases the percentage of multinucleated cells and the duration of mitosis. Loss of PCDH7 expression correlates with reduced levels of active RhoA and phospho-myosin at the cleavage furrow. This work uncovers a palmitoylation-dependent translocation mechanism for PCDH7, which contributes to the reorganization of the cortical cytoskeleton during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazlı Ezgi Ozkan Kucuk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Berfu Nur Yigit
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | | | - Gamze Nur Yapici
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Altuğ Kamacıoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nima Bavili
- Department of Physics, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Alper Kiraz
- Department of Physics, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nurhan Ozlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
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12
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Ray S, Agarwal P, Nitzan A, Nédélec F, Zaidel-Bar R. Actin-capping protein regulates actomyosin contractility to maintain germline architecture in C. elegans. Development 2023; 150:297031. [PMID: 36897576 PMCID: PMC10112912 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Actin dynamics play an important role in tissue morphogenesis, yet the control of actin filament growth takes place at the molecular level. A challenge in the field is to link the molecular function of actin regulators with their physiological function. Here, we report an in vivo role of the actin-capping protein CAP-1 in the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. We show that CAP-1 is associated with actomyosin structures in the cortex and rachis, and its depletion or overexpression led to severe structural defects in the syncytial germline and oocytes. A 60% reduction in the level of CAP-1 caused a twofold increase in F-actin and non-muscle myosin II activity, and laser incision experiments revealed an increase in rachis contractility. Cytosim simulations pointed to increased myosin as the main driver of increased contractility following loss of actin-capping protein. Double depletion of CAP-1 and myosin or Rho kinase demonstrated that the rachis architecture defects associated with CAP-1 depletion require contractility of the rachis actomyosin corset. Thus, we uncovered a physiological role for actin-capping protein in regulating actomyosin contractility to maintain reproductive tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjini Ray
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Graduate Program, Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Priti Agarwal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Nitzan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - François Nédélec
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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Escuin S, Rose Raza-Knight S, Savery D, Gaston-Massuet C, Galea GL, Greene NDE, Copp AJ. Dual mechanism underlying failure of neural tube closure in the Zic2 mutant mouse. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:297163. [PMID: 36916392 PMCID: PMC10073009 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms that lead to birth defects is an important step towards improved primary prevention. Mouse embryos homozygous for the Kumba (Ku) mutant allele of Zic2 develop severe spina bifida with complete lack of dorsolateral hinge points (DLHPs) in the neuroepithelium. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling is overactivated in Zic2Ku/Ku embryos, and the BMP inhibitor dorsomorphin partially rescues neural tube closure in cultured embryos. RhoA signalling is also overactivated, with accumulation of actomyosin in the Zic2Ku/Ku neuroepithelium, and the myosin inhibitor Blebbistatin partially normalises neural tube closure. However, dorsomorphin and Blebbistatin differ in their effects at tissue and cellular levels: DLHP formation is rescued by dorsomorphin but not Blebbistatin, whereas abnormal accumulation of actomyosin is rescued by Blebbistatin but not dorsomorphin. These findings suggest a dual mechanism of spina bifida origin in Zic2Ku/Ku embryos: faulty BMP-dependent formation of DLHPs and RhoA-dependent F-actin accumulation in the neuroepithelium. Hence, we identify a multi-pathway origin of spina bifida in a mammalian system that may provide a developmental basis for understanding the corresponding multifactorial human defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Escuin
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Saba Rose Raza-Knight
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dawn Savery
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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14
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Abstract
Cell adhesion systems commonly operate in close partnership with the cytoskeleton. Adhesion receptors bind to the cortex and regulate its dynamics, organization and mechanics; conversely, the cytoskeleton influences aspects of adhesion, including strength, stability and ductility. In this review we consider recent advances in elucidating such cooperation, focusing on interactions between classical cadherins and actomyosin. The evidence presents an apparent paradox. Molecular mechanisms of mechanosensation by the cadherin-actin apparatus imply that adhesion strengthens under tension. However, this does not always translate to the broader setting of confluent tissues, where increases in fluctuations of tension can promote intercalation due to the shrinkage of adherens junctions. Emerging evidence suggests that understanding of timescales may be important in resolving this issue, but that further work is needed to understand the role of adhesive strengthening across scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Noordstra
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072 Australia
| | - Richard G Morris
- School of Physics, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072 Australia.
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15
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Hu L, Brichalli W, Li N, Chen S, Cheng Y, Liu Q, Xiong Y, Yu J. Myotubularin functions through actomyosin to interact with the Hippo pathway. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55851. [PMID: 36285521 PMCID: PMC9724681 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved developmental pathway that controls organ size by integrating diverse regulatory inputs, including actomyosin-mediated cytoskeletal tension. Despite established connections between the actomyosin cytoskeleton and the Hippo pathway, the upstream regulation of actomyosin in the Hippo pathway is less defined. Here, we identify the phosphoinositide-3-phosphatase Myotubularin (Mtm) as a novel upstream regulator of actomyosin that functions synergistically with the Hippo pathway during growth control. Mechanistically, Mtm regulates membrane phospholipid PI(3)P dynamics, which, in turn, modulates actomyosin activity through Rab11-mediated vesicular trafficking. We reveal PI(3)P dynamics as a novel mode of upstream regulation of actomyosin and establish Rab11-mediated vesicular trafficking as a functional link between membrane lipid dynamics and actomyosin activation in the context of growth control. Our study also shows that MTMR2, the human counterpart of Drosophila Mtm, has conserved functions in regulating actomyosin activity and tissue growth, providing new insights into the molecular basis of MTMR2-related peripheral nerve myelination and human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Department of Physiology and NeurobiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Wyatt Brichalli
- Department of Anatomy & PhysiologyKansas State University College of Veterinary MedicineManhattanKSUSA
| | - Naren Li
- Department of Physiology and NeurobiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Shifan Chen
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Yaqing Cheng
- Department of Physiology and NeurobiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Yulan Xiong
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Jianzhong Yu
- Department of Physiology and NeurobiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
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16
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Zambarda C, Pérez González C, Schoenit A, Veits N, Schimmer C, Jung R, Ollech D, Christian J, Roca-Cusachs P, Trepat X, Cavalcanti-Adam EA. Epithelial cell cluster size affects force distribution in response to EGF-induced collective contractility. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151274. [PMID: 36152392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several factors present in the extracellular environment regulate epithelial cell adhesion and dynamics. Among them, growth factors such as EGF, upon binding to their receptors at the cell surface, get internalized and directly activate the acto-myosin machinery. In this study we present the effects of EGF on the contractility of epithelial cancer cell colonies in confined geometry of different sizes. We show that the extent to which EGF triggers contractility scales with the cluster size and thus the number of cells. Moreover, the collective contractility results in a radial distribution of traction forces, which are dependent on integrin β1 peripheral adhesions and transmitted to neighboring cells through adherens junctions. Taken together, EGF-induced contractility acts on the mechanical crosstalk and linkage between the cell-cell and cell-matrix compartments, regulating collective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zambarda
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlos Pérez González
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Schoenit
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nisha Veits
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clara Schimmer
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raimund Jung
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Ollech
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joel Christian
