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Casey NP, Kleinmanns K, Forcados C, Gelebart PF, Joaquina S, Lode M, Benard E, Kaveh F, Caulier B, Helgestad Gjerde C, García de Jalón E, Warren DJ, Lindemann K, Rokkones E, Davidson B, Myhre MR, Kvalheim G, Bjørge L, McCormack E, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. Efficient CAR T cell targeting of the CA125 extracellular repeat domain of MUC16. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008179. [PMID: 38604812 PMCID: PMC11015285 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies in the Western world. Contributing factors include a high frequency of late-stage diagnosis, the development of chemoresistance, and the evasion of host immune responses. Currently, debulking surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy are the treatment cornerstones, although recurrence is common. As the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade is low, new immunotherapeutic strategies are needed. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy empowers patients' own T cells to fight and eradicate cancer, and has been tested against various targets in OC. A promising candidate is the MUC16 ectodomain. This ectodomain remains on the cell surface after cleavage of cancer antigen 125 (CA125), the domain distal from the membrane, which is currently used as a serum biomarker for OC. CA125 itself has not been tested as a possible CAR target. In this study, we examined the suitability of the CA125 as a target for CAR T cell therapy. METHODS We tested a series of antibodies raised against the CA125 extracellular repeat domain of MUC16 and adapted them to the CAR format. Comparisons between these candidates, and against an existing CAR targeting the MUC16 ectodomain, identified K101 as having high potency and specificity. The K101CAR was subjected to further biochemical and functional tests, including examination of the effect of soluble CA125 on its activity. Finally, we used cell lines and advanced orthotopic patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models to validate, in vivo, the efficiency of our K101CAR construct. RESULTS We observed a high efficacy of K101CAR T cells against cell lines and patient-derived tumors, in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrated that K101CAR functionality was not impaired by the soluble antigen. Finally, in direct comparisons, K101CAR, which targets the CA125 extracellular repeat domains, was shown to have similar efficacy to the previously validated 4H11CAR, which targets the MUC16 ectodomain. CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro and in vivo results, including PDX studies, demonstrate that the CA125 domain of MUC16 represents an excellent target for treating MUC16-positive malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Casey
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrin Kleinmanns
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christopher Forcados
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pascal F Gelebart
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sandy Joaquina
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martine Lode
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Emmanuelle Benard
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fatemeh Kaveh
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benjamin Caulier
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Cell Reprogramming (CanCell), Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christiane Helgestad Gjerde
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elvira García de Jalón
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - David J Warren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristina Lindemann
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Rokkones
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ben Davidson
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Renee Myhre
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Bjørge
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Emmet McCormack
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Maggadottir SM, Dueland S, Mensali N, Hamre H, Andresen PA, Myhre MR, Juul HV, Bigalke I, Lundby M, Hønnåshagen TK, Sæbøe-Larssen S, Josefsen D, Hagtvedt T, Wälchli S, Kvalheim G, Inderberg EM. Transient TCR-based T cell therapy in a patient with advanced treatment-resistant MSI-high colorectal cancer. Mol Ther 2024:S1525-0016(24)00225-9. [PMID: 38582964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated the antitumor effectiveness of transiently T cell receptor (TCR)-redirected T cells recognizing a frameshift mutation in transforming growth factor beta receptor 2. We here describe a clinical protocol using mRNA TCR-modified T cells to treat a patient with progressive, treatment-resistant metastatic microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancer. Following 12 escalating doses of autologous T cells electroporated with in-vitro-transcribed Radium-1 TCR mRNA, we assessed T cell cytotoxicity, phenotype, and cytokine production. Tumor markers and growth on computed tomography scans were evaluated and immune cell tumor infiltrate at diagnosis assessed. At diagnosis, tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells had minimal expression of exhaustion markers, except for PD-1. Injected Radium-1 T cells were mainly naive and effector memory T cells with low expression of exhaustion markers, except for TIGIT. We confirmed cytotoxicity of transfected Radium-1 T cells against target cells and found key cytokines involved in tumor metastasis, growth, and angiogenesis to fluctuate during treatment. The treatment was well tolerated, and despite his advanced cancer, the patient obtained a stable disease with 6 months survival post-treatment. We conclude that treatment of metastatic MSI-H colorectal cancer with autologous T cells electroporated with Radium-1 TCR mRNA is feasible, safe, and well tolerated and that it warrants further investigation in a phase 1/2 study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solrun Melkorka Maggadottir
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Svein Dueland
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadia Mensali
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne Hamre
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | | | - Marit Renée Myhre
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hedvig V Juul
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iris Bigalke
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Lundby
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Stein Sæbøe-Larssen
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Josefsen
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Hagtvedt
- Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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3
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Klee CH, Villatoro A, Casey NP, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. In vitro re-challenge of CAR T cells. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 183:335-353. [PMID: 38548418 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells (CAR T) have emerged as a potential therapy for cancer patients. CAR T cells are capable of recognizing membrane proteins on cancer cells which initiates a downstream signaling in T cells that ends in cancer cell death. Continuous antigen exposure over time, activation of inhibitory signaling pathways and/or chronic inflammation can lead to CAR T cell exhaustion. In this context, the design of CARs can have a great impact on the functionality of CAR T cells, on their potency and exhaustion. Here, using CD19CAR as model, we provide a re-challenge protocol where CAR T cells are cultured weekly with malignant lymphoid cell lines BL-41 and Nalm-6 to simulate them with continuous antigen pressure over a four-week period. This protocol can be value for assessing CAR T cell functionality and for the comparison of different CAR constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Helena Klee
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia Villatoro
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicholas Paul Casey
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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4
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Joaquina S, Forcados C, Caulier B, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. Determination of CAR T cell metabolism in an optimized protocol. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1207576. [PMID: 37409169 PMCID: PMC10318902 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1207576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells modified to express chimeric antigenic receptors (CAR) has emerged as a solution to cure refractory malignancies. However, although CAR T cell treatment of haematological cancers has now shown impressive improvement in outcome, solid tumours have been more challenging to control. The latter type is protected by a strong tumour microenvironment (TME) which might impact cellular therapeutic treatments. Indeed, the milieu around the tumour can become particularly inhibitory to T cells by directly affecting their metabolism. Consequently, the therapeutic cells become physically impeded before being able to attack the tumour. It is therefore extremely important to understand the mechanism behind this metabolic break in order to develop TME-resistant CAR T cells. Historically, the measurement of cellular metabolism has been performed at a low throughput which only permitted a limited number of measurements. However, this has been changed by the introduction of real-time technologies which have lately become more popular to study CAR T cell quality. Unfortunately, the published protocols lack uniformity and their interpretation become confusing. We herein tested the essential parameters to perform a metabolic study on CAR T cells and propose a check list of factors that should be set in order to draw sound conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Joaquina
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher Forcados
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benjamin Caulier
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Cell Reprogramming (CanCell), Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Mensali N, Köksal H, Joaquina S, Wernhoff P, Casey NP, Romecin P, Panisello C, Rodriguez R, Vimeux L, Juzeniene A, Myhre MR, Fåne A, Ramírez CC, Maggadottir SM, Duru AD, Georgoudaki AM, Grad I, Maturana AD, Gaudernack G, Kvalheim G, Carcaboso AM, de Alava E, Donnadieu E, Bruland ØS, Menendez P, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. ALPL-1 is a target for chimeric antigen receptor therapy in osteosarcoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3375. [PMID: 37291203 PMCID: PMC10250459 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) remains a dismal malignancy in children and young adults, with poor outcome for metastatic and recurrent disease. Immunotherapies in OS are not as promising as in some other cancer types due to intra-tumor heterogeneity and considerable off-target expression of the potentially targetable proteins. Here we show that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells could successfully target an isoform of alkaline phosphatase, ALPL-1, which is highly and specifically expressed in primary and metastatic OS. The target recognition element of the second-generation CAR construct is based on two antibodies, previously shown to react against OS. T cells transduced with these CAR constructs mediate efficient and effective cytotoxicity against ALPL-positive cells in in vitro settings and in state-of-the-art in vivo orthotopic models of primary and metastatic OS, without unexpected toxicities against hematopoietic stem cells or healthy tissues. In summary, CAR-T cells targeting ALPL-1 show efficiency and specificity in treating OS in preclinical models, paving the path for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Mensali
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hakan Köksal
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sandy Joaquina
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Patrik Wernhoff
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicholas P Casey
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paola Romecin
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (TERAV)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (RICORS, RD21/0017/0029), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Panisello
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (TERAV)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (RICORS, RD21/0017/0029), Madrid, Spain
| | - René Rodriguez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBER-ONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lene Vimeux
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit R Myhre
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Fåne
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carolina Castilla Ramírez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, CSIC, University of Sevilla, CIBER-ONC, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Adil Doganay Duru
- NSU Cell Therapy Institute, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Anna-Maria Georgoudaki
- NSU Cell Therapy Institute, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iwona Grad
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrés Daniel Maturana
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gustav Gaudernack
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Angel M Carcaboso
- SJD Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
| | - Enrique de Alava
- Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, CSIC, University of Sevilla, CIBER-ONC, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Øyvind S Bruland
