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Combination of Circulating miR-125a-5p, miR-223-3p and D-dimer as a Novel Biomarker for Deep Vein Thrombosis. Am J Med Sci 2022; 364:601-611. [PMID: 35588895 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a thrombus formed in the deep venous cavity and can cause a fatal pulmonary embolism. Since circulating miRNAs are used as molecular markers for the early warning and diagnosis of various diseases, such as tumors and cardiovascular diseases, the purpose of the present study was initially to identify differential expression circulating miRNAs in plasma, and then explore potential biomarkers for DVT. METHODS The plasma of 30 patients with DVT before and after DVT-related endovascular interventions constituted 6 sample pools for miRNA sequencing, and the levels of 22 plasma miRNAs were significantly changed. Then, various bioinformatics tools were utilized to screen out 8 miRNAs with potential DVT diagnostic value. Furthermore, their diagnostic values were evaluated in 120 patients with DVT and 120 healthy individuals. RESULTS The levels of 22 circulating plasma miRNAs (12 up-regulated, 10 down-regulated) were significantly changed in patients with DVT before and after endovascular interventions, especially miR-125a-5p (up-regulation) and miR-223-3p (down-regulation). The values of area under the ROC curve (AUC) of miR-125a-5p and miR-223-3p were both >0.8, indicating that they were valuable in diagnosing DVT. The combination of miR-125a-5p and miR-223-3p with D-dimer significantly improved the efficiency of diagnosing DVT, (AUC >0.97, the sensitivity and specificity >95%), and was better than those of D-dimer alone. CONCLUSIONS The levels of miR-125a-5p and miR-223-3p were the most significantly changed in patients with DVT before and after endovascular interventions; together with the classic biomarker D-dimer, they can be used as a potential biomarker for diagnostic and therapeutic process of DVT.
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Feng Y, Lei B, Zhang H, Niu L, Li X, Luo X, Zhang F. Long noncoding RNA TUG1 induces angiogenesis of endothelial progenitor cells and dissolution of deep vein thrombosis. Thromb J 2022; 20:54. [PMID: 36163177 PMCID: PMC9511754 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-022-00413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) essentially controls many physiological and pathological processes of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Based on that, lncRNA taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1)-involved angiogenesis of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and dissolution of DVT was explored. Methods In the in-vitro experiments, EPCs were engineered with mimic, inhibitor, siRNA, and plasmid, after which tube formation, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis were checked. In the in-vivo experiments, a DVT mouse model was established. Before the DVT operation, the mice were injected with agomir, antagomir, siRNA, and plasmid. Subsequently, thrombosis and damage to the femoral vein were pathologically evaluated. TUG1, miR-92a-3p, and 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr) expression in the femoral vein was tested. The relationship between TUG1, miR-92a-3p, and Hmgcr was validated. Results DVT mice showed suppressed TUG1 and Hmgcr expression, and elevated miR-92a-3p expression. In EPCs, TUG1 overexpression or miR-92a-3p inhibition promoted cellular angiogenesis, whereas Hmgcr silencing blocked cellular angiogenesis. In DVT mice, elevated TUG1 or inhibited miR-92a-3p suppressed thrombosis and damage to the femoral vein whilst Hmgcr knockdown acted oppositely. In both cellular and animal models, TUG1 overexpression-induced effects could be mitigated by miR-92a-3p up-regulation. Mechanically, TUG1 interacted with miR-92a-3p to regulate Hmgcr expression. Conclusion Evidently, TUG1 promotes the angiogenesis of EPCs and dissolution of DVT via the interplay with miR-92a-3p and Hmgcr. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12959-022-00413-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Feng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Anesthesia Department, Beijing Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital, No. 33 Haidian South Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100080, China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Luyuan Niu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xiangtao Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xiaoyun Luo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Fuxian Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
