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Guo Y, Xu X, Tang T, Sun L, Zhang X, Shen X, Li D, Wang L, Zhao L, Xie P. miR-505 inhibits replication of Borna disease virus 1 via inhibition of HMGB1-mediated autophagy. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35060474 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a highly neurotropic RNA virus which was recently demonstrated to cause deadly human encephalitis. Viruses can modulate microRNA expression, in turn modulating cellular immune responses and regulating viral replication. A previous study indicated that BoDV-1 infection down-regulated the expression of miR-505 in rats. However, the underlying mechanism of miR-505 during BoDV-1 infection remains unknown. In this study, we found that miR-505 can inhibit autophagy activation by down-regulating the expression of its target gene HMGB1, and ultimately inhibit the replication of BoDV-1. Specifically, we found that the expression of miR-505 was significantly down-regulated in rat primary neurons stably infected with BoDV-1. Overexpression of miR-505 can inhibit the replication of BoDV-1 in cells. Bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase reporter gene detection confirmed that during BoDV-1 infection, the high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) that mediates autophagy is the direct target gene of miR-505. The expression of HMGB1 was up-regulated after BoDV-1 infection, and overexpression of miR-505 could inhibit the expression of HMGB1. Autophagy-related detection found that after infection with BoDV-1, the expression of autophagy-related proteins and autophagy-related marker LC3 in neuronal cells was significantly up-regulated. Autophagy flow experiments and transmission electron microscopy also further confirmed that BoDV-1 infection activated HMGB1-mediated autophagy. Further regulating the expression of miR-505 found that overexpression of miR-505 significantly inhibited HMGB1-mediated autophagy. The discovery of this mechanism may provide new ideas and directions for the prevention and treatment of BoDV-1 infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jintang First People’s Hospital, West China Hospital Sichuan University JinTang Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain, The First People’s Hospital of Chongqing Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xia Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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2
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The Association Between Borna Disease Virus and Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/archneurosci.57779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Rajesh Kumar M, Joice Sophia P. Nanoparticles as Precious Stones in the Crown of Modern Molecular Biology. TRENDS IN INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123693 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61343-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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4
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Li C, Xu X, Zhang X, Cheng K, Guo Y, Jie J, Guo H, He Y, Zhou C, Gui S, Zhong X, Wang H, Xie P. Activation of ERK/CREB/BDNF pathway involved in abnormal behavior of neonatally Borna virus-infected rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:3121-3132. [PMID: 30532543 PMCID: PMC6247968 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s176399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric disorders are devastating illnesses worldwide; however, the potential involvement of viruses in the pathophysiological mechanisms of psychiatric diseases have not been clearly elucidated. Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, noncytopathic RNA virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we infected neonatal rats intracranially with BDV Hu-H1 and Strain V within 24 hours of birth. Psychological phenotypes were assessed using sucrose preference test, open field test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test. The protein expression of ERK/CREB/BDNF pathway was assessed by Western blotting of in vitro and in vivo samples. RESULTS Hu-H1-infected rats showed anxiety-like behavior 8 weeks postinfection while Strain V-infected rats demonstrated a certain abnormal behavior. Phosphorylated ERK1/2 was significantly upregulated in the hippocampi of Strain V- and Hu-H1-infected rats compared with control rats, indicating that Raf/MEK/ERK signaling was activated. CONCLUSION The data suggested that infection of neonatal rats with BDV Hu-H1 and Strain V caused behavioral abnormalities that shared common molecular pathways, providing preliminary evidences to investigate the underlying mechanisms of psychiatric disorders caused by BDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenmeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Yujie Guo
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Jie Jie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Yong He
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Siwen Gui
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China,
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5