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (TERAV)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (RICORS, RD21/0017/0029), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER-ONC, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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6
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Casey NP, Klee CH, Fåne A, Caulier B, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Krawczyk M, Fidyt K, Josefsson SE, Köksal H, Dillard P, Patkowska E, Firczuk M, Smeland EB, Winiarska M, Myklebust JH, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. Efficient chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting of a central epitope of CD22. J Biol Chem 2023:104883. [PMID: 37269947 PMCID: PMC10331463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has had considerable success in the treatment of B cell malignancies. Targeting the B-lineage markerCD19 has brought great advances to treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and B cell lymphomas. However, relapse remains an issue in many cases. Such relapse can result from downregulation or loss of CD19 from the malignant cell population, or expression of alternate isoforms. Consequently, there remains a need to target alternative B-cell antigens and diversify the spectrum of epitopes targeted within the same antigen. CD22 has been identified as a substitute target in cases of CD19-negative relapse. One anti-CD22 antibody - clone m971 - targets a membrane-proximal epitope of CD22 and has been widely validated and used in the clinic. Here we have compared m971-CAR with a novel CAR derived from IS7, an antibody that targets a central epitope on CD22. The IS7-CAR has superior avidity, and is active and specific against CD22 positive targets, including B-ALL patient-derived xenograft (PDX) samples. Side-by-side comparisons indicated that while IS7-CAR killed less rapidly than m971-CAR in vitro, it remains efficient in controlling lymphoma xenograft models in vivo. Thus, IS7-CAR presents a potential alternative candidate for treatment of refractory B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Paul Casey
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Clara Helena Klee
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Fåne
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benjamin Caulier
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Center for Cancer Cell Reprogramming (CanCell), Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agnieszka Graczyk-Jarzynka
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Krawczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Fidyt
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sarah E Josefsson
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hakan Köksal
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Dillard
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Malgorzata Firczuk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - June H Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Section of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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7
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Huse K, Bai B, Hilden VI, Bollum LK, Våtsveen TK, Munthe LA, Smeland EB, Irish JM, Wälchli S, Myklebust JH. Mechanism of CD79A and CD79B Support for IgM+ B Cell Fitness through B Cell Receptor Surface Expression. J Immunol 2022; 209:2042-2053. [PMID: 36426942 PMCID: PMC9643646 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The BCR consists of surface-bound Ig and a heterodimeric signaling unit comprised of CD79A and CD79B. Upon cognate Ag recognition, the receptor initiates important signals for B cell development and function. The receptor also conveys Ag-independent survival signals termed tonic signaling. Although the requirement of a CD79A/CD79B heterodimer for BCR complex assembly and surface expression is well established based on mice models, few studies have investigated this in human mature B cells. In this study, we found that human tonsillar B cells with high surface expression of IgM or IgG had potentiated BCR signaling compared with BCRlow cells, and high IgM expression in germinal center B cells was associated with reduced apoptosis. We explored the mechanism for IgM surface expression by CRISPR/Cas9-induced deletion of CD79A or CD79B in four B lymphoma cell lines. Deletion of either CD79 protein caused loss of surface IgM in all cell lines and reduced fitness in three. From two cell lines, we generated stable CD79A or CD79B knockout clones and demonstrated that loss of CD79A or CD79B caused a block in N-glycan maturation and accumulation of immature proteins, compatible with retention of BCR components in the endoplasmic reticulum. Rescue experiments with CD79B wild-type restored surface expression of CD79A and IgM with mature glycosylation, whereas a naturally occurring CD79B G137S mutant disrupting CD79A/CD79B heterodimerization did not. Our study highlights that CD79A and CD79B are required for surface IgM expression in human B cells and illuminates the importance of the IgM expression level for signaling and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanutte Huse
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Baoyan Bai
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | - Vera Irene Hilden
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise K Bollum
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thea K Våtsveen
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Div. of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Div. of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan Michael Irish
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - June H. Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Maggadóttir SM, Kvalheim G, Wernhoff P, Sæbøe-Larssen S, Revheim ME, Josefsen D, Wälchli S, Helland Å, Inderberg EM. A phase I/II escalation trial design T-RAD: Treatment of metastatic lung cancer with mRNA-engineered T cells expressing a T cell receptor targeting human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Front Oncol 2022; 12:1031232. [PMID: 36439452 PMCID: PMC9685610 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1031232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) with genetically modified T cells aims to redirect T cells against resistant cancers through introduction of a T cell receptor (TCR). The Radium-4 TCR was isolated from a responding patient in a cancer vaccination study and recognizes the enzymatic component of human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) presented on MHC class II (HLA-DP04). hTERT is a constitutively overexpressed tumor-associated antigen present in most human cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is the second most common type of cancer worldwide. Treatment alternatives for relapsing NSCLC are limited and survival is poor. To improve patient outcome we designed a TCR-based ACT study targeting hTERT. Methods T-RAD is a phase I/II study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Radium-4 mRNA electroporated autologous T cells in the treatment of metastatic NSCLC with no other treatment option. Transient TCR expression is applied for safety considerations. Participants receive two intravenous injections with escalating doses of redirected T cells weekly for 6 consecutive weeks. Primary objectives are safety and tolerability. Secondary objectives include progression-free survival, time to progression, overall survival, patient reported outcomes and overall radiological response. Discussion Treatment for metastatic NSCLC is scarce and new personalized treatment options are in high demand. hTERT is a tumor target applicable to numerous cancer types. This proof-of-concept study will explore for the first time the safety and efficacy of TCR mRNA electroporated autologous T cells targeting hTERT. The T-RAD study will thus evaluate an attractive candidate for future immunotherapy of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sólrún Melkorka Maggadóttir
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Section for Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Section for Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Patrik Wernhoff
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stein Sæbøe-Larssen
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Section for Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Dag Josefsen
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Section for Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Section for Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åslaug Helland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Section for Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Else Marit Inderberg,
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9
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Abstract
The manufacture of efficacious CAR T cells represents a major challenge in cellular therapy. An important aspect of their quality concerns energy production and consumption, known as metabolism. T cells tend to adopt diverse metabolic profiles depending on their differentiation state and their stimulation level. It is therefore expected that the introduction of a synthetic molecule such as CAR, activating endogenous signaling pathways, will affect metabolism. In addition, upon patient treatment, the tumor microenvironment might influence the CAR T cell metabolism by compromising the energy resources. The access to novel technology with higher throughput and reduced cost has led to an increased interest in studying metabolism. Indeed, methods to quantify glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration have been available for decades but were rarely applied in the context of CAR T cell therapy before the release of the Seahorse XF apparatus. The present review will focus on the use of this instrument in the context of studies describing the impact of CAR on T cell metabolism and the strategies to render of CAR T cells more metabolically fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Forcados
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (C.F.); (S.J.); (N.P.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Sandy Joaquina
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (C.F.); (S.J.); (N.P.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Nicholas Paul Casey
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (C.F.); (S.J.); (N.P.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Benjamin Caulier
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (C.F.); (S.J.); (N.P.C.); (B.C.)
- Center for Cancer Cell Reprogramming (CanCell), Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (C.F.); (S.J.); (N.P.C.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Bajor M, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Marhelava K, Burdzinska A, Muchowicz A, Goral A, Zhylko A, Soroczynska K, Retecki K, Krawczyk M, Klopotowska M, Pilch Z, Paczek L, Malmberg KJ, Wälchli S, Winiarska M, Zagozdzon R. PD-L1 CAR effector cells induce self-amplifying cytotoxic effects against target cells. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-002500. [PMID: 35078921 PMCID: PMC8796262 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based therapies have transformed cancer treatment. Recently, combining these approaches into a strategy of PD-L1-targeted CAR has been proposed to target PD-L1high tumors. Our study provides new information on the efficacy of such an approach against PD-L1low targets.MethodsNew atezolizumab-based PD-L1-targeted CAR was generated and introduced into T, NK, or NK-92 cells. Breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines or non-malignant cells (HEK293T, HMEC, MCF-10A, or BM-MSC) were used as targets to assess the reactivity or cytotoxic activity of the PD-L1–CAR-bearing immune effector cells. Stimulation with IFNγ or with supernatants from activated CAR T cells were used to induce upregulation of PD-L1 molecule expression on the target cells. HER2–CAR T cells were used for combination with PD-L1–CAR T cells against MCF-7 cells.ResultsPD-L1–CAR effector cells responded vigorously with degranulation and cytokine production to PD-L1high MDA-MB-231 cells, but not to PD-L1low MCF-7 cells. However, in long-term killing assays, both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were eliminated by the PD-L1–CAR cells, although with a delay in the case of PD-L1low MCF-7 cells. Notably, the coculture of MCF-7 cells with activated PD-L1–CAR cells led to bystander induction of PD-L1 expression on MCF-7 cells and to the unique self-amplifying effect of the PD-L1–CAR cells. Accordingly, PD-L1–CAR T cells were active not only against MDA-MD-231 and MCF-7-PD-L1 but also against MCF-7-pLVX cells in tumor xenograft models. Importantly, we have also observed potent cytotoxic effects of PD-L1–CAR cells against non-malignant MCF-10A, HMEC, and BM-MSC cells, but not against HEK293T cells that initially did not express PD-L1 and were unresponsive to the stimulation . Finally, we have observed that HER-2–CAR T cells stimulate PD-L1 expression on MCF-7 cells and therefore accelerate the functionality of PD-L1–CAR T cells when used in combination.ConclusionsIn summary, our studies show that CAR-effector cells trigger the expression of PD-L1 on target cells, which in case of PD-L1–CAR results in the unique self-amplification phenomenon. This self-amplifying effect could be responsible for the enhanced cytotoxicity of PD-L1–CAR T cells against both malignant and non-malignant cells and implies extensive caution in introducing PD-L1–CAR strategy into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Bajor
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Mazowieckie, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Graczyk-Jarzynka
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katsiaryna Marhelava
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Mazowieckie, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory for Cellular and Genetic Therapies, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Burdzinska
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Angelika Muchowicz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Goral