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LncRNA SNHG6 accelerates hyperoxia-induced lung cell injury via regulating miR-335 to activate KLF5/NF-κB pathway. Cytokine 2022; 157:155914. [PMID: 35809451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common chronic lung disease in premature infants, and its pathogenesis has not been clarified. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have important functions in cell bioactivity. However, their role in developmental lung disease remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to demonstrate the role of lncRNA SNHG6 (SNHG6) in BPD and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS The blood of patients with BPD were collected, and BPD model of BEAS-2B cells was established by hyperoxia method. SNHG6, miR-335 and KLF5 mRNA expression were detected by RT-qPCR. Western blot was conducted to measure the levels of apoptosis-related proteins' expression and NF-κB pathway related proteins. BEAS-2B cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by CCK-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Assay Kit was applied to detect ROS, MDA and SOD levels, respectively. ELISA was performed to assess the levels of inflammatory factors. The binding site of miR-335 with SNHG6 or KLF5 were predicted by using DIANA or TargetScan, and which was verified by double luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Firstly, SNHG6 was highly expressed and miR-335 was lowly expressed in BPD model, SNHG6 knockdown and miR-335 mimics both alleviated hyperoxia-induced lung cell injury, and SNHG6 targeted miR-335. Subsequently, KLF5 was targeted by miR-335, and KLF5 promoted lung cell injury via activating NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, SNHG6 mediated lung cell injury via regulating the miR-335/KLF5/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION Our research confirmed that SNHG6 mediated hyperoxia-induced lung cell injury via regulating the miR-335/KLF5/NF-κB pathway. These findings suggest that SNHG6 serves as promising targets for the treatment of newborns with BPD.
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Yang B, Zhang Z. Suppression of long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1123 constrains lower extremity deep vein thrombosis via microRNA-125a-3p to target interleukin 1 receptor type 1. Bioengineered 2022; 13:13452-13461. [PMID: 35659191 PMCID: PMC9275874 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2076496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (LEDVT) is a disorder of venous return caused by abnormal blood clotting. LEDVT can obstruct the lumen and is the third most common vascular disease after cerebrovascular disease and coronary artery disease. LncRNAs are associated with thrombosis and potentially affect the pathogenesis of DVT. However, no studies have reported the effect of LINC01123 on LEDVT. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LINC01123 on LEDVT in rats via the miR-125a-3p/interleukin 1 receptor type 1 (IL1R1) axis. Lentiviral vectors that altering LINC01123, miR-125a-3p and IL1R1 expression were pre-injected into the tail vein of rats, and an LEDVT model was established 1 day later. Detection of LINC01123, miR-125a-3p and IL1R1 expression was performed. Inflammatory factors in femoral venous blood, the length and weight of the thrombus, the histomorphological changes were determined in the rat model. The targeting relation of miR-125a-3p with LINC01123 or IL1R1 was verified. The results presented that LEDVT rats expressed high LINC01123 and IL1R1 and low miR-125a-3p expression levels. After silencing LINC01123 or elevating miR-125a-3p, the rate of thrombosis, length and weight of thrombus, and levels of inflammatory factors were reduced. The targeting relation was presented between miR-125a-3p with LINC01123 or IL1R1. Elevating IL1R1 was available to turn around the action of silence of LINC01123 on LEDVT rats. All in all, suppression of LINC01123 restrains LEDVT via miR-125a-3p to target IL1R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Yang
- Department of General surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yancheng First People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - ZiXiang Zhang
- Department of General surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
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Circulating MicroRNAs for Diagnosis of Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Still a Long Way to Go. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4180215. [PMID: 35047634 PMCID: PMC8763471 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4180215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) represents the third most frequent cause of acute cardiovascular syndrome. Among VTE, acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is the most life-threatening complication. Due to the low specificity of symptoms clinical diagnosis of APE may be sometimes very difficult. Accordingly, the latest European guidelines only suggest clinical prediction tests for diagnosis of APE, eventually associated with D-dimer, a biomarker burdened by a very low specificity. A growing body of evidence is highlighting the role of miRNAs in hemostasis and thrombosis. Due to their partial inheritance and susceptibility to the environmental factors, miRNAs are increasingly described as active modifiers of the classical Virchow's triad. Clinical evidence on deep venous thrombosis reported specific miRNA signatures associated to thrombosis development, organization, recanalization, and resolution. Conversely, data of miRNA profiling as a predictor/diagnostic marker of APE are still preliminary. Here, we have summarized clinical evidence on the potential role of miRNA in diagnosis of APE. Despite some intriguing insight, miRNA assay is still far from any potential clinical application. Especially, the small sample size of cohorts likely represents the major limitation of published studies, so that extensive analysis of miRNA profiles with a machine learning approach are warranted in the next future. In addition, the cost-benefit ratio of miRNA assay still has a negative impact on their clinical application and routinely test.