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería (CIBER-BBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Tam AKY, Mogilner A, Oelz DB. F-actin bending facilitates net actomyosin contraction By inhibiting expansion with plus-end-located myosin motors. J Math Biol 2022; 85:4. [PMID: 35788426 PMCID: PMC9252981 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contraction of actomyosin networks underpins important cellular processes including motility and division. The mechanical origin of actomyosin contraction is not fully-understood. We investigate whether contraction arises on the scale of individual filaments, without needing to invoke network-scale interactions. We derive discrete force-balance and continuum partial differential equations for two symmetric, semi-flexible actin filaments with an attached myosin motor. Assuming the system exists within a homogeneous background material, our method enables computation of the stress tensor, providing a measure of contractility. After deriving the model, we use a combination of asymptotic analysis and numerical solutions to show how F-actin bending facilitates contraction on the scale of two filaments. Rigid filaments exhibit polarity-reversal symmetry as the motor travels from the minus to plus-ends, such that contractile and expansive components cancel. Filament bending induces a geometric asymmetry that brings the filaments closer to parallel as a myosin motor approaches their plus-ends, decreasing the effective spring force opposing motor motion. The reduced spring force enables the motor to move faster close to filament plus-ends, which reduces expansive stress and gives rise to net contraction. Bending-induced geometric asymmetry provides both new understanding of actomyosin contraction mechanics, and a hypothesis that can be tested in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Y Tam
- UniSA STEM, The University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia. .,School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, 10012-1185, NY, USA
| | - Dietmar B Oelz
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Abstract
The EPH receptor tyrosine kinases and their signaling partners, the EPHRINS, comprise a large class of cell signaling molecules that plays diverse roles in development. As cell membrane-anchored signaling molecules, they regulate cellular organization by modulating the strength of cellular contacts, usually by impacting the actin cytoskeleton or cell adhesion programs. Through these cellular functions, EPH/EPHRIN signaling often regulates tissue shape. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that this signaling family is ancient and associated with the origin of multicellularity. Though extensively studied, our understanding of the signaling mechanisms employed by this large family of signaling proteins remains patchwork, and a truly "canonical" EPH/EPHRIN signal transduction pathway is not known and may not exist. Instead, several foundational evolutionarily conserved mechanisms are overlaid by a myriad of tissue -specific functions, though common themes emerge from these as well. Here, I review recent advances and the related contexts that have provided new understanding of the conserved and varied molecular and cellular mechanisms employed by EPH/EPHRIN signaling during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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19
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Hernández-Del-Valle M, Valencia-Expósito A, López-Izquierdo A, Casanova-Ferrer P, Tarazona P, Martín-Bermudo MD, Míguez DG. A coarse-grained approach to model the dynamics of the actomyosin cortex. BMC Biol 2022; 20:90. [PMID: 35459165 PMCID: PMC9034637 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The dynamics of the actomyosin machinery is at the core of many important biological processes. Several relevant cellular responses such as the rhythmic compression of the cell cortex are governed, at a mesoscopic level, by the nonlinear interaction between actin monomers, actin crosslinkers, and myosin motors. Coarse-grained models are an optimal tool to study actomyosin systems, since they can include processes that occur at long time and space scales, while maintaining the most relevant features of the molecular interactions. Results Here, we present a coarse-grained model of a two-dimensional actomyosin cortex, adjacent to a three-dimensional cytoplasm. Our simplified model incorporates only well-characterized interactions between actin monomers, actin crosslinkers and myosin, and it is able to reproduce many of the most important aspects of actin filament and actomyosin network formation, such as dynamics of polymerization and depolymerization, treadmilling, network formation, and the autonomous oscillatory dynamics of actomyosin. Conclusions We believe that the present model can be used to study the in vivo response of actomyosin networks to changes in key parameters of the system, such as alterations in the attachment of actin filaments to the cell cortex. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1186/s12915-022-01279-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernández-Del-Valle
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,IFIMAC, Fac. de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Fac. de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Fisica de la Materia Condensada, Fac. de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Andrea Valencia-Expósito
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, Seville, 41013, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Izquierdo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,IFIMAC, Fac. de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Fac. de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Fisica de la Materia Condensada, Fac. de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Pau Casanova-Ferrer
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,IFIMAC, Fac. de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Fac. de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Fisica de la Materia Condensada, Fac. de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Pedro Tarazona
- IFIMAC, Fac. de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Fac. de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Fisica Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Fac. de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Maria D Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, Seville, 41013, Spain
| | - David G Míguez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain. .,IFIMAC, Fac. de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain. .,Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Fac. de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain. .,Fisica de la Materia Condensada, Fac. de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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20
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Roberto GM, Emery G. Directing with restraint: Mechanisms of protrusion restriction in collective cell migrations. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 129:75-81. [PMID: 35397972 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is necessary for morphogenesis, tissue homeostasis, wound healing and immune response. It is also involved in diseases. In particular, cell migration is inherent in metastasis. Cells can migrate individually or in groups. To migrate efficiently, cells need to be able to organize into a leading front that protrudes by forming membrane extensions and a trailing edge that contracts. This organization is scaled up at the group level during collective cell movements. If a cell or a group of cells is unable to limit its leading edge and hence to restrict the formation of protrusions to the front, directional movements are impaired or abrogated. Here we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms restricting protrusion formation in collective cell migration. We focus on three in vivo examples: the neural crest cell migration, the rotatory migration of follicle cells around the Drosophila egg chamber and the border cell migration during oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Molinari Roberto
- Vesicular Trafficking and Cell Signalling Research Unit, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Gregory Emery
- Vesicular Trafficking and Cell Signalling Research Unit, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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21
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Wang Q, Geng X, Zhao H, Yu D, Shao J, Li C. Tetrasodium pyrophosphate ameliorates oxidative damage to the TGase-catalyzed gelation of actomyosins. Food Chem 2022; 378:132128. [PMID: 35042110 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study attempted to investigate the interactive roles of protein oxidation (0-20 mM H2O2) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) on the crosslinking efficiency of actomyosin mediated by transglutaminase (TGase). Oxidation at 0-20 mM H2O2 was not conducive to TGase-mediated crosslinking as indicated by the relative reduction of free amine consumption from 35.3% to 11.7%, and caused the principle crosslinking sites to progressively convert from myosin subfragment-1 (S1) to subfragment-1 (S2) as evidenced by electrophoresis. However, the binding of TSPP to myosin alleviated oxidation suppression to TGase-catalyzed crosslinking in varying degrees and retarded the migration of crosslinking site from S1 to S2. Moreover, oxidation (especially 20 mM H2O2) decreased the final (90 °C) elasticity index (EI) and water holding capacity of TGase-treated actomyosin gel, while TSPP intensified those of TGase-catalyzed actomyosin gel, indicating that TSPP had a positive effect on ameliorating the oxidative stress to TGase-catalyzed gelation of actomyosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Xiaoqian Geng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Hongfei Zhao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Di Yu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Junhua Shao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Chunqiang Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China.