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Andriy Zhylko
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Kuba Retecki
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marta Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
- Laboratory for Cellular and Genetic Therapies, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School of Translational Medicine, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Klopotowska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Mazowieckie, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Pilch
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Leszek Paczek
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Radoslaw Zagozdzon
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Mazowieckie, Poland
- Laboratory for Cellular and Genetic Therapies, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Abrantes R, Duarte HO, Gomes C, Wälchli S, Reis CA. CAR-Ts: new perspectives in cancer therapy. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:403-416. [PMID: 34978080 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy is a promising anticancer treatment that exploits the host's immune system to fight cancer. CAR-T cell therapy relies on immune cells being modified to express an artificial receptor targeting cancer-specific markers, and infused into the patients where they will recognize and eliminate the tumour. Although CAR-T cell therapy has produced encouraging outcomes in patients with haematologic malignancies, solid tumours remain challenging to treat, mainly due to the lack of cancer-specific molecular targets and the hostile, often immunosuppressive, tumour microenvironment. CAR-T cell therapy also depends on the quality of the injected product, which is closely connected to CAR design. Here, we explain the technology of CAR-Ts, focusing on the composition of CARs, their application, and limitations in cancer therapy, as well as on the current strategies to overcome the challenges encountered. We also address potential future targets to overcome the flaws of CAR-T cell technology in the treatment of cancer, emphasizing glycan antigens, the aberrant forms of which attain high tumour-specific expression, as promising targets for CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Abrantes
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrique O Duarte
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gomes
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Celso A Reis
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
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12
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Vestre K, Persiconi I, Borg Distefano M, Mensali N, Guadagno NA, Bretou M, Wälchli S, Arnold-Schrauf C, Bakke O, Dalod M, Lennon-Dumenil AM, Progida C. Rab7b regulates dendritic cell migration by linking lysosomes to the actomyosin cytoskeleton. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272095. [PMID: 34494097 PMCID: PMC8487646 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal signaling facilitates the migration of immune cells by releasing Ca2+ to activate the actin-based motor myosin II at the cell rear. However, how the actomyosin cytoskeleton physically associates to lysosomes is unknown. We have previously identified myosin II as a direct interactor of Rab7b, a small GTPase that mediates the transport from late endosomes/lysosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Here, we show that Rab7b regulates the migration of dendritic cells (DCs) in one- and three-dimensional environments. DCs are immune sentinels that transport antigens from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes to activate T lymphocytes and initiate adaptive immune responses. We found that the lack of Rab7b reduces myosin II light chain phosphorylation and the activation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB), which controls lysosomal signaling and is required for fast DC migration. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Rab7b interacts with the lysosomal Ca2+ channel TRPML1 (also known as MCOLN1), enabling the local activation of myosin II at the cell rear. Taken together, our findings identify Rab7b as the missing physical link between lysosomes and the actomyosin cytoskeleton, allowing control of immune cell migration through lysosomal signaling. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: The small GTPase Rab7b bridges the lysosomal Ca2+ channel TRPML1 to myosin II, thus enabling the local activation of myosin II at the cell rear and promoting fast migration of dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vestre
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Irene Persiconi
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marita Borg Distefano
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadia Mensali
- Department of Cellular Therapy, the Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Marine Bretou
- Institut Curie, Inserm U932, F-75005 Paris, France.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, the Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Catharina Arnold-Schrauf
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marc Dalod
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
| | | | - Cinzia Progida
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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13
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Mensali N, Dillard P, Fayzullin A, Köksal H, Gaudernack G, Kvalheim G, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. "Built-in" PD-1 blocker to rescue NK-92 activity from PD-L1-mediated tumor escape mechanisms. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21750. [PMID: 34424568 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100025r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Success of adoptive cell therapy mainly depends on the ability of immune cells to persist and function optimally in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Although present at the cancer site, immune cells become exhausted and/or inhibited, due to the presence of inhibitory receptors such as PD-L1 on malignant cells. Novel genetic strategies to manipulate the PD1/PD-L1 axis comprise (i) PD-1 reversion where the receptor intracellular domain is replaced with an activating unit, (ii) the use of anti-PD-L1 CAR or (iii) the disruption of the PD-1 gene. We here present an alternative strategy to equip therapeutic cells with a truncated PD-1 (tPD-1) to abrogate PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition. We show that engagement of tPD-1 with PD-L1-positive tumor unleashes NK-92 activity in vitro. Furthermore, this binding was sufficiently strong to induce killing of targets otherwise not recognized by NK-92, thus increasing the range of targets. In vivo treatment with NK-92 tPD-1 cells led to reduced tumor growth and improved survival. Importantly, tPD-1 did not interfere with tumor recognition in PD-L1 negative conditions. Thus, tPD-1 represents a straightforward method for improving antitumor immunity and revealing new targets through PD-L1 positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Mensali
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Dillard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Artem Fayzullin
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hakan Köksal
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustav Gaudernack
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Dillard P, Casey N, Pollmann S, Vernhoff P, Gaudernack G, Kvalheim G, Wälchli S, Inderberg EM. Targeting KRAS mutations with HLA class II-restricted TCRs for the treatment of solid tumors. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1936757. [PMID: 34235003 PMCID: PMC8216182 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1936757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) redirected T cells are considered as the next generation of care for the treatment of numerous solid tumors. KRAS mutations are driver neoantigens that are expressed in over 25% of all cancers and are thus regarded as ideal targets for Adoptive Cell Therapy (ACT). We have isolated four KRAS-specific TCRs from a long-term surviving pancreatic cancer patient vaccinated with a mix of mutated KRAS peptides. The sequence of these TCRs could be identified and expressed in primary cells. We demonstrated stable expression of all TCRs as well as target-specific functionality when expressing T cells were co-incubated with target cells presenting KRAS peptides. In addition, these TCRs were all partially co-receptor independent since they were functional in both CD4 and CD8 T cells, thus indicating high affinity. Interestingly, we observed that certain TCRs were able to recognize several KRAS mutations in complex with their cognate Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), suggesting that, here, the point mutations were less important for the HLA binding and TCR recognition, whereas others were single-mutation restricted. Finally, we demonstrated that these peptides were indeed processed and presented, since HLA-matched antigen presenting cells exogenously loaded with KRAS proteins were recognized by TCR-transduced T cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that KRAS mutations are immunogenic for CD4 T cells and are interesting targets for TCR-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Dillard
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicholas Casey
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sylvie Pollmann
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Patrik Vernhoff
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustav Gaudernack
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Caulier B, Enserink JM, Wälchli S. Pharmacologic Control of CAR T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094320. [PMID: 33919245 PMCID: PMC8122276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy is a promising modality for the treatment of advanced cancers that are otherwise incurable. During the last decade, different centers worldwide have tested the anti-CD19 CAR T cells and shown clinical benefits in the treatment of B cell tumors. However, despite these encouraging results, CAR treatment has also been found to lead to serious side effects and capricious response profiles in patients. In addition, the CD19 CAR success has been difficult to reproduce for other types of malignancy. The appearance of resistant tumor variants, the lack of antigen specificity, and the occurrence of severe adverse effects due to over-stimulation of the therapeutic cells have been identified as the major impediments. This has motivated a growing interest in developing strategies to overcome these hurdles through CAR control. Among them, the combination of small molecules and approved drugs with CAR T cells has been investigated. These have been exploited to induce a synergistic anti-cancer effect but also to control the presence of the CAR T cells or tune the therapeutic activity. In the present review, we discuss opportunistic and rational approaches involving drugs featuring anti-cancer efficacy and CAR-adjustable effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Caulier
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Center for Cancer Cell Reprogramming (CanCell), Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorrit M. Enserink
- Center for Cancer Cell Reprogramming (CanCell), Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Ito J, Minemura T, Wälchli S, Niimi T, Fujihara Y, Kuroda S, Takimoto K, Maturana AD. Id2 Represses Aldosterone-Stimulated Cardiac T-Type Calcium Channels Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3561. [PMID: 33808082 PMCID: PMC8037527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone excess is a cardiovascular risk factor. Aldosterone can directly stimulate an electrical remodeling of cardiomyocytes leading to cardiac arrhythmia and hypertrophy. L-type and T-type voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels expression are increased by aldosterone in cardiomyocytes. To further understand the regulation of these channels expression, we studied the role of a transcriptional repressor, the inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding protein 2 (Id2). We found that aldosterone inhibited the expression of Id2 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and in the heart of adult mice. When Id2 was overexpressed in cardiomyocytes, we observed a reduction in the spontaneous action potentials rate and an arrest in aldosterone-stimulated rate increase. Accordingly, Id2 siRNA knockdown increased this rate. We also observed that CaV1.2 (L-type Ca2+ channel) or CaV3.1, and CaV3.2 (T-type Ca2+ channels) mRNA expression levels and Ca2+ currents were affected by Id2 presence. These observations were further corroborated in a heart specific Id2- transgenic mice. Taken together, our results suggest that Id2 functions as a transcriptional repressor for L- and T-type Ca2+ channels, particularly CaV3.1, in cardiomyocytes and its expression is controlled by aldosterone. We propose that Id2 might contributes to a protective mechanism in cardiomyocytes preventing the presence of channels associated with a pathological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Ito
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (J.I.); (T.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Tomomi Minemura
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (J.I.); (T.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Tomoaki Niimi
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (J.I.); (T.M.); (T.N.)
| | - Yoshitaka Fujihara
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Shun’ichi Kuroda
- Institute for Scientific and Industrial Researches, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan;
| | - Koichi Takimoto
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka 940-2188, Japan;
| | - Andrés D. Maturana
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (J.I.); (T.M.); (T.N.)