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Blinov VM, Zverev VV, Krasnov GS, Filatov FP, Shargunov AV. Viral component of the human genome. Mol Biol 2017; 51:205-215. [PMID: 32214476 PMCID: PMC7089383 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between viruses and their human host are traditionally described from the point of view taking into consideration hosts as victims of viral aggression, which results in infectious diseases. However, these relations are in fact two-sided and involve modifications of both the virus and host genomes. Mutations that accumulate in the populations of viruses and hosts may provide them advantages such as the ability to overcome defense barriers of host cells or to create more efficient barriers to deal with the attack of the viral agent. One of the most common ways of reinforcing anti-viral barriers is the horizontal transfer of viral genes into the host genome. Within the host genome, these genes may be modified and extensively expressed to compete with viral copies and inhibit the synthesis of their products or modulate their functions in other ways. This review summarizes the available data on the horizontal gene transfer between viral and human genomes and discusses related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Blinov
- 1Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia
| | - V V Zverev
- 1Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia
| | - G S Krasnov
- 1Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia.,2Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 111911 Russia.,3Orekhovich Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, 119121 Russia
| | - F P Filatov
- 1Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia.,Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - A V Shargunov
- 1Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia
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6
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Soltani H, Mohammadzadeh S, Makvandi M, Pakseresht S, Samarbaf-Zadeh A. Detection of Borna Disease Virus (BDV) in Patients with First Episode of Schizophrenia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2016; 11:257-261. [PMID: 28050187 PMCID: PMC5206329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Schizophrenia is a complex widespread neuropsychiatric disorder. This illness encompasses a complex debilitating mental disorder causing illusion, delusion, disturbed relationship, low motivation and decline of emotion. Viral infection of the brain including Borna Disease Virus (BDV) may play a role in transient or permanent neurological and behavioral abnormalities. This role of Borna virus has not been resolved outright yet, and based on published papers investigation examining the role of this virus in schizophrenia is in progress worldwide. Method: In this study, Nested Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (Nested RT-PCR) was used for detection of BDV Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) of a group of patients experiencing the first episode of schizophrenia. The results were compared with a normal group. Results: In our study, no BDV-positive was found in PBMCs of the case group. Out of 40 participants of control group one was positive for P24 gene of BDV. This result are similar to several published papers about this topic. Conclusion: An etiological relationship between Bornavirus and schizophrenia was not found in this study. More investigations are warranted to illustrate the probable relationship between bornavirus infection and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Soltani
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Serwa Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics & Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Department of Virology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Siroos Pakseresht
- Department of Psychiatry, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Samarbaf-Zadeh
- Department of Pathology, Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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7
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Mazaheri-Tehrani E, Maghsoudi N, Shams J, Soori H, Atashi H, Motamedi F, Bode L, Ludwig H. Borna disease virus (BDV) infection in psychiatric patients and healthy controls in Iran. Virol J 2014; 11:161. [PMID: 25186971 PMCID: PMC4167498 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Borna disease virus (BDV) is an evolutionary old RNA virus, which infects brain and blood cells of humans, their primate ancestors, and other mammals. Human infection has been correlated to mood disorders and schizophrenia, but the impact of BDV on mental-health still remains controversial due to poor methodological and cross-national comparability. Method This first report from the Middle East aimed to determine BDV infection prevalence in Iranian acute psychiatric disorder patients and healthy controls through circulating immune complexes (CIC), antibodies (Ab) and antigen (pAg) in blood plasma using a standardized triple enzyme immune assay (EIA). Samples of 314 subjects (114 psychiatric cases, 69 blood donors, and 131 healthy controls) were assayed and data analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results CICs revealed a BDV prevalence of one third (29.5%) in healthy Iranian controls (27.5% controls; 33.3% blood donors). In psychiatric patients CIC prevalence was higher than in controls (40.4%) and significantly correlating with bipolar patients exhibiting overt clinical symptoms (p = 0.005, OR = 1.65). CIC values were significantly elevated in bipolar (p = 0.001) and major depressive disorder (p = 0.029) patients as compared to controls, and in females compared to males (p = 0.031). Conclusion This study supports a similarly high prevalence of subclinical human BDV infections in Iran as reported for central Europe, and provides again an indication for the correlation of BDV infection and mood disorders. Further studies should address the morbidity risk for healthy carriers and those with elevated