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22
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Abstract
Optogenetics is a powerful technique that allows the control of protein function with high spatiotemporal precision using light. Here, we describe the application of this method to control tissue mechanics during Drosophila embryonic development. We detail optogenetic protocols to either increase or decrease cell contractility and analyze the interplay between cell-cell interaction, tissue geometry, and force transmission during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krueger
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Developmental Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano De Renzis
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Developmental Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.
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23
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Bauer J, Poupart V, Goupil E, Nguyen KCQ, Hall DH, Labbé JC. The initial expansion of the C. elegans syncytial germ line is coupled to incomplete primordial germ cell cytokinesis. Development 2021; 148:dev199633. [PMID: 34195824 PMCID: PMC8327289 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The C. elegans germline is organized as a syncytium in which each germ cell possesses an intercellular bridge that is maintained by a stable actomyosin ring and connected to a common pool of cytoplasm, termed the rachis. How germ cells undergo cytokinesis while maintaining this syncytial architecture is not completely understood. Here, we use live imaging to characterize primordial germ cell (PGC) division in C. elegans first-stage larvae. We show that each PGC possesses a stable intercellular bridge that connects it to a common pool of cytoplasm, which we term the proto-rachis. We further show that the first PGC cytokinesis is incomplete and that the stabilized cytokinetic ring progressively moves towards the proto-rachis and eventually integrates with it. Our results support a model in which the initial expansion of the C. elegans syncytial germline occurs by incomplete cytokinesis, where one daughter germ cell inherits the actomyosin ring that was newly formed by stabilization of the cytokinetic ring, while the other inherits the pre-existing stable actomyosin ring. We propose that such a mechanism of iterative cytokinesis incompletion underpins C. elegans germline expansion and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Bauer
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Vincent Poupart
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Eugénie Goupil
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ken C. Q. Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David H. Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Labbé
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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24
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Vestre K, Persiconi I, Borg Distefano M, Mensali N, Guadagno NA, Bretou M, Wälchli S, Arnold-Schrauf C, Bakke O, Dalod M, Lennon-Dumenil AM, Progida C. Rab7b regulates dendritic cell migration by linking lysosomes to the actomyosin cytoskeleton. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272095. [PMID: 34494097 PMCID: PMC8487646 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal signaling facilitates the migration of immune cells by releasing Ca2+ to activate the actin-based motor myosin II at the cell rear. However, how the actomyosin cytoskeleton physically associates to lysosomes is unknown. We have previously identified myosin II as a direct interactor of Rab7b, a small GTPase that mediates the transport from late endosomes/lysosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Here, we show that Rab7b regulates the migration of dendritic cells (DCs) in one- and three-dimensional environments. DCs are immune sentinels that transport antigens from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes to activate T lymphocytes and initiate adaptive immune responses. We found that the lack of Rab7b reduces myosin II light chain phosphorylation and the activation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB), which controls lysosomal signaling and is required for fast DC migration. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Rab7b interacts with the lysosomal Ca2+ channel TRPML1 (also known as MCOLN1), enabling the local activation of myosin II at the cell rear. Taken together, our findings identify Rab7b as the missing physical link between lysosomes and the actomyosin cytoskeleton, allowing control of immune cell migration through lysosomal signaling. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: The small GTPase Rab7b bridges the lysosomal Ca2+ channel TRPML1 to myosin II, thus enabling the local activation of myosin II at the cell rear and promoting fast migration of dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vestre
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Irene Persiconi
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marita Borg Distefano
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadia Mensali
- Department of Cellular Therapy, the Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Marine Bretou
- Institut Curie, Inserm U932, F-75005 Paris, France.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, the Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Catharina Arnold-Schrauf
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marc Dalod
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
| | | | - Cinzia Progida
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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25
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Casey MA, Lusk S, Kwan KM. Build me up optic cup: Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of vertebrate eye morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2021; 476:128-136. [PMID: 33811855 PMCID: PMC8848517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The basic structure of the eye, which is crucial for visual function, is established during the embryonic process of optic cup morphogenesis. Molecular pathways of specification and patterning are integrated with spatially distinct cell and tissue shape changes to generate the eye, with discrete domains and structural features: retina and retinal pigment epithelium enwrap the lens, and the optic fissure occupies the ventral surface of the eye and optic stalk. Interest in the underlying cell biology of eye morphogenesis has led to a growing body of work, combining molecular genetics and imaging to quantify cellular processes such as adhesion and actomyosin activity. These studies reveal that intrinsic machinery and spatiotemporally specific extrinsic inputs collaborate to control dynamics of cell movements and morphologies. Here we consider recent advances in our understanding of eye morphogenesis, with a focus on the mechanics of eye formation throughout vertebrate systems, including insights and potential opportunities using organoids, which may provide a tractable system to test hypotheses from embryonic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macaulie A Casey
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Sarah Lusk
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Kristen M Kwan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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26
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Saunders TE. The early Drosophila embryo as a model system for quantitative biology. Cells Dev 2021;:203722. [PMID: 34298230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
With the rise of new tools, from controlled genetic manipulations and optogenetics to improved microscopy, it is now possible to make clear, quantitative and reproducible measurements of biological processes. The humble fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, with its ease of genetic manipulation combined with excellent imaging accessibility, has become a major model system for performing quantitative in vivo measurements. Such measurements are driving a new wave of interest from physicists and engineers, who are developing a range of testable dynamic models of active systems to understand fundamental biological processes. The reproducibility of the early Drosophila embryo has been crucial for understanding how biological systems are robust to unavoidable noise during development. Insights from quantitative in vivo experiments in the Drosophila embryo are having an impact on our understanding of critical biological processes, such as how cells make decisions and how complex tissue shape emerges. Here, to highlight the power of using Drosophila embryogenesis for quantitative biology, I focus on three main areas: (1) formation and robustness of morphogen gradients; (2) how gene regulatory networks ensure precise boundary formation; and (3) how mechanical interactions drive packing and tissue folding. I further discuss how such data has driven advances in modelling.