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Köksal H, Dillard P, Juzeniene A, Kvalheim G, Smeland EB, Myklebust JH, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. Combinatorial CAR design improves target restriction. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100116. [PMID: 33234592 PMCID: PMC7948400 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CAR T cells targeting the B lymphocyte antigen CD19 have led to remarkable clinical results in B cell leukemia and lymphoma but eliminate all B lineage cells, leading to increased susceptibility to severe infections. As malignant B cells will express either immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain κ or λ, we designed a second-generation CAR targeting Igκ, IGK CAR. This construct demonstrated high target specificity but displayed reduced efficacy in the presence of serum IgG. Since CD19 CAR is insensitive to serum IgG, we designed various combinatorial CAR constructs in order to maintain the CD19 CAR T cell efficacy, but with IGK CAR target selectivity. The Kz-19BB design, combining CD19 CAR containing a 4-1BB costimulatory domain with an IGK CAR containing a CD3zeta stimulatory domain, maintained the target specificity of IgK CAR and was resistant to the presence of soluble IgG. Our results demonstrate that a combinatorial CAR approach can improve target selectivity and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Köksal
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Dillard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - June H Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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18
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Dillard P, Köksal H, Maggadottir SM, Winge-Main A, Pollmann S, Menard M, Myhre MR, Mælandsmo GM, Flørenes VA, Gaudernack G, Kvalheim G, Wälchli S, Inderberg EM. Targeting Telomerase with an HLA Class II-Restricted TCR for Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2020; 29:1199-1213. [PMID: 33212301 PMCID: PMC7934585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cell therapy is a promising cancer treatment approach. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is overexpressed in the majority of tumors and a potential target for adoptive cell therapy. We isolated a novel hTERT-specific TCR sequence, named Radium-4, from a clinically responding pancreatic cancer patient vaccinated with a long hTERT peptide. Radium-4 TCR-redirected primary CD4+ and CD8+ T cells demonstrated in vitro efficacy, producing inflammatory cytokines and killing hTERT+ melanoma cells in both 2D and 3D settings, as well as malignant, patient-derived ascites cells. Importantly, T cells expressing Radium-4 TCR displayed no toxicity against bone marrow stem cells or mature hematopoietic cells. Notably, Radium-4 TCR+ T cells also significantly reduced tumor growth and improved survival in a xenograft mouse model. Since hTERT is a universal cancer antigen, and the very frequently expressed HLA class II molecules presenting the hTERT peptide to this TCR provide a very high (>75%) population coverage, this TCR represents an attractive candidate for immunotherapy of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Dillard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hakan Köksal
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anna Winge-Main
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sylvie Pollmann
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathilde Menard
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Renée Myhre
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunhild M Mælandsmo
- Department of Tumor Biology, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vivi Ann Flørenes
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustav Gaudernack
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
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19
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Benard E, Casey NP, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. SJI 2020 special issue: A catalogue of Ovarian Cancer targets for CAR therapy. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12917. [PMID: 32557659 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian Cancer (OC) is currently difficult to cure, mainly due to its late detection and the advanced state of the disease at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, conventional treatments such as debulking surgery and combination chemotherapy are rarely able to control progression of the tumour, and relapses are frequent. Alternative therapies are currently being evaluated, including immunotherapy and advanced T cell-based therapy. In the present review, we will focus on a description of those Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) that have been validated in the laboratory or are being tested in the clinic. Numerous target antigens have been defined due to the identification of OC biomarkers, and many are being used as CAR targets. We provide an exhaustive list of these constructs and their current status. Despite being innovative and efficient, the OC-specific CARs face a barrier to their clinical efficacy: the tumour microenvironment (TME). Indeed, effector cells expressing CARs have been shown to be severely inhibited, rendering the CAR T cells useless once at the tumour site. Herein, we give a thorough description of the highly immunosuppressive OC TME and present recent studies and innovations that have enabled CAR T cells to counteract this negative environment and to destroy tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Benard
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicholas P Casey
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Winge-Main AK, Wälchli S, Inderberg EM. T cell receptor therapy against melanoma-Immunotherapy for the future? Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12927. [PMID: 32640053 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma has seen monumental changes in treatment options the last decade from the very poor results of dacarbazine treatment to the modern-day use of targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Melanoma has a high mutational burden making it more capable of evoking immune responses than many other tumours. Even when considering double immune checkpoint blockade with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1, we still have far to go in melanoma treatment as 50% of patients with metastatic disease do not respond to current treatment. Alternative immunotherapy should therefore be considered. Since melanoma has a high mutational burden, it is considered more immunogenic than many other tumours. T cell receptor (TCR) therapy could be a possible way forward, either alone or in combination, to improve the response rates of this deadly disease. Melanoma is one of the cancers where TCR therapy has been frequently applied. However, the number of antigens targeted remains fairly limited, although advanced personalized therapies aim at also targeting private mutations. In this review, we look at possible aspects of targeting TCR therapy towards melanoma and provide an implication of its use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Winge-Main
- Department of Cellular Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Dillard P, Lie M, Baken E, Lobert VH, Benard E, Köksal H, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. Colorectal cysts as a validating tool for CAR therapy. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:30. [PMID: 32487146 PMCID: PMC7268759 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of cancers has largely benefited from the development of immunotherapy. In particular, Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) redirected T cells have demonstrated impressive efficacy against B-cell malignancies and continuous efforts are made to adapt this new therapy to solid tumors, where the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is a barrier for delivery. CAR T-cell validation relies on in vitro functional assays using monolayer or suspension cells and in vivo xenograft models in immunodeficient animals. However, the efficacy of CAR therapies remains difficult to predict with these systems, in particular when challenged against 3D organized solid tumors with highly intricate microenvironment. An increasing number of reports have now included an additional step in the development process in which redirected T cells are tested against tumor spheres. Results Here, we report a method to produce 3D structures, or cysts, out of a colorectal cancer cell line, Caco-2, which has the ability to form polarized spheroids as a validation tool for adoptive cell therapy in general. We used CD19CAR T cells to explore this method and we show that it can be adapted to various platforms including high resolution microscopy, bioluminescence assays and high-throughput live cell imaging systems. Conclusion We developed an affordable, reliable and practical method to produce cysts to validate therapeutic CAR T cells. The integration of this additional layer between in vitro and in vivo studies could be an important tool in the pre-clinical workflow of cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Dillard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maren Lie
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elizabeth Baken
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Viola Hélène Lobert
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emmanuelle Benard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hakan Köksal
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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22
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Abstract
The link between stress, other psychological factors and response to cancer, or even the cancer incidence and metastasis, is well established. The inhibition of β-Adrenergic receptors (β-AR) using β-blockers was demonstrated to have an inhibitory effect on cancer recurrence. Direct effects on the stress-induced suppression of anti-tumor immune responses were also shown. In a recent issue of Cancer Immunology Research, Daher and colleagues studied the molecular mechanism behind this protective effect in the context of cancer vaccination. They provided evidence that the β-AR signaling affected the priming of naïve CD8 + T cells in their myeloma model, rather than effector CD8 + T cells which downregulated the expression of β-AR after activation and became insensitive to such signaling. Blocking the β-adrenergic signaling during vaccination led to increased expansion and effector functions of antigen-specific CD8 + T cells and reduced tumor growth. This has implications for the clinical use of β-blockers as adjuvants to enhance cancer vaccination and other types of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital , Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital , Oslo, Norway
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23
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Wälchli S, Sioud M. Next Generation of Adoptive T Cell Therapy Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology: Universal or Boosted? Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2115:407-417. [PMID: 32006413 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0290-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) using either chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)- or T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered lymphocytes has emerged as a promising strategy to treat cancer. However, this therapy is still facing enormous challenges such as poor quality of autologous T cells, T cell exhaustion, and the immune suppressive tumor microenvironments. Additionally, graft-versus-host disease is an issue that must be addressed to allow the use of allogeneic T cells. Strategies to overcome these therapeutic challenges using gene editing technology are now being developed. One strategy is to disrupt TCR and/or MHC expression in healthy donor T cells to generate T cells for universal use. Another strategy is to improve the quality of patient's T cells by eliminating either the expression of selected immune checkpoint receptors or negative regulators of TCR signaling and/or T-cell homeostasis. Here, we review the use of CRISPR-Cas9 platform in T cell engineering with a focus on the development of universal T cells and boosted autologous cells for next-generation ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mouldy Sioud
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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24
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Abstract
Genome editing in eukaryotes has greatly improved through the application of targeted editing tools. The development of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology has facilitated genome editing in mammalian cells. However, efficient delivery of CRISPR components into cells growing in suspension remains a challenge. Here, we present a strategy for sequential delivery of the two essential components, Cas9 and sgRNA, into B-lymphoid cell lines. Stable Cas9 expression is obtained by retroviral transduction, before sgRNA is transiently delivered into the Cas9+ cells. This method improves the on-target efficiency of genome editing and, through the transient presence of sgRNA, reduces the potential off-target sites. The current method can be easily applied to other cell types that are difficult to edit with CRISPR/Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyan Bai
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- KG. Jebsen Centre for B cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - June Helen Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG. Jebsen Centre for B cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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25
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Köksal H, Baken E, Warren DJ, Løset GÅ, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. Chimeric antigen receptor preparation from hybridoma to T-cell expression. Antib Ther 2019; 2:56-63. [PMID: 33928223 PMCID: PMC7990154 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) for hematological cancer treatment has influenced the direction taken in translational research toward an increasing focus on personalized targeted immunotherapy. Thus, a growing number of labs worldwide are now interested in testing their old antibody collections in this format to broaden the spectrum of utility and improve safety and efficacy. We herein present a straightforward protocol for the identification of an antibody from a hybridoma and the design of the single chain fragment that will be placed on the extracellular part of the CAR construct. We further show how to test the expression and the activity of the construct in primary T cells. We illustrate our demonstration with two new CARs targeted against the B cell receptor, more precisely the light chains κ and λ, that represent potential alternatives to the CD19 CAR used in the treatment of B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Köksal
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Elizabeth Baken
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - David John Warren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Geir Åge Løset
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway.,Nextera AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway
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26
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Theodossiou TA, Ali M, Grigalavicius M, Grallert B, Dillard P, Schink KO, Olsen CE, Wälchli S, Inderberg EM, Kubin A, Peng Q, Berg K. Simultaneous defeat of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 resistances by a hypericin PDT-tamoxifen hybrid therapy. NPJ Breast Cancer 2019; 5:13. [PMID: 30993194 PMCID: PMC6458138 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-019-0108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently the greatest challenge in oncology is the lack of homogeneity of the lesions where different cell components respond differently to treatment. There is growing consensus that monotherapies are insufficient to eradicate the disease and there is an unmet need for more potent combinatorial treatments. We have previously shown that hypericin photodynamic therapy (HYP-PDT) triggers electron transport chain (ETC) inhibition in cell mitochondria. We have also shown that tamoxifen (TAM) enhances cytotoxicity in cells with high respiration, when combined with ETC inhibitors. Herein we introduce a synergistic treatment based on TAM chemotherapy and HYP-PDT. We tested this novel combinatorial treatment (HYPERTAM) in two metabolically different breast cancer cell lines, the triple-negative MDA-MB-231 and the estrogen-receptor-positive MCF7, the former being quite sensitive to HYP-PDT while the latter very responsive to TAM treatment. In addition, we investigated the mode of death, effect of lipid peroxidation, and the effect on cell metabolism. The results were quite astounding. HYPERTAM exhibited over 90% cytotoxicity in both cell lines. This cytotoxicity was in the form of both necrosis and autophagy, while high levels of lipid peroxidation were observed in both cell lines. We, consequently, translated our research to an in vivo pilot study encompassing the MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 tumor models in NOD SCID-γ immunocompromised mice. Both treatment cohorts responded very positively to HYPERTRAM, which significantly prolonged mice survival. HYPERTAM is a potent, synergistic modality, which may lay the foundations for a novel, composite anticancer treatment, effective in diverse tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodossis A. Theodossiou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mantas Grigalavicius
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Beata Grallert
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Dillard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kay Oliver Schink
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine E. Olsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Kubin
- PLANTA Naturstoffe Vertriebs GmbH, A-1120 Wien, Austria
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Pathology, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
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27
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Köksal H, Dillard P, Maggadóttir SM, Kvalheim G, Smeland EB, Myklebust JH, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S. Abstract A035: Combinatorial IGK-CD19 CAR primarily targets IgK+ malignant B-cells and is less prone to serum IgG inhibition. Cancer Immunol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.cricimteatiaacr18-a035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The first chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have been approved for treatment of B-cell malignancies. This is mainly due to the success of CAR T-cells targeting B-lymphocyte antigen CD19, which has led to astonishing results in clinical trials. Since CD19 is a general B-cell antigen, CAR-T-cells eliminate all B-lineage cells, including nonmalignant B cells. Therefore, the patients suffer from the impaired humoral immune response, increasing susceptibility to severe infections. Since B-cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells have a clonally restricted expression of Immunoglobulin (Ig) light chains, either Ig-kappa or Ig-lambda, Ig-kappa positive tumor cells can be targeted while sparing normal Ig-lambda positive B-cells. In this respect, we isolated the sequence encoding the antigen-binding parts of an anti-Ig kappa antibody and designed a second-generation CAR construct (IGK CAR). Expression of IGK CAR in expanded peripheral blood T-cells and subsequent testing of the CAR T-cells in various in vitro assay with targeT-cells demonstrated cytokine production and potent killing of Ig-kappa expressing B-cell lines such as BL-41, whereas no response was observed against Ig lambda positive B-cell lines such as Granta-519. We compared IGK CAR with a clinical CD19 CAR (fmc63) and observed similar potency in targeT-cell killing. Previous reports have shown that the presence of free immunoglobulins present in human serum could inhibit IGK CAR T-cells, and our tests confirmed this. To improve IGK CAR T-cells in the presence of IgGs while maintaining the specificity, we utilized a combinatorial CAR system, where the signaling domains were split. Our design demonstrated efficient killing of Ig-kappa positive cells and was less sensitive to free IgG as compared to IGK CAR T-cells. Additionally, we observed a trade-off between specificity and cytotoxic potential. Increasing one individual component of the combinatorial system made the cells less prone to serum IgG inhibition but demonstrated somewhat higher cytotoxic activity against Ig-kappa negative targets. Our fully adjustable design, therefore, brings another perspective to the field by regulating the individual expression levels according to the treatment needs, hence enabling T-cells to be either more aggressive or specific depending on the treatment efficiency and on the on-target toxicity in patients. Taken together, our in vitro data demonstrate that IGK-CD19 CAR combination is as potent as IGK or CD19 CAR T-cells, and provides an alternative by combining their benefits into one design and thus reduces on-target toxicity.