CIC levels, along with gender disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mazaheri-Tehrani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P,O, Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Scumpia PO, Kelly-Scumpia K, Stevens BR. Alpha-lipoic acid effects on brain glial functions accompanying double-stranded RNA antiviral and inflammatory signaling. Neurochem Int 2013; 64:55-63. [PMID: 24269587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) serve as viral ligands that trigger innate immunity in astrocytes and microglial, as mediated through Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). Beneficial transient TLR3 and PKR anti-viral signaling can become deleterious when events devolve into inflammation and cytotoxicity. Viral products in the brain cause glial cell dysfunction, and are a putative etiologic factor in neuropsychiatric disorders, notably schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Parkinson's, and autism spectrum. Alpha-lipoic acid (LA) has been proposed as a possible therapeutic neuroprotectant. The objective of this study was to test our hypothesis that LA can control untoward antiviral mechanisms associated with neural dysfunction. Utilizing rat brain glial cultures (91% astrocytes:9% microglia) treated with PKR- and TLR3-ligand/viral mimetic dsRNA, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C), we report in vitro glial antiviral signaling and LA reduction of the effects of this signaling. LA blunted the dsRNA-stimulated expression of IFNα/β-inducible genes Mx1, PKR, and TLR3. And in polyI:C treated cells, LA promoted gene expression of rate-limiting steps that benefit healthy neural redox status in glutamateric systems. To this end, LA decreased dsRNA-induced inflammatory signaling by downregulating IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, iNOS, and CAT2 transcripts. In the presence of polyI:C, LA prevented cultured glial cytotoxicity which was correlated with increased expression of factors known to cooperatively control glutamate/cystine/glutathione redox cycling, namely glutamate uptake transporter GLAST/EAAT1, γ-glutamyl cysteine ligase catalytic and regulatory subunits, and IL-10. Glutamate exporting transporter subunits 4F2hc and xCT were downregulated by LA in dsRNA-stimulated glia. l-Glutamate net uptake was inhibited by dsRNA, and this was relieved by LA. Glutathione synthetase mRNA levels were unchanged by dsRNA or LA. This study demonstrates the protective effects of LA in astroglial/microglial cultures, and suggests the potential for LA efficacy in virus-induced CNS pathologies, with the caveat that antiviral benefits are concomitantly blunted. It is concluded that LA averts key aspects of TLR3- and PKR-provoked glial dysfunction, and provides rationale for exploring LA in whole animal and human clinical studies to blunt or avert neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip O Scumpia
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, USA
| | - Kindra Kelly-Scumpia
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, USA
| | - Bruce R Stevens
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, USA.
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9
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Human but Not Laboratory Borna Disease Virus Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Human Oligodendrocytes In Vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66623. [PMID: 23805250 PMCID: PMC3689772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic virus that produces neuropsychiatric dysfunction in a wide range of warm-blooded species. Several studies have associated BDV with human psychiatric illness, but the findings remain controversial. Although oligodendrocytes are a major glial component of brain white matter and play a pivotal role in neuronal cell function, BDV's effects on human oligodendrocytes have not been clarified. Here, the effects of two BDV strains, Hu-H1 (isolated from a bipolar patient) and Strain V (a laboratory strain), on the proliferation and apoptosis of human oligodendrocytes were investigated. Three experimental cell lines were constructed: Hu-H1-infected oligodendroglioma (Hu-H1) cells, Strain V-infected oligodendroglioma (Strain V) cells, and non-infected oligodendroglioma (control) cells. BDV infection was assayed by BDV nucleoprotein (p40) immunofluorescence, cell proliferation was assayed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), and cell cycle phases and apoptosis were assayed by flow cytometry. Expressions of the apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl-2 were measured by Western blotting. p40 expression was confirmed in Hu-H1 and Strain V on and after day three post-infection. Strain V cells showed significantly greater cellular proliferation than Hu-H1 cells on and after day three post-infection. In Hu-H1 cells, Bax and Bcl-2 expression were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, on and after day three post-infection. In contrast, in Strain V cells, Bax and Bcl-2 expression were significantly decreased and increased, respectively, on and after day three post-infection. In conclusion, Hu-H1 inhibits cellular proliferation and promotes apoptosis in human oligodendrocytes via Bax upregulation and Bcl-2 downregulation. In contrast, Strain V promotes cellular proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in human oligodendrocytes via Bax downregulation and Bcl-2 upregulation. The effects of the Hu-H1 strain (isolated from a bipolar patient) are opposite from those of Strain V (a laboratory strain), thereby providing a proof of authenticity for both.