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27
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Bazellières E, Le Bivic A. Mechanoregulation of PDZ Proteins, An Emerging Function. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2256:257-75. [PMID: 34014527 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1166-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces have emerged as essential regulators of cell organization, proliferation, migration, and polarity to regulate cellular and tissue homeostasis. Changes in forces or loss of the cellular response to them can result in abnormal embryonic development and diseases. Over the past two decades, many efforts have been put in deciphering the molecular mechanisms that convert forces into biochemical signals, allowing for the identification of many mechanotransducer proteins. Here we discuss how PDZ proteins are emerging as new mechanotransducer proteins by altering their conformations or localizations upon force loads, leading to the formation of macromolecular modules tethering the cell membrane to the actin cytoskeleton.
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28
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Zhang S, Saunders T. Mechanical processes underlying precise and robust cell matching. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:75-84. [PMID: 34130903 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the development of complicated multicellular organisms, the robust formation of specific cell-cell connections (cell matching) is required for the generation of precise tissue structures. Mismatches or misconnections can lead to various diseases. Diverse mechanical cues, including differential adhesion and temporally varying cell contractility, are involved in regulating the process of cell-cell recognition and contact formation. Cells often start the process of cell matching through contact via filopodia protrusions, mediated by specific adhesion interactions at the cell surface. These adhesion interactions give rise to differential mechanical signals that can be further perceived by the cells. In conjunction with contractions generated by the actomyosin networks within the cells, this differentially coded adhesion information can be translated to reposition and sort cells. Here, we review the role of these different cell matching components and suggest how these mechanical factors cooperate with each other to facilitate specificity in cell-cell contact formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Zhang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
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29
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Denk-Lobnig M, Totz JF, Heer NC, Dunkel J, Martin AC. Combinatorial patterns of graded RhoA activation and uniform F-actin depletion promote tissue curvature. Development 2021; 148:dev199232. [PMID: 34124762 PMCID: PMC8254875 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During development, gene expression regulates cell mechanics and shape to sculpt tissues. Epithelial folding proceeds through distinct cell shape changes that occur simultaneously in different regions of a tissue. Here, using quantitative imaging in Drosophila melanogaster, we investigate how patterned cell shape changes promote tissue bending during early embryogenesis. We find that the transcription factors Twist and Snail combinatorially regulate a multicellular pattern of lateral F-actin density that differs from the previously described Myosin-2 gradient. This F-actin pattern correlates with whether cells apically constrict, stretch or maintain their shape. We show that the Myosin-2 gradient and F-actin depletion do not depend on force transmission, suggesting that transcriptional activity is required to create these patterns. The Myosin-2 gradient width results from a gradient in RhoA activation that is refined through the balance between RhoGEF2 and the RhoGAP C-GAP. Our experimental results and simulations of a 3D elastic shell model show that tuning gradient width regulates tissue curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlis Denk-Lobnig
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jan F. Totz
- Mathematics Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Natalie C. Heer
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jörn Dunkel
- Mathematics Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam C. Martin
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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30
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Danescu A, Rens EG, Rehki J, Woo J, Akazawa T, Fu K, Edelstein-Keshet L, Richman JM. Symmetry and fluctuation of cell movements in neural crest-derived facial mesenchyme. Development 2021; 148:dev.193755. [PMID: 33757991 PMCID: PMC8126411 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the face, symmetry is established when bilateral streams of neural crest cells leave the neural tube at the same time, follow identical migration routes and then give rise to the facial prominences. However, developmental instability exists, particularly surrounding the steps of lip fusion. The causes of instability are unknown but inability to cope with developmental fluctuations are a likely cause of congenital malformations, such as non-syndromic orofacial clefts. Here, we tracked cell movements over time in the frontonasal mass, which forms the facial midline and participates in lip fusion, using live-cell imaging of chick embryos. Our mathematical examination of cell velocity vectors uncovered temporal fluctuations in several parameters, including order/disorder, symmetry/asymmetry and divergence/convergence. We found that treatment with a Rho GTPase inhibitor completely disrupted the temporal fluctuations in all measures and blocked morphogenesis. Thus, we discovered that genetic control of symmetry extends to mesenchymal cell movements and that these movements are of the type that could be perturbed in asymmetrical malformations, such as non-syndromic cleft lip. This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview. Highlighted Article: Live imaging of the chick embryo face followed by mathematical analysis of mesenchymal cell tracks captures novel fluctuations between states of order/disorder as well as symmetry/asymmetry, revealing developmental instabilities that are part of normal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Danescu
- Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Elisabeth G Rens
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, 1986 Mathematics Road, Vancouver, V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Jaspreet Rehki
- Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Johnathan Woo
- Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Takashi Akazawa
- Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Katherine Fu
- Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Leah Edelstein-Keshet
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, 1986 Mathematics Road, Vancouver, V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Joy M Richman
- Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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31
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Abstract
Cytokinesis is the process that separates a cell into two daughter cells at the end of mitosis. Most of our knowledge of cytokinesis comes from overexpression studies, which affects our interpretation of protein function. Gene editing can circumvent this issue by introducing functional mutations or fluorescent probes directly into a gene locus. However, despite its potential, gene editing is just starting to be used in the field of cytokinesis. Here, we discuss the benefits of using gene editing tools for the study of cytokinesis and highlight recent studies that successfully used CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins) technology to answer critical questions regarding the function of cytokinesis proteins. We also present methodologies for editing essential genes and discuss how CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and activation (CRISPRa) can enable precise control of gene expression to answer important questions in the field. Finally, we address the need for gene editing to study cytokinesis in more physiologically relevant contexts. Therefore, this Review provides a roadmap for gene editing to be used in the study of cytokinesis and other cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu C Husser