Citation Format: Hakan Köksal, Pierre Dillard, Sólrún Melkorka Maggadóttir, Gunnar Kvalheim, Erlend Bremertun Smeland, June Helen Myklebust, Else Marit Inderberg, Sébastien Wälchli. Combinatorial IGK-CD19 CAR primarily targets IgK+ malignant B-cells and is less prone to serum IgG inhibition [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A035.
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28
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Josefsson SE, Beiske K, Blaker YN, Førsund MS, Holte H, Østenstad B, Kimby E, Köksal H, Wälchli S, Bai B, Smeland EB, Levy R, Kolstad A, Huse K, Myklebust JH. TIGIT and PD-1 Mark Intratumoral T Cells with Reduced Effector Function in B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:355-362. [PMID: 30659053 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade can reverse T-cell exhaustion and promote antitumor responses. Although blocking the PD-1 pathway has been successful in Hodgkin lymphoma, response rates have been modest in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Coblockade of checkpoint receptors may therefore be necessary to optimize antitumor T-cell responses. Here, characterization of coinhibitory receptor expression in intratumoral T cells from different NHL types identified TIGIT and PD-1 as frequently expressed coinhibitory receptors. Tumors from NHL patients were enriched in CD8+ and CD4+ T effector memory cells that displayed high coexpression of TIGIT and PD-1, and coexpression of these checkpoint receptors identified T cells with reduced production of IFNγ, TNFα, and IL2. The suppressed cytokine production could be improved upon in vitro culture in the absence of ligands. Whereas PD-L1 was expressed by macrophages, the TIGIT ligands CD155 and CD112 were expressed by lymphoma cells in 39% and 50% of DLBCL cases and in some mantle cell lymphoma cases, as well as by endothelium and follicular dendritic cells in all NHLs investigated. Collectively, our results show that TIGIT and PD-1 mark dysfunctional T cells and suggest that TIGIT and PD-1 coblockade should be further explored to elicit potent antitumor responses in patients with NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Josefsson
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Klaus Beiske
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild N Blaker
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette S Førsund
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Holte
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Østenstad
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Kimby
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hakan Köksal
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Baoyan Bai
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Arne Kolstad
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kanutte Huse
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - June H Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Köksal H, Müller E, Inderberg EM, Bruland Ø, Wälchli S. Treating osteosarcoma with CAR T cells. Scand J Immunol 2019; 89:e12741. [PMID: 30549299 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel therapies to treat patients with solid cancers that have developed resistance to chemotherapy represent unmet needs of considerable dimensions. In the present review, we will address the attempts to develop chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeted immunotherapy against osteosarcoma (OS). This aggressive cancer displays its peak incidence in children and young adults. The main cause of patient death is lung metastases with a 5-year survival as low as 5%-10% in the primary metastatic setting and 30% in the relapse situation, respectively. Effective adjuvant combination chemotherapy introduced more than 40 years ago improved the survival rates from below 20% to around 60% in patients; however, since then, no major breakthroughs have been made. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has been disappointing in OS, while other types of immunotherapies such as CAR T cells remain largely unexplored. Indeed, for CAR T-cell therapy to be efficacious, two main criteria need to be fulfilled: (a) CAR T cells should target an epitope selectively expressed on the cell surface of OS in order to prevent toxicities in normal tissues and (b) the target should also be widely expressed on OS metastases. These challenges have already been undertaken in OS and illustrate the difficulties in developing tomorrow's CAR-T treatment in a solid tumour. We will discuss the experiences with CAR-T therapy development and efficacy to combat the clinical challenges in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Köksal
- Laboratory of Translational Research & Immunomonitoring, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Müller
- Laboratory of Translational Research & Immunomonitoring, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Laboratory of Translational Research & Immunomonitoring, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Bruland
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Laboratory of Translational Research & Immunomonitoring, Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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30
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Mensali N, Grenov A, Pati NB, Dillard P, Myhre MR, Gaudernack G, Kvalheim G, Inderberg EM, Bakke O, Wälchli S. Antigen-delivery through invariant chain (CD74) boosts CD8 and CD4 T cell immunity. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1558663. [PMID: 30723591 PMCID: PMC6350688 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1558663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eradication of tumors by the immune system relies on the efficient activation of a T-cell response. For many years, the main focus of cancer immunotherapy has been on cytotoxic CD8 T-cell. However, stimulation of CD4 helper T cells is critical for the promotion and maintenance of immune memory, thus a good vaccine should evoke a two-dimensional T-cell response. The invariant chain (Ii) is required for the MHC class II heterodimer to be correctly guided through the cell, loaded with peptide, and expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). We previously showed that by replacing the Ii CLIP peptide by an MHC-I cancer peptide, we could efficiently load MHC-I. This prompted us to test whether longer cancer peptides could be loaded on both MHC classes and whether such peptides could be accommodated in the CLIP region of Ii. We here present data showing that expanding the CLIP replacement size leads to T-cell activation. We demonstrate by using long peptides that APCs can present peptides from the same Ii molecule on both MHC-I and -II. In addition, we present evidence that antigen presentation after Ii-loading was superior to an ER-targeted minigene construct, suggesting that ER-localization was not sufficient to obtain efficient MHC-II loading. Finally, we verified that Ii-expressing dendritic cells could prime CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from a naïve population. Taken together our study demonstrates that CLIP peptide replaced Ii constructs fulfill some of the major requirements for an efficient vector for cancer vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Mensali
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amalie Grenov
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niladri Bhusan Pati
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Dillard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Renée Myhre
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustav Gaudernack
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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31
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Lampen MH, Uchtenhagen H, Blom K, Varnaitė R, Pakalniene J, Dailidyte L, Wälchli S, Lindquist L, Mickiene A, Michaëlsson J, Schumacher TN, Ljunggren HG, Sandberg JK, Achour A, Gredmark-Russ S. Breadth and Dynamics of HLA-A2- and HLA-B7-Restricted CD8 + T Cell Responses against Nonstructural Viral Proteins in Acute Human Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Infection. Immunohorizons 2018; 2:172-184. [PMID: 31022685 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1800029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a leading cause of viral meningoencephalitis in many parts of Europe and eastwards in Asia, with high morbidity and often long-term neurologic sequelae. With no treatment available, studies of the immune response to TBEV are essential for the understanding of the immunopathogenesis of tick-borne encephalitis and for the development of therapeutics. We have previously demonstrated that CD8+ T cell responses in peripheral blood in patients with acute TBEV peak at around 7 d after hospitalization in the neuroinvasive phase of the disease. In this study, we identified six novel TBEV HLA-A2- and HLA-B7-restricted epitopes, all derived from the nonstructural proteins of TBEV. This identification allowed for a comprehensive phenotypic and temporal analysis of the HLA-A2- and HLA-B7-restricted Ag-specific CD8+ T cell response during the acute stages of human TBEV infection. HLA-A2- and HLA-B7-restricted TBEV epitope-specific effector cells predominantly displayed a CD45RA-CCR7-CD27+CD57- phenotype at day 7, which transitioned into separate distinct phenotypes for HLA-A2- and HLA-B7-restricted TBEV-specific CD8+ T cells, respectively. At day 21, the most prevalent phenotype in the HLA-A2-restricted CD8+ T cell populations was CD45RA-CCR7-CD27+CD57+, whereas the HLA-B7-restricted CD8+ T cell population was predominantly CD45RA+CCR7-CD27+CD57+ Almost all TBEV epitope-specific CD8+ T cells expressed α4 and β1 integrins at days 7 and 21, whereas the bulk CD8+ T cells expressed lower integrin levels. Taken together, human TBEV infection elicits broad responses to multiple epitopes, predominantly derived from the nonstructural part of the virus, establishing distinct maturation patterns for HLA-A2- and HLA-B7-restricted TBEV epitope-specific CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit H Lampen
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Uchtenhagen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 10450 Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Blom
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renata Varnaitė
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jolita Pakalniene
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 47116 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laura Dailidyte
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 47116 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Lindquist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Aukse Mickiene
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 47116 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 10450 Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Gredmark-Russ
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; and