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10
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Krause DL, Weidinger E, Matz J, Wildenauer A, Wagner JK, Obermeier M, Riedel M, Möller HJ, Müller N. Infectious Agents are Associated with Psychiatric Diseases. Ment Illn 2012; 4:e10. [PMID: 25478103 PMCID: PMC4253361 DOI: 10.4081/mi.2012.e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several infectious agents in the environment that can cause persistent infections in the host. They usually cause their symptoms shortly after first infection and later persist as silent viruses and bacteria within the body. However, these chronic infections may play an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and Tourette’s syndrome (TS). We investigated the distribution of different neurotrophic infectious agents in TS, schizophrenia and controls. A total of 93 individuals were included (schizophrenic patients, Tourette patients and controls). We evaluated antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes-simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus, Toxoplasma, Mycoplasma and Chlamydia trachomatis/pneumoniae. By comparing schizophrenia and TS, we found a higher prevalence of HSV (P=0.017) and CMV (P=0.017) antibodies in schizophrenic patients. Considering the relationship between schizophrenia, TS and healthy controls, we showed that there are associations for Chlamydia trachomatis (P=0.007), HSV (P=0.027) and CMV (P=0.029). When all measured viruses, bacteria and protozoa were combined, schizophrenic patients had a higher rate of antibodies to infectious agents than TS patients (P=0.049). Tourette and schizophrenic patients show a different vulnerability to infectious agents. Schizophrenic patients were found to have a higher susceptibility to viral infections than individuals with TS. This finding might point to a modification in special immune parameters in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elif Weidinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich
| | - Judith Matz
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich
| | | | | | | | - Michael Riedel
- Vinzenz von Paul Hospital, Psychiatry , Rottweil, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich
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11
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Arias I, Sorlozano A, Villegas E, de Dios Luna J, McKenney K, Cervilla J, Gutierrez B, Gutierrez J. Infectious agents associated with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2012; 136:128-36. [PMID: 22104141 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly disabling and limiting disorder for patients and the possibility that infections by some microorganisms may be associated to its development may allow prevention and recovery. In the current study we have done a meta-analysis of studies that have assessed the possible association between detection of different infectious agents and schizophrenia. We report results that support the idea that there is a statistically significant association between schizophrenia and infection by Human Herpesvirus 2 (OR=1.34; CI 95%: 1.09-1.70; p=0.05), Borna Disease Virus (OR=2.03; CI 95%: 1.35-3.06; p<0.01), Human Endogenous Retrovirus W (OR=19.31; CI 95%: 6.74-55.29; p<0.001), Chlamydophila pneumoniae (OR=6.34; CI 95%: 2.83-14.19; p<0.001), Chlamydophila psittaci (OR=29.05; CI 95%: 8.91-94.70; p<0.001) and Toxoplasma gondii (OR=2.70; CI 95%: 1.34-4.42; p=0.005). The implications of these findings are discussed and further research options are also explicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Arias
- CAP El Clot, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
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Lipkin WI, Briese T, Hornig M. Borna disease virus - fact and fantasy. Virus Res 2011; 162:162-72. [PMID: 21968299 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The occasion of Brian Mahy's retirement as editor of Virus Research provides an opportunity to reflect on the work that led one of the authors (Lipkin) to meet him shortly after the molecular discovery and characterization of Borna disease virus in the late 1980s, and work with authors Briese and Hornig to investigate mechanisms of pathogenesis and its potential role in human disease. This article reviews the history, molecular biology, epidemiology, and pathobiology of bornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th St., 17th Floor, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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13