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Noha Skaik
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Vincent J J Martin
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada.,Center for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada.,Center for Microscopy and Cellular Imaging, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
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32
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Hatte G, Prigent C, Tassan JP. Adherens junctions are involved in polarized contractile ring formation in dividing epithelial cells of Xenopus laevis embryos. Exp Cell Res 2021; 402:112525. [PMID: 33662366 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cells dividing in the plane of epithelial tissues proceed by polarized constriction of the actomyosin contractile ring, leading to asymmetric ingression of the plasma mem brane. Asymmetric cytokinesis results in the apical positioning of the actomyosin contractile ring and ultimately of the midbody. Studies have indicated that the contractile ring is associated with adherens junctions, whose role is to maintain epithelial tissue cohesion. However, it is yet unknown when the contractile ring becomes associated with adherens junctions in epithelial cells. Here, we examined contractile ring formation and activation in the epithelium of Xenopus embryos and explored the implication of adherens junctions in the contractile ring formation. We show that accumulation of proteins involved in contractile ring formation and activation is polarized, starting at apical cell-cell contacts at the presumptive division site and spreading within seconds towards the cell basal side. We also show that adherens junctions are involved in the kinetics of contractile ring formation. Our study reveals that the link between the adherens junctions and the contractile ring is established from the onset of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Hatte
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), UMR 6290, 2 Avenue Du Professeur Leon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Claude Prigent
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), UMR 6290, 2 Avenue Du Professeur Leon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France; Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Tassan
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), UMR 6290, 2 Avenue Du Professeur Leon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.
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33
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Jiang S, Zhao D, Nian Y, Wu J, Zhang M, Li Q, Li C. Ultrasonic treatment increased functional properties and in vitro digestion of actomyosin complex during meat storage. Food Chem 2021; 352:129398. [PMID: 33652197 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of ultrasonic treatment (400 W, 20 kHz, 45.52 W/L) and storage time (0 d, 3 d, 7 d and 10 d) on functional properties, structural changes and in vitro digestion of actomyosin complex isolated from vacuum-packed pork. As storage time increased, turbidity, surface hydrophobicity, active sulfhydryl and total sulfhydryl of actomyosin complex increased, while protein solubility decreased. Ultrasonic treatment increased surface hydrophobicity, protein solubility and active sulfhydryl content but decreased turbidity and total sulfhydryl content compared with the control. Ultrasonic treatment caused a reduction in α-helix content on 0 day and the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan and tyrosine residues. It increased pancreatin digestibility of actomyosin complex and the number of peptides of smaller than 1 kDa. However, it decreased the number of peptides. The findings provide a new insight into the application of appropriate ultrasonic treatment to promote meat digestibility.
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34
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Otsu K, Ida-Yonemochi H, Ikezaki S, Ema M, Hitomi J, Ohshima H, Harada H. Oxygen regulates epithelial stem cell proliferation via RhoA- actomyosin-YAP/TAZ signal in mouse incisor. Development 2021; 148:dev.194787. [PMID: 33472844 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are maintained in specific niches that strictly regulate their proliferation and differentiation for proper tissue regeneration and renewal. Molecular oxygen (O2) is an important component of the niche microenvironment, but little is known about how O2 governs epithelial stem cell (ESC) behavior. Here, we demonstrate that O2 plays a crucial role in regulating the proliferation of ESCs using the continuously growing mouse incisors. We have revealed that slow-cycling cells in the niche are maintained under relatively hypoxic conditions compared with actively proliferating cells, based on the blood vessel distribution and metabolic status. Mechanistically, we have demonstrated that, during hypoxia, HIF1α upregulation activates the RhoA signal, thereby promoting cortical actomyosin and stabilizing the adherens junction complex, including merlin. This leads to the cytoplasmic retention of YAP/TAZ to attenuate cell proliferation. These results shed light on the biological significance of blood-vessel geometry and the signaling mechanism through microenvironmental O2 to orchestrate ESC behavior, providing a novel molecular basis for the microenvironmental O2-mediated stem cell regulation during tissue development and renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Otsu
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1, Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ida-Yonemochi
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Shojiro Ikezaki
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1, Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Jiro Hitomi
- Division of Human Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1, Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Harada
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1, Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
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35
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Okami M, Sunada Y, Hatori K. Lysozyme-induced suppression of enzymatic and motile activities of actin-myosin: Impact of basic proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1147-1153. [PMID: 32668307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrostatic interactions between actin filaments and myosin molecules, which are ubiquitous proteins in eukaryotes, are crucial for their enzymatic activity and motility. Nonspecific electrostatic interactions between proteins are unavoidable in cells; therefore, it is worth exploring how ambient proteins, such as polyelectrolytes, affect actin-myosin functions. To understand the effect of counterionic proteins on actin-myosin, we examined ATPase activity and sliding velocity via actin-myosin interactions in the presence of the basic model protein hen egg lysozyme. In an in vitro motility assay with ATP, the sliding velocity of actin filaments on heavy meromyosin (HMM) decreased with increasing lysozyme concentrations. Actin filaments were completely stalled at a lysozyme concentration above 0.08 mg/mL. Lysozyme decreased the ATP hydrolysis rate of the actin-HMM complex but not that HMM alone. Co-sedimentation assays revealed that lysozyme enhanced the binding of HMM to actin filaments in the presence of ATP. Additionally, lysozyme could bind to actin and myosin filaments. The inhibitory effect of poly-l-lysine, histone mixture, and lactoferrin on the motility of actin-myosin was higher than that of lysozyme. Thus, nonspecific electrostatic interactions of basic proteins are involved in the bundling of actin filaments and modulation of essential functions of the actomyosin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Okami
- Department of Bio-Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jyonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yuma Sunada
- Department of Bio-Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jyonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Hatori
- Department of Bio-Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jyonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan.