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Inderberg EM, Mensali N, Oksvold MP, Fallang LE, Fåne A, Skorstad G, Stenvik GE, Progida C, Bakke O, Kvalheim G, Myklebust JH, Wälchli S. Human c-SRC kinase (CSK) overexpression makes T cells dummy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:525-536. [PMID: 29248956 PMCID: PMC11028372 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with T-cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells represents a powerful method to redirect the immune system against tumours. However, although TCR recognition is restricted to a specific peptide-MHC (pMHC) complex, increasing numbers of reports have shown cross-reactivity and off-target effects with severe consequences for the patients. This demands further development of strategies to validate TCR safety prior to clinical use. We reasoned that the desired TCR signalling depends on correct pMHC recognition on the outside and a restricted clustering on the inside of the cell. Since the majority of the adverse events are due to TCR recognition of the wrong target, we tested if blocking the signalling would affect the binding. By over-expressing the c-SRC kinase (CSK), a negative regulator of LCK, in redirected T cells, we showed that peripheral blood T cells inhibited anti-CD3/anti-CD28-induced phosphorylation of ERK, whereas TCR proximal signalling was not affected. Similarly, overexpression of CSK together with a therapeutic TCR prevented pMHC-induced ERK phosphorylation. Downstream effector functions were also almost completely blocked, including pMHC-induced IL-2 release, degranulation and, most importantly, target cell killing. The lack of effector functions contrasted with the unaffected TCR expression, pMHC recognition, and membrane exchange activity (trogocytosis). Therefore, co-expression of CSK with a therapeutic TCR did not compromise target recognition and binding, but rendered T cells incapable of executing their effector functions. Consequently, we named these redirected T cells "dummy T cells" and propose to use them for safety validation of new TCRs prior to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Marit Inderberg
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, PO Box 4953, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadia Mensali
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, PO Box 4953, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten P Oksvold
- Section for Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anne Fåne
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, PO Box 4953, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gjertrud Skorstad
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, PO Box 4953, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Cinzia Progida
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, PO Box 4953, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - June H Myklebust
- Section for Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, PO Box 4953, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
- Section for Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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33
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Våtsveen TK, Myhre MR, Steen CB, Wälchli S, Lingjærde OC, Bai B, Dillard P, Theodossiou TA, Holien T, Sundan A, Inderberg EM, Smeland EB, Myklebust JH, Oksvold MP. Artesunate shows potent anti-tumor activity in B-cell lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:23. [PMID: 29458389 PMCID: PMC5819282 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although chemo-immunotherapy has led to an improved overall survival for most B-cell lymphoma types, relapsed and refractory disease remains a challenge. The malaria drug artesunate has previously been identified as a growth suppressor in some cancer types and was tested as a new treatment option in B-cell lymphoma. METHODS We included artesunate in a cancer sensitivity drug screen in B lymphoma cell lines. The preclinical properties of artesunate was tested as single agent in vitro in 18 B-cell lymphoma cell lines representing different histologies and in vivo in an aggressive B-cell lymphoma xenograft model, using NSG mice. Artesunate-treated B lymphoma cell lines were analyzed by functional assays, gene expression profiling, and protein expression to identify the mechanism of action. RESULTS Drug screening identified artesunate as a highly potent anti-lymphoma drug. Artesunate induced potent growth suppression in most B lymphoma cells with an IC50 comparable to concentrations measured in serum from artesunate-treated malaria patients, while leaving normal B-cells unaffected. Artesunate markedly inhibited highly aggressive tumor growth in a xenograft model. Gene expression analysis identified endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response as the most affected pathways and artesunate-induced expression of the ER stress markers ATF-4 and DDIT3 was specifically upregulated in malignant B-cells, but not in normal B-cells. In addition, artesunate significantly suppressed the overall cell metabolism, affecting both respiration and glycolysis. CONCLUSIONS Artesunate demonstrated potent apoptosis-inducing effects across a broad range of B-cell lymphoma cell lines in vitro, and a prominent anti-lymphoma activity in vivo, suggesting it to be a relevant drug for treatment of B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Kristin Våtsveen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernschausseen 70, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Renée Myhre
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chloé Beate Steen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernschausseen 70, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernschausseen 70, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lingjærde
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Baoyan Bai
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernschausseen 70, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Dillard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Theodossis A. Theodossiou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Toril Holien
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Hematology, St. Olav’s Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Sundan
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Hematology, St. Olav’s Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B. Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernschausseen 70, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - June Helen Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernschausseen 70, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten P. Oksvold
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Ullernschausseen 70, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Abstract
T-cell based immunotherapy represents an attractive strategy for the treatment of cancer. Whereas cellular anti-tumor immune responses have typically been attributed to CD8 T cells, CD4 T cells play a critical role in tumor elimination and the priming and maintenance of CD8 T-cell responses. Recent findings have highlighted new opportunities for CD4 T cells in cancer immunotherapy. We have isolated CD4+ T cells reactive against tumor antigens from patients who experienced clinical benefit from treatment with cancer vaccines targeting antigens such as hTERT, survivin and frequent neoantigens such as frameshift mutated TGFβRII. Strong T-cell responses against the vaccine or unrelated cancer antigens suggesting epitope spreading correlated with enhanced survival and tumor regression in late stage cancer patients. These HLA class II restricted T-cell clones recognised target cells loaded with long peptides or protein and for some CD4+ T cell clones we could also show direct tumor recognition. TCRs were expressed in expanded third-party T cells by mRNA electroporation or retroviral transduction and tested for functionality. Both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells expressing the TCRs produced TNF-α, IFN-γ and redirected T cells had the capacity to kill following co-incubation with their targets. Selecting highly functional CD4+ T-cell clones reactive against tumor-associated or -specific antigens from patients with clinical responses after treatment with immunotherapy is a successful method for identifying highly functional HLA class II restricted TCRs for adoptive immunotherapy. These HLA class II-restricted TCRs may be of therapeutic value both in haematopoietic malignancies and in melanoma where tumor cells frequently express HLA class II. Furthermore, combining HLA class I- and class II-restricted TCRs for T-cell redirection may provide a more potent therapeutic effect in adoptive T cell therapy.
Citation Format: Sébastien Wälchli, Marit R. Myhre, Nadia Mensali, Anne Fåne, Kari Lislerud, Gunnar Kvalheim, Gustav Gaudernack, Else M. Inderberg. Tapping CD4 T cells for cancer immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3773. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3773
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Wälchli
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit R. Myhre
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadia Mensali
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Fåne
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Lislerud
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustav Gaudernack
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else M. Inderberg
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Bollum LK, Huse K, Oksvold MP, Bai B, Hilden VI, Forfang L, Yoon SO, Wälchli S, Smeland EB, Myklebust JH. BMP-7 induces apoptosis in human germinal center B cells and is influenced by TGF-β receptor type I ALK5. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177188. [PMID: 28489883 PMCID: PMC5425193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection and maturation of B cells into plasma cells producing high-affinity antibodies occur in germinal centers (GC). GCs form transiently in secondary lymphoid organs upon antigen challenge, and the GC reaction is a highly regulated process. TGF-β is a potent negative regulator, but the influence of other family members including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) is less known. Studies of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes showed that BMP-6 suppressed plasmablast differentiation, whereas BMP-7 induced apoptosis. Here, we show that human naïve and GC B cells had a strikingly different receptor expression pattern. GC B cells expressed high levels of BMP type I receptor but low levels of type II receptors, whereas naïve B cells had the opposite pattern. Furthermore, GC B cells had elevated levels of downstream signaling components SMAD1 and SMAD5, but reduced levels of the inhibitory SMAD7. Functional assays of GC B cells revealed that BMP-7 suppressed the viability-promoting effect of CD40L and IL-21, but had no effect on CD40L- and IL-21-induced differentiation into plasmablasts. BMP-7-induced apoptosis was counteracted by a selective TGF-β type I receptor (ALK4/5/7) inhibitor, but not by a selective BMP receptor type I inhibitor. Furthermore, overexpression of truncated ALK5 in a B-cell line counteracted BMP-7-induced apoptosis, whereas overexpression of truncated ALK4 had no effect. BMP-7 mRNA and protein was readily detected in tonsillar B cells, indicating a physiological relevance of the study. Altogether, we identified BMP-7 as a negative regulator of GC B-cell survival. The effect was counteracted by truncated ALK5, suggesting greater complexity in regulating BMP-7 signaling than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise K. Bollum
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kanutte Huse
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten P. Oksvold
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Baoyan Bai
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vera I. Hilden
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Forfang
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sun Ok Yoon