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Krause D, Wagner J, Matz J, Weidinger E, Obermeier M, Riedel M, Gruber R, Schwarz M, Mueller N. Monocytic HLA DR antigens in schizophrenic patients. Neurosci Res 2011; 72:87-93. [PMID: 21964165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A genetic association of specific human leukocyte antigens (HLA) DR genes and schizophrenia has recently been shown. These HLA play a fundamental role in the control of immune responses. Furthermore infectious agents have been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In this study we investigated the rate of HLA DR positive monocytes in schizophrenic patients compared to controls with a special focus on the adaption to in vitro stimulation with toll-like receptor ligands. Patients with schizophrenia and matched controls were included. For each individual, we evaluated the rate of HLA DR positive monocytes (either incubated at 37 °C or after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or Poly I:C). We found a significantly higher percentage of schizophrenic patients with elevated HLA DR positive cells (p=0.045) as compared to controls. The adjustment rate from baseline levels of monocytic HLA DR positive cells to stimulation with Poly I:C was significantly lower in schizophrenic patients (p=0.038). The increased monocytic HLA DR in schizophrenic patients and the maladjustment of their monocytic HLA DR levels to an infectious stimulus might be a sign for a disturbed monocytic immune balance in schizophrenic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Krause
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
The author previously described a theoretical cause of schizophrenia based on the effects of estrogenic endocrine disruption. In the current review, the author describes how increased estrogen during pregnancy increases susceptibility to certain viral infections associated with increased risk for schizophrenia. The review further discusses how prenatal estrogen exposure could explain associations of schizophrenia with autoimmune diseases, urban environments, and stress. Based on the association of increased estrogen with schizophrenia risk factors, the author proposes increased prenatal estrogen as a unifying factor, perhaps the primary event, in the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Brown
- Clinical Services, Crossroads Community Services Board, Farmville, VA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, PO Box 622, Midlothian, VA 23113,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 804-897-6386, fax: 804-897-6386, e-mail:
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15
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Gonzalez A, Stombaugh J, Lozupone C, Turnbaugh PJ, Gordon JI, Knight R. The mind-body-microbial continuum. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2011. [PMID: 21485746 PMCID: PMC3139398 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2011.13.1/agonzalez] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the vast collection of microbes that live on and inside us (microbiota) and their collective genes (microbiome) has been revolutionized by culture-independent "metagenomic" techniques and DNA sequencing technologies. Most of our microbes live in our gut, where they function as a metabolic organ and provide attributes not encoded in our human genome. Metagenomic studies are revealing shared and distinctive features of microbial communities inhabiting different humans. A central question in psychiatry is the relative role of genes and environment in shaping behavior. The human microbiome serves as the interface between our genes and our history of environmental exposures; explorations of our microbiomes thus offer the possibility of providing new insights into our neurodevelopment and our behavioral phenotypes by affecting complex processes such as inter- and intra personal variations in cognition, personality, mood, sleep, and eating behavior, and perhaps even a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases ranging from affective disorders to autism. Better understanding of microbiome-encoded pathways for xenobiotic metabolism also has important implications for improving the efficacy of pharmacologic interventions with neuromodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gonzalez
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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16
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Viral infection and neural stem/progenitor cell's fate: implications in brain development and neurological disorders. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:357-66. [PMID: 21354238 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections in the prenatal (during pregnancy) and perinatal period have been a common cause of brain malformation. Besides the immediate neurological dysfunctions, virus infections may critically affect CNS development culminating in long-term cognitive deficits. Most of these neurotropic viruses are most damaging at a critical stage of the host, when the brain is in a dynamic stage of development. The neuropathology can be attributed to the massive neuronal loss induced by the virus as well as lack of CNS repair owing to a deficit in the neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) pool or aberrant formation of new neurons from NSPCs. Being one of the mitotically active populations in the post natal brain, the NSPCs have emerged as the potential targets of neurotropic viruses. The NSPCs are self-renewing and multipotent