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36
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Kindberg A, Hu JK, Bush JO. Forced to communicate: Integration of mechanical and biochemical signaling in morphogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 66:59-68. [PMID: 32569947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis is a physical process that requires the generation of mechanical forces to achieve dynamic changes in cell position, tissue shape, and size as well as biochemical signals to coordinate these events. Mechanical forces are also used by the embryo to transmit detailed information across space and detected by target cells, leading to downstream changes in cellular properties and behaviors. Indeed, forces provide signaling information of complementary quality that can both synergize and diversify the functional outputs of biochemical signaling. Here, we discuss recent findings that reveal how mechanical signaling and biochemical signaling are integrated during morphogenesis and the possible context-specific advantages conferred by the interactions between these signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Kindberg
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey O Bush
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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37
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Sherlekar A, Mundhe G, Richa P, Dey B, Sharma S, Rikhy R. F-BAR domain protein Syndapin regulates actomyosin dynamics during apical cap remodeling in syncytial Drosophila embryos. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs235846. [PMID: 32327556 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.235846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched actin networks driven by Arp2/3 interact with actomyosin filaments in processes such as cell migration. Similar interactions occur in the syncytial Drosophila blastoderm embryo where expansion of apical caps by Arp2/3-driven actin polymerization occurs in interphase, and cap buckling at contact edges by Myosin II to form furrows takes place in metaphase. Here, we study the role of Syndapin (Synd), an F-BAR domain-containing protein, in apical cap remodeling prior to furrow extension. We found that depletion of synd resulted in larger apical caps. Super-resolution and TIRF microscopy showed that control embryos had long apical actin protrusions in caps during interphase and short protrusions during metaphase, whereas synd depletion led to formation of sustained long protrusions, even during metaphase. Loss of Arp2/3 function in synd mutants partly reverted defects in apical cap expansion and protrusion remodeling. Myosin II levels were decreased in synd mutants, an observation consistent with the expanded cap phenotype previously reported for Myosin II mutant embryos. We propose that Synd function limits branching activity during cap expansion and affects Myosin II distribution in order to bring about a transition in actin remodeling activity from apical cap expansion to lateral furrow extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Sherlekar
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Gayatri Mundhe
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Prachi Richa
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Bipasha Dey
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Richa Rikhy
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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Tang L, Yongsawatdigul J. Physicochemical properties of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) actomyosin subjected to high intensity ultrasound in low NaCl concentrations. Ultrason Sonochem 2020; 63:104922. [PMID: 31945574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effects of high intensity ultrasound (HIU) on physicochemical properties of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) actomyosin in low NaCl concentrations were investigated. The protein content extracted in low NaCl concentrations (0.1-0.3 M NaCl) increased with increasing HIU intensity up to 20.62 W/cm2 (p < 0.05). The effect of HIU on actomyosin extractability in high NaCl concentrations (0.6 and 1.2 M NaCl) was less obvious. Ca2+-ATPase activity and total sulfhydryl (SH) group content decreased in both 0.2 and 0.6 M NaCl. HIU showed more pronounced effect on oxidation of the SH groups in 0.6 M NaCl, while the reactive SH content at 0.2 M NaCl increased after a prolonged exposure to HIU, suggesting conformational changes induced by HIU. Surface hydrophobicity of actomyosin in 0.6 M NaCl increased with increasing ultrasonic intensity and exposure time to a higher degree than that in 0.2 M NaCl. A greater absolute value of the zeta potential of actomyosin subjected to HIU were also observed. The HIU treatments decreased the turbidity of actomyosin incubated at 40 and 60 °C. A drastic increase in the solubility of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and actin with 0.2 M NaCl were evident when HIU treatments were applied, but degradation of MHC occurred in both 0.2 and 0.6 M NaCl. Based on particle size and microstructure, actomyosin in 0.6 M NaCl underwent more disruption by HIU than that in 0.2 M NaCl. HIU induced protein unfolding and protein dissociation, enabling better extraction in a lower NaCl concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tang
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Jirawat Yongsawatdigul
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
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Zhao D, He J, Zou X, Nian Y, Xu X, Zhou G, Li C. Influence of salting process on the structure and in vitro digestibility of actomyosin. J Food Sci Technol 2020; 57:1763-1773. [PMID: 32327787 PMCID: PMC7171045 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04210-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salting process is widely used in the process of meat products, whereas few studies have revealed the digestibility of actomyosin after salting treatment, which is closely related with the nutrition of meat. This work reported effect of salting on the structural change and digestibility of actomyosin before and after heat treatment. Actomyosin in 0.4 M and 0.8 M of NaCl had higher content of disulfide bonds, and actomyosin in 0.4 M NaCl showed the largest particle sizes before and after heat treatment. In addition, actomyosin in 0.6 M and 0.8 M of NaCl was oxidized more severely after heat treatment. Based on peptidomics analysis by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), actomyosin in 0.6 M was digested more easily, which was followed by sample in 0.8 M and 0.4 M of NaCl in descending order. The lowest digestibility of actomyosin in 0.4 M NaCl was related with its higher content of disulfide bond and severer aggregation behavior. The lower digestibility of actomyosin in 0.8 M NaCl should be related with the higher content of disulfide bonds and surface oxidation. These results highlight the crucial role of salting process in affecting the digestibility of meat protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing He
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingqun Nian
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianglian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1#, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
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40
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Bugyi B, Kellermayer M. The discovery of actin: "to see what everyone else has seen, and to think what nobody has thought". J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2020; 41:3-9. [PMID: 31093826 PMCID: PMC7109165 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Actin is among the most highly abundant and ubiquitous proteins in eukaryotic cells. The structure, dynamics and functional diversity of actin have continued to mesmerise cell and molecular biologists, biophysicists and physiologists for more than three quarters of a century. The discovery and initial characterization of actin, which took place in the laboratory of Albert Szent-Györgyi by Ilona Banga and Brúnó F. Straub during the second world war in Hungary, is a remarkable and inspiring moment in the history of science. Many of the early thoughts and ideas on the properties and functions of actin and particularly actomyosin, which are referred to in this short historical overview, resonate freshly even today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Bugyi
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Kellermayer
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó str. 37-47, Budapest, IX, 1428, Hungary.