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cellular Therapy, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B. Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - June H. Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Köksal H, Wälchli S. Fishing therapeutic T-cell receptors in healthy donor blood, is safety predictable? Transl Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.05.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Inderberg EM, Wälchli S, Myhre MR, Trachsel S, Almåsbak H, Kvalheim G, Gaudernack G. T cell therapy targeting a public neoantigen in microsatellite instable colon cancer reduces in vivo tumor growth. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1302631. [PMID: 28507809 PMCID: PMC5414866 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1302631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) transfer is an attractive strategy to increase the number of cancer-specific T cells in adoptive cell therapy. However, recent clinical and pre-clinical findings indicate that careful consideration of the target antigen is required to limit the risk of off-target toxicity. Directing T cells against mutated proteins such as frequently occurring frameshift mutations may thus be a safer alternative to tumor-associated self-antigens. Furthermore, such frameshift mutations result in novel polypeptides allowing selection of TCRs from the non-tolerant T-cell repertoire circumventing the problem of low affinity TCRs due to central tolerance. The transforming growth factor β Receptor II frameshift mutation (TGFβRIImut) is found in Lynch syndrome cancer patients and in approximately 15% of sporadic colorectal and gastric cancers displaying microsatellite instability (MSI). The -1A mutation within a stretch of 10 adenine bases (nucleotides 709-718) of the TGFβRII gene gives rise to immunogenic peptides previously used for vaccination of MSI+ colorectal cancer patients in a Phase I clinical trial. From a clinically responding patient, we isolated a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone showing a restriction for HLA-A2 in complex with TGFβRIImut peptide. Its TCR was identified and shown to redirect T cells against colon carcinoma cell lines harboring the frameshift mutation. Finally, T cells transduced with the HLA-A2-restricted TGFβRIImut-specific TCR were demonstrated to significantly reduce the growth of colorectal cancer and enhance survival in a NOD/SCID xenograft mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else M Inderberg
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit R Myhre
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Trachsel
- Section for Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Almåsbak
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustav Gaudernack
- Section for Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Inderberg E, Myhre M, Mensali N, Fåne A, Lislerud K, Kvalheim G, Gaudernack G, Wälchli S. Tapping CD4 T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw525.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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39
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Wälchli S, Inderberg E, Mensali N, Stenvik B, Oksvold M, Progida C, Bakke O, Fallang LE, Kvalheim G, Myklebust J. Csk overexpression makes T cell dummy. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw525.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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40
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Kyte JA, Gaudernack G, Faane A, Lislerud K, Inderberg EM, Brunsvig P, Aamdal S, Kvalheim G, Wälchli S, Pule M. T-helper cell receptors from long-term survivors after telomerase cancer vaccination for use in adoptive cell therapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1249090. [PMID: 28123886 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1249090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report retargeting of T-helper (Th) cells against the universal cancer antigen telomerase for use in adoptive cell therapy. The redirected Th cells may counter tumor tolerance, transform the inflammatory milieu, and induce epitope spreading and cancer senescence. We have previously conducted a series of trials evaluating vaccination with telomerase peptides. From long-term survivors, we isolated >100 CD4+ Th-cell clones recognizing telomerase epitopes. The clones were characterized with regard to HLA restriction, functional avidity, fine specificity, proliferative capacity, cytokine profile, and recognition of naturally processed epitopes. DP4 is the most prevalent HLA molecule worldwide. Two DP4-restricted T-cell clones with different functional avidity, C13 and D71, were selected for molecular T-cell receptor (TCR) cloning. Both clones showed a high proliferative capacity, recognition of naturally processed telomerase epitopes, and a polyfunctional and Th1-weighted cytokine profile. TCR C13 and D71 were cloned into the retroviral vector MP71 together with the compact and GMP-applicable marker/suicide gene RQR8. Both TCRs were expressed well in recipient T cells after PBMC transduction. The transduced T cells co-expressed RQR8 and acquired the desired telomerase specificity, with a polyfunctional response including production of TNFa, IFNγ, and CD107a. Interestingly, the DP4-restricted TCRs were expressed and functional both in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The findings demonstrate that the cloned TCRs confer recipient T cells with the desired hTERT-specificity and functionality. We hypothesize that adoptive therapy with Th cells may offer a powerful novel approach for overcoming tumor tolerance and synergize with other forms of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Amund Kyte
- Department for Cell Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gustav Gaudernack
- Department for Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Faane
- Department for Cell Therapy, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Lislerud
- Department for Cell Therapy, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Paal Brunsvig
- Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo, Norway
| | - Steinar Aamdal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Department for Cell Therapy, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department for Cell Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department for Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Pule
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London , London, UK
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Mensali N, Ying F, Sheng VOY, Yang W, Walseng E, Kumari S, Fallang LE, Kolstad A, Uckert W, Malmberg KJ, Wälchli S, Olweus J. Targeting B-cell neoplasia with T-cell receptors recognizing a CD20-derived peptide on patient-specific HLA. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1138199. [PMID: 27467957 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1138199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeted to CD19 are effective in treatment of B-lymphoid malignancies. However, CARs recognize all CD19 positive (pos) cells, and durable responses are linked to profound depletion of normal B cells. Here, we designed a strategy to specifically target patient B cells by utilizing the fact that T-cell receptors (TCRs), in contrast to CARs, are restricted by HLA. Two TCRs recognizing a peptide from CD20 (SLFLGILSV) in the context of foreign HLA-A*02:01 (CD20p/HLA-A2) were expressed as 2A-bicistronic constructs. T cells re-directed with the A23 and A94 TCR constructs efficiently recognized malignant HLA-A2(pos) B cells endogenously expressing CD20, including patient-derived follicular lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. In contrast, a wide range of HLA-A2(pos)CD20(neg) cells representing different tissue origins, and HLA-A2(neg)CD20(pos) cells, were not recognized. Cytotoxic T cells re-directed with CD20p/HLA-A2-specific TCRs or CD19 CARs responded with similar potencies to cells endogenously expressing comparable levels of CD20 and CD19. The CD20p/HLA-A2-specific TCRs recognized CD20p bound to HLA-A2 with high functional avidity. The results show that T cells expressing CD20p/HLA-A2-specific TCRs efficiently and specifically target B cells. When used in context of an HLA-haploidentical allogeneic stem cell transplantation where the donor is HLA-A2(neg) and the patient HLA-A2(pos), these T cells would selectively kill patient-derived B cells and allow reconstitution of the B-cell compartment with HLA-A2(neg) donor cells. These results should pave the way for clinical testing of T cells genetically engineered to target malignant B cells without permanent depletion of normal B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Mensali
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fan Ying
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vincent Oei Yi Sheng
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Weiwen Yang
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Even Walseng
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet , Oslo, Norway
| | - Shraddha Kumari
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars-Egil Fallang
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet , Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Kolstad
- K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wolfgang Uckert
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biology, Humboldt University , Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Johan Malmberg
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cell Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanna Olweus
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Inderberg EM, Wälchli S, Myhre MR, Lislerud K, Kvalheim G, Gaudernack G. Abstract 2310: With a little help from CD4 T cells in adoptive T-cell transfer. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of genetically engineered T cells offers great opportunities in cancer immunotherapy, however until recently, HLA-Class II-restricted TCRs have been largely ignored.
We have identified and cloned HLA class II-restricted CD4+ T cells isolated from patients vaccinated with long peptides derived from antigens such as hTERT, survivin and frameshift mutated TGFβRII. Several of these cancer patients demonstrated outstanding clinical responses to peptide- or dendritic cell based cancer vaccines with >10-year survival. In these patients strong T-cell responses against peptides other than those used for vaccination were detected, suggesting epitope spreading.
Responses against certain peptides associated with clinical benefit were identified and CD4+ T-cell clones recognizing such peptides were isolated. In depth studies of their specificities lead to the selection of HLA-DR and -DQ restricted T-cells having high functional avidity for the HLA-peptide complexes. We studied tumor cell and/or protein recognition and found one telomerase-specific CD4+ T-cell clone recognizing a melanoma cell line with the corresponding HLA allele.
The TCR sequences of the interesting clones were identified. The ribosome skipping 2A sequence technique was used to express these TCRs in an mRNA expression vector or retrovirus. When expanded T cells were electroporated with these TCRs, both redirected CD8+ and CD4+ T cells produced TNF-α, IFN-γ and the degranulation marker (CD107a) following co-incubation with specific peptide-loaded targets.
We have demonstrated that choosing highly functional CD4+ T-cell clones specific for tumor-associated or -specific antigens from patients with clinical responses after immunotherapy treatment is a successful method for identifying highly functional HLA class II restricted TCRs for adoptive T-cell transfer.
The use of HLA class II-restricted TCRs may be of therapeutic value both in haematopoietic malignancies and in melanoma where tumor cells often express HLA class II. In addition, combining the redirection of T cells with both HLA class I- and class II-restricted TCRs may provide a more powerful therapeutic effect in adoptive T cell therapy.