cells residing in the neurogenic niches of the brain, and, therefore, hampering the developmental fate of these cells may adversely affect the overall neurogenesis pattern. A number of neurotropic viruses utilize NSPCs as their cellular reservoirs and often establish latent and persistent infection in them. Both HIV and Herpes virus infect NSPCs over long periods of time and reactivation of the virus may occur later in life. The virus infected NSPCs either undergoes cell cycle arrest or impaired neuronal or glial differentiation, all of which leads to impaired neurogenesis. The disturbances in neurogenesis and CNS development following neurotropic virus infections have direct implications in the viral pathogenesis and long-term neurobehavioral outcome in infected individuals.
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17
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Rackova S, Janu L, Kabickova H. Borna disease virus (BDV) circulating immunocomplex positivity in addicted patients in the Czech Republic: a prospective cohort analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2010; 10:70. [PMID: 20825673 PMCID: PMC2944235 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-10-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease virus (BDV) is an RNA virus belonging to the family Bornaviridae. Borna disease virus is a neurotropic virus that causes changes in mood, behaviour and cognition. BDV causes persistent infection of the central nervous system. Immune changes lead to activation of infection. Alcohol and drug dependence are associated with immune impairment. METHODS We examined the seropositivity of BDV circulating immunocomplexes (CIC) in patients with alcohol and drug dependence and healthy individuals (blood donors). We examined 41 addicted patients for the presence of BDV CIC in the serum by ELISA at the beginning of detoxification, and after eight weeks of abstinence. This is the first such study performed in patients with alcohol and drug dependence. RESULTS BDV CIC positivity was detected in 36.59% of addicted patients on day 0 and in 42.86% on day 56. The control group was 37.3% positive. However, we did not detect higher BDV CIC positivity in addicted patients in comparison with blood donors (p = 0.179). The significantly higher level of BDV CIC was associated with lower levels of GGT (gamma glutamyl transferase) (p = 0.027) and approached statistical significance with the lower age of addicted patients (p = 0.064). We did not find any association between BDV CIC positivity and other anamnestic and demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS In our study addicted patients did not have significantly higher levels of BDV CIC than the control group. The highest levels of BDV CIC were detected in patients with lower levels of GGT and a lower age. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was approved by the ethical committee of the University Hospital Medical Faculty of Charles University in Pilsen, Czech Republic (registration number 303/2001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylva Rackova
- Psychiatric Department, University Hospital, Medical Faculty Charles University in Pilsen, Alej svobody 80, Pilsen 301 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Lubos Janu
- Psychiatric Department, University Hospital, Medical Faculty Charles University in Pilsen, Alej svobody 80, Pilsen, 301 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kabickova
- Klinlab s.r.o, Department of Molecular Biology and Parasitology, U Vojenské nemocnice 1200, Prague, 100 00, Czech Republic
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Krause D, Matz J, Weidinger E, Wagner J, Wildenauer A, Obermeier M, Riedel M, Müller N. The association of infectious agents and schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 11:739-43. [PMID: 20602604 DOI: 10.3109/15622971003653246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The influence of infectious agents on the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders has been discussed for decades. Pre- and postnatal infections are risk factors for schizophrenia. This may be explained by chronic infections or an altered immune status. However most of the studies have only focused on one single pathogen and not on the impact of different infectious agents. We investigated the association between schizophrenia and various neurotophic infectious agents. METHODS A total of 31 schizophrenic patients and 30 healthy matched individuals were included. Antibody titres of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, mycoplasma, chlamydia and toxoplasma were evaluated. For statistical analysis we used Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon test. RESULTS Significantly elevated positive antibody titres within schizophrenic patients were found only for Chlamydia trachomatis (P=0.005) and a trend to significance for herpes simplex virus (P=0.055). Combining the different agents, schizophrenics had a significantly higher rate of positive titres to infectious agents as compared to controls (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS The higher prevalence of antibodies within schizophrenic patients emphasizes a possible role of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Our data indicates that not one specific agent might be responsible for schizophrenic symptoms but the resulting immune response in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Krause