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Zhang Y, Zhang D, Huang Y, Chen L, Bao P, Fang H, Zhou C. L-arginine and L-lysine degrade troponin-T, and L-arginine dissociates actomyosin: Their roles in improving the tenderness of chicken breast. Food Chem 2020; 318:126516. [PMID: 32146313 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the effects of L-arginine (Arg) and L-lysine (Lys) on the tenderness of chicken breast and explored the possible mechanisms underlying this effect for the first time. The results showed that both Arg and Lys decreased the shear force and increased the pH value, sarcomere length and myofibrillar fragmentation index as well as degraded the troponin-T by keeping calpain activity in chicken breast. In addition, Arg effectively reduced Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase activities and promoted actomyosin dissociation. These results indicated that both Arg and Lys could enhance the tenderness of chicken breast, and it could also explain why Arg was more effective than Lys in improving the tenderness of chicken breast. These results will help facilitate the development of industrial-scale methods for improving the tenderness of meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China
| | - Daojing Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yajun Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China
| | - Pengqi Bao
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hongmei Fang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China
| | - Cunliu Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China.
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42
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Houssin NS, Martin JB, Coppola V, Yoon SO, Plageman TF. Formation and contraction of multicellular actomyosin cables facilitate lens placode invagination. Dev Biol 2020; 462:36-49. [PMID: 32113830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis relies on the intrinsic ability of cells, often through remodeling the cytoskeleton, to shape epithelial tissues during development. Epithelial invagination is an example of morphogenesis that depends on this remodeling but the cellular mechanisms driving arrangement of cytoskeletal elements needed for tissue deformation remain incompletely characterized. To elucidate these mechanisms, live fluorescent microscopy and immunohistochemistry on fixed specimens were performed on chick and mouse lens placodes. This analysis revealed the formation of peripherally localized, circumferentially orientated and aligned junctions enriched in F-actin and MyoIIB. Once formed, the aligned junctions contract in a Rho-kinase and non-muscle myosin dependent manner. Further molecular characterization of these junctions revealed a Rho-kinase dependent accumulation of Arhgef11, a RhoA-specific guanine exchange factor known to regulate the formation of actomyosin cables and junctional contraction. In contrast, the localization of the Par-complex protein Par3, was reduced in these circumferentially orientated junctions. In an effort to determine if Par3 plays a negative role in MyoIIB accumulation, Par3-deficient mouse embryos were analyzed which not only revealed an increase in bicellular junctional accumulation of MyoIIB, but also a reduction of Arhgef11. Together, these results highlight the importance of the formation of the multicellular actomyosin cables that appear essential to the initiation of epithelial invagination and implicate the potential role of Arhgef11 and Par3 in their contraction and formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica B Martin
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sung Ok Yoon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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43
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Zhu M, Zernicka-Goetz M. Building an apical domain in the early mouse embryo: Lessons, challenges and perspectives. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:144-149. [PMID: 31869760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarization is critical for lineage segregation and morphogenesis during mammalian embryogenesis. However, the processes and mechanisms that establish cell polarity in the mammalian embryo are not well understood. Recent studies suggest that unique regulatory mechanisms are deployed by the mouse embryo to establish cell polarization. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of cell polarity establishment, focusing on the formation of the apical domain in the mouse embryo. We will also discuss outstanding questions and possible directions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhu
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK.
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44
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Merino F, Pospich S, Raunser S. Towards a structural understanding of the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:51-64. [PMID: 31836290 PMCID: PMC7221352 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Actin filaments (F-actin) are a key component of eukaryotic cells. Whether serving as a scaffold for myosin or using their polymerization to push onto cellular components, their function is always related to force generation. To control and fine-tune force production, cells have a large array of actin-binding proteins (ABPs) dedicated to control every aspect of actin polymerization, filament localization, and their overall mechanical properties. Although great advances have been made in our biochemical understanding of the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, the structural basis of this process is still being deciphered. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of this process. We outline how ABPs control the nucleation and disassembly, and how these processes are affected by the nucleotide state of the filaments. In addition, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of actomyosin force generation, and describe recent advances brought forward by the developments of electron cryomicroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Merino
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabrina Pospich
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.