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Ruskovska T, Massaro M, Carluccio MA, Arola-Arnal A, Muguerza B, Vanden Berghe W, Declerck K, Bravo FI, Calabriso N, Combet E, Gibney ER, Gomes A, Gonthier MP, Kistanova E, Krga I, Mena P, Morand C, Nunes Dos Santos C, de Pascual-Teresa S, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Scoditti E, Suárez M, Milenkovic D. Systematic bioinformatic analysis of nutrigenomic data of flavanols in cell models of cardiometabolic disease. Food Funct 2021; 11:5040-5064. [PMID: 32537624 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00701c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavanol intake positively influences several cardiometabolic risk factors in humans. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of action of flavanols, in terms of gene regulation, in the cell types relevant to cardiometabolic disease have never been systematically addressed. On this basis, we conducted a systematic literature review and a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of genes whose expression is affected by flavanols in cells defining cardiometabolic health: hepatocytes, adipocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and immune cells. A systematic literature search was performed using the following pre-defined criteria: treatment with pure compounds and metabolites (no extracts) at low concentrations that are close to their plasma concentrations. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed using bioinformatics tools to identify gene ontologies, networks, cellular pathways and interactions, as well as transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators. The systematic literature search identified 54 differentially expressed genes at the mRNA level in in vitro models of cardiometabolic disease exposed to flavanols and their metabolites. Global bioinformatic analysis revealed that these genes are predominantly involved in inflammation, leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration, and lipid metabolism. We observed that, although the investigated cells responded differentially to flavanol exposure, the involvement of anti-inflammatory responses is a common mechanism of flavanol action. We also identified potential transcriptional regulators of gene expression: transcriptional factors, such as GATA2, NFKB1, FOXC1 or PPARG, and post-transcriptional regulators: miRNAs, such as mir-335-5p, let-7b-5p, mir-26b-5p or mir-16-5p. In parallel, we analyzed the nutrigenomic effects of flavanols in intestinal cells and demonstrated their predominant involvement in the metabolism of circulating lipoproteins. In conclusion, the results of this systematic analysis of the nutrigenomic effects of flavanols provide a more comprehensive picture of their molecular mechanisms of action and will support the future setup of genetic studies to pave the way for individualized dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Ruskovska
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Goce Delcev University, Stip, North Macedonia
| | - Marika Massaro
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Anna Arola-Arnal
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Begoña Muguerza
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ken Declerck
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Francisca Isabel Bravo
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Nadia Calabriso
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Emilie Combet
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eileen R Gibney
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreia Gomes
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal and Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marie-Paule Gonthier
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Elena Kistanova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Irena Krga
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UNH, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Pedro Mena
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Christine Morand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UNH, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Claudia Nunes Dos Santos
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal and Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal and CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Jose Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Rodriguez-Mateos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UNH, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France. and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Sun D, Ma T, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Cui B. Overexpressed miR-335-5p reduces atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque formation in acute coronary syndrome. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23608. [PMID: 33277957 PMCID: PMC7891542 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23608 10.18926/amo/64123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) may induce cardiovascular death. The correlation of mast cells related microRNAs (miRs) with risk of ACS has been investigated. We explored regulatory mechanism of miR-335-5p on macrophage innate immune response, atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque formation, and revascularization in ACS in relation to Notch signaling. METHODS ACS-related gene microarray was collected from Gene Expression Omnibus database. After different agomir or antagomir, or inhibitor of Notch signaling treatment, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 levels were tested in ACS mice. Additionally, Notch signaling-related genes and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were measured after miR-335-5p interference. Finally, mouse atherosclerosis, lipid accumulation, and the collagen/vessel area ratio of plaque were determined. RESULTS miR-335-5p targeted JAG1 and mediated Notch signaling in ACS. miR-335-5p up-regulation and Notch signaling inhibition reduced expression of JAG1, Notch pathway-related genes, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MMPs, but promote TIMP1 and TIMP2 expression. Additionally, vulnerable plaques were decreased and collagen fiber contents were observed to increase after miR-335-5p overexpression and Notch signaling inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of miR-335-5p inhibited innate immune response of macrophage, reduced atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque formation, and promoted revascularization in ACS mice targeting JAG1 through Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingjun Sun
- Cardiology DepartmentCentral South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital (Haikou People’s Hospital)HaikouP.R. China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- Cardiology DepartmentCentral South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital (Haikou People’s Hospital)HaikouP.R. China
| | - Yixue Zhang
- Cardiology DepartmentCentral South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital (Haikou People’s Hospital)HaikouP.R. China
| | - Fuwei Zhang
- Cardiology DepartmentCentral South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital (Haikou People’s Hospital)HaikouP.R. China
| | - Bo Cui
- Cardiology DepartmentThe First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityHunan Provincial People's HospitalChangshaP.R. China
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Sun D, Ma T, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Cui B. Overexpressed miR-335-5p reduces atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque formation in acute coronary syndrome. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23608. [PMID: 33277957 PMCID: PMC7891542 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) may induce cardiovascular death. The correlation of mast cells related microRNAs (miRs) with risk of ACS has been investigated. We explored regulatory mechanism of miR-335-5p on macrophage innate immune response, atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque formation, and revascularization in ACS in relation to Notch signaling. METHODS ACS-related gene microarray was collected from Gene Expression Omnibus database. After different agomir or antagomir, or inhibitor of Notch signaling treatment, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 levels were tested in ACS mice. Additionally, Notch signaling-related genes and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were measured after miR-335-5p interference. Finally, mouse atherosclerosis, lipid accumulation, and the collagen/vessel area ratio of plaque were determined. RESULTS miR-335-5p targeted JAG1 and mediated Notch signaling in ACS. miR-335-5p up-regulation and Notch signaling inhibition reduced expression of JAG1, Notch pathway-related genes, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MMPs, but promote TIMP1 and TIMP2 expression. Additionally, vulnerable plaques were decreased and collagen fiber contents were observed to increase after miR-335-5p overexpression and Notch signaling inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of miR-335-5p inhibited innate immune response of macrophage, reduced atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque formation, and promoted revascularization in ACS mice targeting JAG1 through Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingjun Sun
- Cardiology DepartmentCentral South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital (Haikou People’s Hospital)HaikouP.R. China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- Cardiology DepartmentCentral South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital (Haikou People’s Hospital)HaikouP.R. China
| | - Yixue Zhang
- Cardiology DepartmentCentral South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital (Haikou People’s Hospital)HaikouP.R. China
| | - Fuwei Zhang
- Cardiology DepartmentCentral South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital (Haikou People’s Hospital)HaikouP.R. China
| | - Bo Cui
- Cardiology DepartmentThe First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityHunan Provincial People's HospitalChangshaP.R. China
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Ou M, Hao S, Chen J, Zhao S, Cui S, Tu J. Downregulation of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein underlies a novel inhibitory role of microRNA-136-5p in acute lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21076-21090. [PMID: 33188660 PMCID: PMC7695373 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) comprises a critical and common health condition with high incidence, mortality, and long-term adverse sequelae. Several differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as promising prognostic markers in DVT. The present study intended to explore the functional relevance of miR-136-5p in acute lower extremity DVT (LEDVT). Rat models of acute LEDVT were established and miR-136-5p expression was altered by agomir or antagomir to assess its effects. In addition, in vitro gain- and