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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Heinrich A, Adamaszek M. Anti-Borna disease virus antibody responses in psychiatric patients: long-term follow up. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 64:255-61. [PMID: 20408992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Data suggesting a pathogenetic role for Borna disease virus (BDV) in neuropsychiatric diseases are still inconclusive and it is unknown whether humans become persistently infected or clear the virus infection. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate long-term BDV-specific antibody responses in psychiatric patients in order to gain new insights into human BDV infection and its pathogenicity. METHODS BDV-specific antibody titers and associations with clinical conditions were studied retrospectively in 94 seropositive patients with schizophrenia (n = 46), affective disorders (n = 19) and other psychiatric disorders (n = 29) who had been repeatedly tested for the presence of BDV-specific antibodies on indirect immunofluorescence assay between 1985 and 2006. Long-term titer dynamics were studied in 46 patients followed up for a period of >36 months. RESULTS A total of 25 of these 46 patients (54.3%) had persistent seropositivity, whereas seroreversion from positive to negative was observed in 21 (45.7%). Patients in the early course of schizophrenia had lower antibody titers compared to patients in the advanced course (P = 0.017), while a higher proportion of patients in the early course had titer increases (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in antibody titers between patient subgroups with clinically stable and acute psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION Persistent seropositivity in a subgroup of psychiatric patients in the long-term analysis suggests chronic BDV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heinrich
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Henriettenstiftung Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Na KS, Tae SH, Song JW, Kim YK. Failure to detect borna disease virus antibody and RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Investig 2009; 6:306-12. [PMID: 20140130 PMCID: PMC2808801 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2009.6.4.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Borna disease virus (BDV) is a highly neurotropic agent causing various neuropsychiatric symptoms in animals. Over the past two decades, it has been suggested that BDV might be associated with human psychiatric diseases. We aimed to investigate whether BDV is associated with psychiatric patients in Korea. METHODS We recruited 60 normal controls and 198 psychiatric patients (98 patients with depressive disorder, 60 with schizophrenia, and 40 with bipolar disorder). We used an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test for the BDV antibody and a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay for p24 and p40 RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS Neither the BDV antibody nor p24, p40 RNA was detected in controls and patients groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that BDV might not be associated with psychiatric patients in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Tae
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Abnormalities in aggression and anxiety in transgenic mice overexpressing activin E. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 385:319-23. [PMID: 19463785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To study the function of activin E, a TGF-beta superfamily member, in the regulation of affective behavior, we investigated the behavior of transgenic mice overexpressing activin E (TgActbetaE mice). Male TgActbetaE mice showed aggressive behavior in resident-intruder tests. In elevated plus-maze tests, the percentage of open arm entries was significantly increased in female TgActbetaE mice compared with that in wild-type mice. Furthermore, female TgActbetaE mice stayed in the central area for a significantly longer time than wild-type mice in open field tests. These results indicated that TgActbetaE mice had less anxiety-like behavior. The number of restraint-stress-evoked c-Fos-positive cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in TgActbetaE mice was significantly decreased compared with that in wild-type mice. This suggests that synthesis of corticotrophin-releasing hormone induced by stress was decreased in TgActbetaE mice. Taking these results together, activin E may act as a regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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