Citation Format: Else M. Inderberg, Sébastien Wälchli, Marit R. Myhre, Kari Lislerud, Gunnar Kvalheim, Gustav Gaudernack. With a little help from CD4 T cells in adoptive T-cell transfer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2310.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else M. Inderberg
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit R. Myhre
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Lislerud
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustav Gaudernack
- Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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43
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Theodossiou TA, Wälchli S, Olsen CE, Skarpen E, Berg K. Deciphering the Nongenomic, Mitochondrial Toxicity of Tamoxifens As Determined by Cell Metabolism and Redox Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:251-62. [PMID: 26569462 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is not only considered a very potent chemotherapeutic adjuvant for estrogen receptor positive breast cancers but also a very good chemo-preventive drug. Recently, there has been a rising amount of evidence for a nongenomic cytotoxicity of tamoxifen, even in estrogen receptor negative cells, which has greatly confounded researchers. Clinically, the side effects of tamoxifen can be very serious, ranging from liver steatosis to cirrhosis, tumorigenesis, or onset of porphyrias. Herein, we deciphered the nongenomic, mitochondrial cytotoxicity of tamoxifen in estrogen receptor positive MCF7 versus triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, employing the mitochondrial complex III quinoloxidizing-center inhibitor myxothiazol. We showed a role for hydroxyl-radical-mediated lipid peroxidation, catalyzed by iron, stemming from the redox interactions of tamoxifen quinoid metabolites with complex III, resulting in Fenton-capable reduced quinones. The role of tamoxifen semiquinone species in mitochondrial toxicity was also shown together with evidence of mitochondrial DNA damage. Tamoxifen caused an overall metabolic (respiratory and glycolytic) rate decrease in the Pasteur type MCF cells, while in the Warburg type MDA-MB-231 cells the respiratory rate was not significantly affected and the glycolytiv rate was significantly boosted. The nongenomic cytotoxicity of tamoxifens was hence associated with the metabolic phenotype and redox activity of the cells, as in the present paradigm of Pasteur MCF7s versus Warburg MDA-MB-231 cells. Our present findings call for caution in the use of the drugs, especially as a chemopreventive and/or in cases of iron overload diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodossis Athanassios Theodossiou
- Department
of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department
of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, and Department
for Cellular Therapy, The Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Cathrine Elisabeth Olsen
- Department
of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Ellen Skarpen
- Department
of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Radium
Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department
of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo 0379, Norway
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Wälchli S, Inderberg E, Myklebust J, Skorstad G, Myhre M, Faane A, Gaudernack G, Kvalheim G. A universal killer T-cell for adoptive cell therapy of cancer. Ann Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv513.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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45
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Wälchli S, Kumari S, Fallang LE, Sand KMK, Yang W, Landsverk OJB, Bakke O, Olweus J, Gregers TF. Invariant chain as a vehicle to load antigenic peptides on human MHC class I for cytotoxic T-cell activation. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:774-84. [PMID: 24293164 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protective T-cell responses depend on efficient presentation of antigen (Ag) in the context of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) and class II (MHCII) molecules. Invariant chain (Ii) serves as a chaperone for MHCII molecules and mediates trafficking to the endosomal pathway. The genetic exchange of the class II-associated Ii peptide (CLIP) with antigenic peptides has proven efficient for loading of MHCII and activation of specific CD4(+) T cells. Here, we investigated if Ii could similarly activate human CD8(+) T cells when used as a vehicle for cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) epitopes. The results show that wild type Ii, and Ii in which CLIP was replaced by known CTL epitopes from the cancer targets MART-1 or CD20, coprecipitated with HLA-A*02:01 and mediated colocalization in the endosomal pathway. Furthermore, HLA-A*02:01-positive cells expressing CLIP-replaced Ii efficiently activated Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells in a TAP- and proteasome-independent manner. Finally, dendritic cells transfected with mRNA encoding IiMART-1 or IiCD20 primed naïve CD8(+) T cells. The results show that Ii carrying antigenic peptides in the CLIP region can promote efficient presentation of the epitopes to CTLs independently of the classical MHCI peptide loading machinery, facilitating novel vaccination strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Gregers TF, Skånland SS, Wälchli S, Bakke O, Sandvig K. BiP negatively affects ricin transport. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:969-82. [PMID: 23666197 PMCID: PMC3709273 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5050969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The AB plant toxin ricin binds both glycoproteins and glycolipids at the cell surface via its B subunit. After binding, ricin is endocytosed and then transported retrogradely through the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the ER, the A subunit is retrotranslocated to the cytosol in a chaperone-dependent process, which is not fully explored. Recently two separate siRNA screens have demonstrated that ER chaperones have implications for ricin toxicity. ER associated degradation (ERAD) involves translocation of misfolded proteins from ER to cytosol and it is conceivable that protein toxins exploit this pathway. The ER chaperone BiP is an important ER regulator and has been implicated in toxicity mediated by cholera and Shiga toxin. In this study, we have investigated the role of BiP in ricin translocation to the cytosol. We first show that overexpression of BiP inhibited ricin translocation and protected cells against the toxin. Furthermore, shRNA-mediated depletion of BiP enhanced toxin translocation resulting in increased cytotoxicity. BiP-dependent inhibition of ricin toxicity was independent of ER stress. Our findings suggest that in contrast to what was shown with the Shiga toxin, the presence of BiP does not facilitate, but rather inhibits the entry of ricin into the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone F. Gregers
- Department of Biosciences, and Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway; E-Mails: (T.F.G.); (S.S.S.); (O.B.)
- Section of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Sigrid S. Skånland
- Department of Biosciences, and Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway; E-Mails: (T.F.G.); (S.S.S.); (O.B.)
- Section of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Section of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway; E-Mail:
- Section of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, and Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway; E-Mails: (T.F.G.); (S.S.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Biosciences, and Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway; E-Mails: (T.F.G.); (S.S.S.); (O.B.)
- Section of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo 0379, Norway; E-Mail:
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0379, Norway
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +47-2278-1828; Fax: +47-2278-1845
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Wälchli S, Løset GÅ, Kumari S, Nergård Johansen J, Yang W, Sandlie I, Olweus J. A practical approach to T-cell receptor cloning and expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27930. [PMID: 22132171 PMCID: PMC3221687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cloning and expression of T-cell Receptors (TcRs) has been performed for almost two decades, these procedures are still challenging. For example, the use of T-cell clones that have undergone limited expansion as starting material to limit the loss of interesting TcRs, must be weighed against the introduction of mutations by excess PCR cycles. The recent interest in using specific TcRs for cancer immunotherapy has, however, increased the demand for practical and robust methods to rapidly clone and express TcRs. Two main technologies for TcR cloning have emerged; the use of a set of primers specifically annealing to all known TcR variable domains, and 5′-RACE amplification. We here present an improved 5′-RACE protocol that represents a fast and reliable way to identify a TcR from 105 cells only, making TcR cloning feasible without a priori knowledge of the variable domain sequence. We further present a detailed procedure for the subcloning of TcRα and β chains into an expression system. We show that a recombination-based cloning protocol facilitates simple and rapid transfer of the TcR transgene into different expression systems. The presented comprehensive method can be performed in any laboratory with standard equipment and with a limited amount of starting material. We finally exemplify the straightforwardness and reliability of our procedure by cloning and expressing several MART-1-specific TcRs and demonstrating their functionality.
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MESH Headings
- Cloning, Molecular/methods
- Electroporation
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- MART-1 Antigen/genetics
- MART-1 Antigen/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic/genetics
- Reproducibility of Results
- Retroviridae/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail: (SW); (JO)
| | - Geir Åge Løset
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shraddha Kumari
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorunn Nergård Johansen
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Weiwen Yang
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanna Olweus
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail: (SW); (JO)
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Abrahamsen IW, Kjellevoll S, Greve-Isdahl M, Mensali N, Wälchli S, Kumari S, Loland BF, Egeland T, Kolstad A, Olweus J. T cells raised against allogeneic HLA-A2/CD20 kill primary follicular lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1821-32. [PMID: 21630262 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
T cells mediating a graft-versus-leukemia/lymphoma effects without causing graft-versus-host disease would greatly improve the safety and applicability of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We recently demonstrated that highly peptide- and HLA-specific T cells can readily be generated against allogeneic HLA-A*02:01 in complex with a peptide from the B cell-restricted protein CD20. Here, we show that such CD20-specific T cells can easily be induced from naïve precursors in cord blood, demonstrating that they do not represent cross-reactive memory cells. The cells displayed high avidity and mediated potent cytotoxic effects on cells from patients with the CD20(pos) B cell malignancies follicular lymphoma (FL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, the cytotoxicity was consistently lower for cells from two of the ALL patients. The ALL cells that were less efficiently killed did not display lower surface expression of CD20 or HLA-A*02:01, or mutations in the CD20 sequence. Peptide pulsing fully restored the levels of cytotoxicity, indicating that they are indeed susceptible to T cell-mediated killing. Adoptive transfer of CD20-specific T cells to an HLA-A*02:01(pos) patient requires an HLA-A*02:01(neg) , but otherwise HLA identical, donor. A search clarified that donors meeting these criteria can be readily identified even for patients with rare haplotypes. The results bear further promise for the clinical utility of CD20-specific T cells in B cell malignancies.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS T cells can be redirected to reject cancer by retroviral transduction with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or by administration of a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE). We demonstrate that transfection of T cells with messenger (m) RNA coding for CAR is an alternative strategy. METHODS We describe the pre-clinical evaluation of a method based on transient modification of expanded T cells with a CD19 CAR directed against B-cell malignancies. CAR mRNA was generated under cell-free conditions in a scalable process using recombinant RNA polymerase. Efficient and non-toxic square-wave electroporation was used to load the mRNA into the cytoplasm of T cells with no risk of insertional mutagenesis. RESULTS After transfection >80% of T cells were viable, with 94% CAR expression. Transfected T cells were cytolytic to CD19(+) targets and produced interferon (IFN)-γ in response. Killing of CD19(+) target cells was demonstrated even at day 8 with undetectable CAR expression. Increasing the concentration of mRNA resulted in higher surface CAR expression, better killing and more IFN-γ release but at the expense of increased activation-induced cell death. Finally, we demonstrated that a second transgene could be introduced by co-electroporation of CXCR4 or CCR7 with CAR to also modify chemotactic responses. CONCLUSIONS We advocate the transient redirection approach as well suited to meet safety aspects for early phase studies, prior to trials using stably transduced cells once CAR has been proven safe. The simplicity of this methodology also facilitates rapid screening of candidate targets and novel receptors in pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Almåsbak
- Section for Immunology, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Yamazaki T, Wälchli S, Fujita T, Ryser S, Hoshijima M, Schlegel W, Kuroda S, Maturana AD. Splice variants of enigma homolog, differentially expressed during heart development, promote or prevent hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 86:374-82. [PMID: 20097676 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Proteins with a PDZ (for PSD-95, DLG, ZO-1) and one to three LIM (for Lin11, Isl-1, Mec-3) domains are scaffolding sarcomeric and cytoskeletal elements that form structured muscle fibres and provide for the link to intracellular signalling by selectively associating protein kinases, ion channels, and transcription factors with the mechanical stress-strain sensors. Enigma homolog (ENH) is a PDZ-LIM protein with four splice variants: ENH1 with an N-terminal PDZ domain and three C-terminal LIM domains and ENH2, ENH3, and ENH4 without LIM domains. We addressed the functional role of ENH alternative splicing. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied the expression of the four ENH isoforms in the heart during development and in a mouse model of heart hypertrophy. All four isoforms are expressed in the heart but the pattern of expression is clearly different between embryonic, neonatal, and adult stages. ENH1 appears as the embryonic isoform, whereas ENH2, ENH3, and ENH4 are predominant in adult heart. Moreover, alternative splicing of ENH was changed following induction of heart hypertrophy, producing an ENH isoform pattern similar to that of neonatal heart. Next, we tested a possible causal role of ENH1 and ENH4 in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. When overexpressed in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes, ENH1 promoted the expression of hypertrophy markers and increased cell volume, whereas, on the contrary, ENH4 overexpression prevented these changes. CONCLUSION Antagonistic splice variants of ENH may play a central role in the adaptive changes of the link between mechanical stress-sensing and signalling occurring during embryonic development and/or heart hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamazaki
- Fondation pour Recherches Médicales, Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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