loss-experiments, prior to exposure to CoCl2, were performed to investigate effects of miR-136-5p on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) apoptosis and levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP). miR-136-5p was downregulated, whereas IL-6 and CRP were elevated in acute LEDVT patients. Notably, miR-136-5p was confirmed to target both IL-6 and CRP. Overexpression of miR-136-5p led to reduced length, weight, and ratio of weight to length of the venous thrombus. Furthermore, overexpressed miR-136-5p downregulated the expression of IL-6 and CRP, consequently inhibiting HUVEC apoptosis. Conjointly, our data indicate that the overexpression of miR-136-5p has the potential to bind to the 3’-UTR in the mRNAs for IL-6 and CRP and mitigate acute LEDVT, which provides a basis for new therapeutic targets in acute LEDVT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Ou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, P.R. China
| | - Shaobo Hao
- Department of Emergency, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, P.R. China
| | - Shibo Zhao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, P.R. China
| | - Shichao Cui
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, P.R. China
| | - Jie Tu
- Department of Science and Education, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, P.R. China
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10
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MicroRNAs in venous thrombo-embolism. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 504:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Ou M, Zhang Y, Cui S, Zhao S, Tu J. Upregulated MiR-9-5p Protects Against Inflammatory Response in Rats with Deep Vein Thrombosis via Inhibition of NF-κB p50. Inflammation 2020; 42:1925-1938. [PMID: 31463646 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play important roles in the cardiovascular system, including heart, blood vessels, plasma, and vascular diseases. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) refers to the formation of blood clot in the deep veins of the human body and is a common peripheral vascular disease. Herein, we explored the mechanism of miR-9-5p in DVT through nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The expression of miR-9-5p in DVT rats was measured through the establishment of DVT rat models, followed by the alteration of miR-9-5p and NF-κB p50 in rats through the injection of constructed lentiviral vectors so as to explore the role of miR-9-5p and NF-κB p50 expression in rats. Next, the expression of NF-κB p50 and levels of inflammation-related factors plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured after the injection with lentiviral vectors, followed by the assessment of platelet aggregation and TXB2 content. MiR-9-5p was found to be downregulated in DVT rats. Through dual luciferase reporter gene assay, NF-κB p50 was verified as the target gene of miR-9-5p and miR-9-5p could negatively regulate NF-κB p50. MiR-9-5p over-expression decreased the levels of PAI-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 and platelet aggregation as well as TXB2 content, thus inhibiting thrombosis. Meanwhile, over-expressed NF-κB p50 could reverse the anti-inflammatory or anti-thrombotic effect of miR-9-5p. In summary, miR-9-5p over-expression can suppress the NF-κB signaling pathway through p50 downregulation, thus alleviating inflammation and thrombosis in DVT rats. MiR-9-5p could serve as a potential therapeutic target for DVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Ou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266011, People's Republic of China
| | - Shichao Cui
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266011, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibo Zhao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tu
- Science and Education Department, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 1, Jiaozhou Road Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266011, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Kotyla PJ, Islam MA. MicroRNA (miRNA): A New Dimension in the Pathogenesis of Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062076. [PMID: 32197340 PMCID: PMC7139820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, endogenous RNA molecules that play a significant role in the regulation of gene expression as well as cell development, differentiation, and function. Recent data suggest that these small molecules are responsible for the regulation of immune responses. Therefore, they may act as potent modulators of the immune system and play an important role in the development of several autoimmune diseases. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune systemic disease characterized by venous and/or arterial thromboses and/or recurrent fetal losses in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs). Several lines of evidence suggest that like other autoimmune disorders, miRNAs are deeply involved in the pathogenesis of APS, interacting with the function of innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we characterize miRNAs in the light of having a functional role in the immune system and autoimmune responses focusing on APS. In addition, we also discuss miRNAs as potential biomarkers and target molecules in treating APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław J. Kotyla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.J.K.); (M.A.I.)
| | - Md Asiful Islam
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (P.J.K.); (M.A.I.)