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45
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Kapoor S, Kotak S. Centrosome Aurora A regulates RhoGEF ECT-2 localisation and ensures a single PAR-2 polarity axis in C. elegans embryos. Development 2019; 146:dev.174565. [PMID: 31636075 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proper establishment of cell polarity is essential for development. In the one-cell C. elegans embryo, a centrosome-localised signal provides spatial information for polarity establishment. It is hypothesised that this signal causes local inhibition of the cortical actomyosin network, and breaks symmetry to direct partitioning of the PAR proteins. However, the molecular nature of the centrosomal signal that triggers cortical anisotropy in the actomyosin network to promote polarity establishment remains elusive. Here, we discover that depletion of Aurora A kinase (AIR-1 in C. elegans) causes pronounced cortical contractions on the embryo surface, and this creates more than one PAR-2 polarity axis. This function of AIR-1 appears to be independent of its role in microtubule nucleation. Importantly, upon AIR-1 depletion, centrosome positioning becomes dispensable in dictating the PAR-2 axis. Moreover, we uncovered that a Rho GEF, ECT-2, acts downstream of AIR-1 in regulating contractility and PAR-2 localisation, and, notably, AIR-1 depletion influences ECT-2 cortical localisation. Overall, this study provides a novel insight into how an evolutionarily conserved centrosome Aurora A kinase inhibits promiscuous PAR-2 domain formation to ensure singularity in the polarity establishment axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology (MCB), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sachin Kotak
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology (MCB), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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46
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Abstract
Epithelial cells form tissues that generate biological barriers in the body. Tight junctions (TJs) are responsible for maintaining a selectively permeable seal between epithelial cells, but little is known about how TJs dynamically remodel in response to physiological forces that challenge epithelial barrier function, such as cell shape changes (e.g. during cell division) or tissue stretching (e.g. during developmental morphogenesis). In this Review, we first introduce a framework to think about TJ remodeling across multiple scales: from molecular dynamics, to strand dynamics, to cell- and tissue-scale dynamics. We then relate knowledge gained from global perturbations of TJs to emerging information about local TJ remodeling events, where transient localized Rho activation and actomyosin-mediated contraction promote TJ remodeling to repair local leaks in barrier function. We conclude by identifying emerging areas in the field and propose ideas for future studies that address unanswered questions about the mechanisms that drive TJ remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranyaraajan Varadarajan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Rachel E Stephenson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
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47
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Illukkumbura R, Bland T, Goehring NW. Patterning and polarization of cells by intracellular flows. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:123-134. [PMID: 31760155 PMCID: PMC6968950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Beginning with Turing’s seminal work [1], decades of research have demonstrated the fundamental ability of biochemical networks to generate and sustain the formation of patterns. However, it is increasingly appreciated that biochemical networks both shape and are shaped by physical and mechanical processes [2, 3, 4]. One such process is fluid flow. In many respects, the cytoplasm, membrane and actin cortex all function as fluids, and as they flow, they drive bulk transport of molecules throughout the cell. By coupling biochemical activity to long range molecular transport, flows can shape the distributions of molecules in space. Here we review the various types of flows that exist in cells, with the aim of highlighting recent advances in our understanding of how flows are generated and how they contribute to intracellular patterning processes, such as the establishment of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Bland
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nathan W Goehring
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
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48
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Zhao D, He J, Zou X, Xie Y, Xu X, Zhou G, Li C. Influence of hydrothermal treatment on the structural and digestive changes of actomyosin. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:6209-6218. [PMID: 31250450 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat treatment induces both structural and digestive change of meat protein. However, little has been revealed regarding the associations between structural changes and digested peptides of myofibrillar proteins. This work investigated the effects of heat treatment on the structures and in vitro digestibility of actomyosin, and the peptidomics of the digests were analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS Heat treatment resulted in unfolding and aggregation behavior of actomyosin according to the results of surface hydrophobicity and particle size. Formation of disulfide bonds and increase in carbonyl groups that occurred during heat treatment of actomyosin indicated the oxidation of specific residues. Unfolding behavior could elevate digestibility of actomyosin by exposing residues, based on the identification of peptides in digests of actomyosin using LC-MS/MS. However, the disulfide bond proved to reduce the action of digestive proteases, since the peptides number (increased from 56 to 86 in sample heated at 70 °C for 30 min) and peptides intensity in digests largely increased after the addition of dithiothreitol (DTT). Heating at higher temperature (100 °C) induced severer aggregation and oxidation, which resulted in lower digestibility of actomyosin than that heated at 70 °C by burying or damaging partial cleavage sites for digestive proteases. CONCLUSIONS This work highlights the huge influence of heat treatment on the multi-scale structures of myofibrillar proteins, which largely changed the peptides composition in protein digests. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing (MOA), Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control (MOE), Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jing He
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing (MOA), Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control (MOE), Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing (MOA), Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control (MOE), Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yunting Xie
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing (MOA), Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control (MOE), Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing (MOA), Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control (MOE), Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing (MOA), Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control (MOE), Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing (MOA), Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control (MOE), Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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49
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Singh D, Odedra D, Dutta P, Pohl C. Mechanical stress induces a scalable switch in cortical flow polarization during cytokinesis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.231357. [PMID: 31519810 PMCID: PMC6803361 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During animal development, cells need to sense and adapt to mechanical forces from their environment. Ultimately, these forces are transduced through the actomyosin cortex. How the cortex simultaneously responds to and creates forces during cytokinesis is not well understood. Here we show that, under mechanical stress, cortical actomyosin flow can switch polarization during cytokinesis in the C. elegans embryo. In unstressed embryos, longitudinal cortical flow contributes to contractile ring formation, while rotational cortical flow is additionally induced in uniaxially loaded embryos, i.e. embryos compressed between two plates. Rotational flow depends on astral microtubule signals and is required for the redistribution of the actomyosin cortex in loaded embryos. Rupture of longitudinally aligned cortical fibers during cortex rotation releases tension, initiates orthogonal longitudinal flow and, thereby, contributes to furrowing in loaded embryos. Moreover, actomyosin regulators involved in RhoA regulation, cortical polarity and chirality are all required for rotational flow, and become essential for cytokinesis under mechanical stress. In sum, our findings extend the current framework of mechanical stress response during cell division and show scaling of orthogonal cortical flows to the amount of mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Devang Odedra
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Priyanka Dutta
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Christian Pohl
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
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Andrés-Delgado L, Ernst A, Galardi-Castilla M, Bazaga D, Peralta M, Münch J, González-Rosa JM, Marques I, Tessadori F, de la Pompa JL, Vermot J, Mercader N. Actin dynamics and the Bmp pathway drive apical extrusion of proepicardial cells. Development 2019; 146:dev.174961. [PMID: 31175121 PMCID: PMC6633599 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The epicardium, the outer mesothelial layer enclosing the myocardium, plays key roles in heart development and regeneration. During embryogenesis, the epicardium arises from the proepicardium (PE), a cell cluster that appears in the dorsal pericardium (DP) close to the venous pole of the heart. Little is known about how the PE emerges from the pericardial mesothelium. Using a zebrafish model and a combination of genetic tools, pharmacological agents and quantitative in vivo imaging, we reveal that a coordinated collective movement of DP cells drives PE formation. We found that Bmp signaling and the actomyosin cytoskeleton promote constriction of the DP, which enables PE cells to extrude apically. We provide evidence that cell extrusion, which has been described in the elimination of unfit cells from epithelia and the emergence of hematopoietic stem cells, is also a mechanism for PE cells to exit an organized mesothelium and fulfil their developmental fate to form a new tissue layer, the epicardium. Summary: Proepicardial cells emerge from the pericardial mesothelium through apical extrusion, a process that depends on BMP signaling and actomyosin rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andrés-Delgado
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Ernst
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - María Galardi-Castilla
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Bazaga
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Peralta
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67411 Illkirch, France
| | - Juliane Münch
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Ciber CV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M González-Rosa
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inês Marques
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - Federico Tessadori
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Ciber CV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67411 Illkirch, France
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain .,Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
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