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13
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Lian J, Wu X, Liu Y, Qiu W, Zhu X, Wang X, Meng S, Valverde P, Steffensen B, Tu Q, Pan J, Chen J. Potential roles of miR-335-5p on pathogenesis of experimental periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2019; 55:191-198. [PMID: 31541471 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is a prevalent oral disease responsible for tooth loss. MicroRNAs have been proven crucial in bone disorders over the past decades. Promotive effect on osteogenic activities by microRNA-335-5p (miR-335-5p) has been well demonstrated, but its role involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis remains elusive. In this study, we established experimental periodontitis (EP) on transgenic mice overexpressing miR-335-5p (335-Tg) to investigate the novel effects of miR-335-5p on periodontal inflammation and bone loss. METHODS Experimental periodontitis was established via ligation. The expression of inflammatory and osteoclastic genes was examined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Morphology of alveolar bone was analyzed by microcomputed tomography (μCT). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining were conducted for histological analysis. RESULTS The expression of miR-335-5p decreased significantly in the periodontal tissues of EP. Compared to the WT-EP group, μCT analysis showed less bone loss in the 335-Tg-EP group accompanying with a decreased number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts. H&E and IHC staining exhibited attenuated inflammation and TLR4 expression in the 335-Tg-EP group. Furthermore, reduced expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TLR4 were also detected in the 335-Tg-EP group. Overexpression of miR-335-5p in vivo weakened the periodontal bone destruction and inflammation compared with the WT-EP group. CONCLUSIONS Our data exhibit novel roles of miR-335-5p in preventing bone loss and inflammation in experimental periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Lian
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Other Research Platforms, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xingwen Wu
- Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yao Liu
- Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Qiu
- Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaofang Zhu
- Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shu Meng
- Deparment of Periodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Other Research Platforms, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Paloma Valverde
- Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bjorn Steffensen
- Department of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qisheng Tu
- Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian Pan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Other Research Platforms, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jake Chen
- Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Tang H, Du W, Jiang Y, Li H, Bo H, Song S. Upregulated expression of ROCK1 promotes cell proliferation by functioning as a target of miR-335-5p in non-small cell lung cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019. [PMID: 31140617 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is regarded as one of the dominant causes in cancer patients among men and women all over the world. Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase l (ROCK1) is characterized as pivotal downstream effectors of the small GTPase RhoA and reported to participate in tumor metastasis. miR-335-5p acts as tumor suppressor microRNA and is identified to be downregulated in tumor tissues. miR-335-5p/ROCK1 axis has been demonstrated to promote cell proliferation and metastasis in gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and so on. However, the role it plays in promoting cell proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that the upregulated expression of ROCK1 was highly correlated with downregulated expression of miR-335-5p in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Mechanistically, Knockdown of ROCK1 inhibited cell proliferation in vitro, accompanied by cell cycle change confirmed by flow analysis. Furthermore, miR-335-5p can downregulate the ROCK1 expression by directly binding to the 3'-untranslated region in posttranscriptional level. In vivo animal model showed similar results. Our findings highlighted the crucial role that miR-335-5p acted as a tumor suppressor to modulate cell proliferation and cell cycle progression via downregulating ROCK1 expression. And this miR-335-5p/ROCK1 axis contributed to NSCLC pathogenesis and might be promising targets for NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haicheng Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| | - Wenwen Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongqian Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| | - Hongmiao Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jianhu Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| | - Hongjian Bo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| | - Shu Song
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
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15
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Effect of miR-495 on lower extremity deep vein thrombosis through the TLR4 signaling pathway by regulation of IL1R1. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180598. [PMID: 30287499 PMCID: PMC6435557 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (LEDVT), a common peripheral vascular disease caused by a blood clot in a deep vein is usually accompanied by swelling of the lower limbs. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been reported to play roles in LEDVT. We aimed to investigate the effect of miR-495 on LEDVT via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway through interleukin 1 receptor type 1 (IL1R1). LEDVT mouse model was established, and the femoral vein (FV) tissues were collected to detect expressions of miR-495, IL1R1, and TLR4 signaling-related genes. The expressions of both CD31 and CD34 (markers for endothelial progenitor cells) in the FV endothelial cells as well as the proportion of CD31+/CD34+ cells in peripheral blood were measured in order to evaluate thrombosis. The effect of miR-495 on cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis was analyzed. IL1R1 was confirmed as the target gene of miR-495. Besides, inhibiting the miR-495 expression could increase IL1R1 expression along with activating the TLR4 signaling pathway. The total number of the leukocytes along with the ratio of weight to length of thrombus in the FV tissue showed an increase. The overexpression of miR-495 could promote FV endothelial cell viability. By injecting agomiR-495 and antagomiR-495 in vivo, the number of leukocytes in the FV tissues and the ratio of weight to length of thrombus were significantly decreased in the mice injected with the overexpressed miR-495, and the IL1R1/TLR4 signaling pathway was inhibited. Collectively, overexpressed miR-495 directly promotes proliferation while simultaneously inhibiting apoptosis of FV endothelial cells, alleviating FV thrombosis by inhibiting IL1R1 via suppression of TLR4 signaling pathway.
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16
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Ding Y, Wang L, Zhao Q, Wu Z, Kong L. MicroRNA‑93 inhibits chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammation in osteoarthritis by targeting the TLR4/NF‑κB signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:779-790. [PMID: 30569118 PMCID: PMC6317687 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.4033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a serious disease of the articular cartilage, and inflammation has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Previously, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed as novel regulators of inflammation, however, the functional role of microRNAs in regulating inflammation in OA remains to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the roles of miRNAs in OA inflammation and the underlying molecular mechanism. Firstly, the miRNA expression patterns were analyzed in the articular cartilage tissues from experimental OA mice using an miRNA microarray. miRNA (miR)-93 was identified with particular interest due to its reported effects on apoptosis and inflammation suppression. Subsequently, the expression of miR-93 was further validated in the articular cartilage tissues of OA mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated primary chondrocytes. Using this LPS-induced chondrocyte injury model, the overexpression of miR-93 enhanced cell viability, improved cell apoptosis and attenuated the inflammatory response, as reflected by reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. In addition, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), an important regulator of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, was identified as a direct target of miR-93 in chondrocytes. Furthermore, the restoration of TLR4 markedly abrogated the inhibitory effects of miR-93 on the chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammation induced by LPS. In addition, the overexpression of miR-93 by agomir-miR-93 significantly inhibited the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell apoptosis, whereas antagomir-93 exacerbated apoptosis and inflammation in vivo. Taken together, the results of the study suggested that miR-93 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of human OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Ding
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Laifang Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Lingli Kong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
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Cheng Q, Tong F, Shen Y, He C, Wang C, Ding F. Achyranthes bidentata polypeptide k improves long-term neurological outcomes through reducing downstream microvascular thrombosis in experimental ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2018; 1706:166-176. [PMID: 30414726 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Achyranthes bidentata Bl. (A. bidentata) occupies an important position in traditional Chinese medicine owing to the property of promoting the circulation of blood and removing stasis. Achyranthes bidentata polypeptide k (ABPPk) is one of the active components isolated from A. bidentata. We previously demonstrated that ABPPk has potent neuroprotective effects against neuronal apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, but the roles and mechanisms of ABPPk on long-term functional recovery after ischemic stroke remain unknown. In the current study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of ABPPk on filament transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) rats and found that ABPPk reduced the infarct volume and maintained the neuronal integrity in the ischemic penumbra. Moreover, we found that ABPPk might reduce the formation of downstream microthrombus through preventing ischemic-induced oxidative damage of brain endothelial cells and activation of tissue factor (TF), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and NF-κB. ABPPk also inhibited polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) infiltration and matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 (MMP-2/-9) activation in the ischemic penumbra. Morris water maze, foot fault test, and modified neurological severity score were assessed for a period of 6 weeks following tMCAO. ABPPk improved long-term recognition abilities and neurological outcomes after stroke compared with saline-treated rats. Taken together, these results suggested that ABPPk is beneficial to the improvement of long-term outcomes after transient cerebral ischemia injury and can be used as a potential neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Cheng
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chunjiao He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Caiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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