1
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Mazzarello AN, Gugiatti E, Cossu V, Bertola N, Bagnara D, Carta S, Ravera S, Salvetti C, Ibatici A, Ghiotto F, Colombo M, Cutrona G, Marini C, Sambuceti G, Fais F, Bruno S. Unexpected chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cell activation by bisphosphonates. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:27. [PMID: 38280019 PMCID: PMC10821833 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease of the elderly, often presenting comorbidities like osteoporosis and requiring, in a relevant proportion of cases, treatment with bisphosphonates (BPs). This class of drugs was shown in preclinical investigations to also possess anticancer properties. We started an in vitro study of the effects of BPs on CLL B cells activated by microenvironment-mimicking stimuli and observed that, depending on drug concentration, hormetic effects were induced on the leukemic cells. Higher doses induced cytotoxicity whereas at lower concentrations, more likely occurring in vivo, the drugs generated a protective effect from spontaneous and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis, and augmented CLL B cell activation/proliferation. This CLL-activation effect promoted by the BPs was associated with markers of poor CLL prognosis and required the presence of bystander stromal cells. Functional experiments suggested that this phenomenon involves the release of soluble factors and is increased by cellular contact between stroma and CLL B cells. Since CLL patients often present comorbidities such as osteoporosis and considering the diverse outcomes in both CLL disease progression and CLL response to treatment among patients, illustrating this phenomenon holds potential significance in driving additional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Mazzarello
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Gugiatti
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vanessa Cossu
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nadia Bertola
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sonia Carta
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Salvetti
- Clinic of Hematology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Adalberto Ibatici
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Ghiotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Colombo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cutrona
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Marini
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Fais
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Bruno
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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2
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Li K, Jin R, Wu X. The role of macrophages and osteoclasts in the progression of leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26:724-733. [PMID: 34555294 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2021.1976911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTBone marrow microenvironment provides critical regulatory signals for lineage differentiation and maintenance of HSC quiescence, and these signals also contribute to hematological myeloid malignancies. Macrophages exhibit high phenotypic heterogeneity under both physiological and pathological conditions and are mainly divided into proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Furthermore, osteoclasts are multinucleated giant cells that arise by fusion of monocyte/macrophage-like cells, which are commonly known as bone macrophages. Emerging evidence suggests that macrophages and osteoclasts originating from myeloid progenitors lead to two competing differentiation outcomes, and they appear to play an important role in the onset, progression, and bone metastasis of solid cancers. However, little is known about their role in the development of hematological malignancies. In this review, we focus on macrophages and osteoclasts, their role in leukemia, and the potential for targeting these cells in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Runming Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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3
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Alankus B, Ecker V, Vahl N, Braun M, Weichert W, Macher-Göppinger S, Gehring T, Neumayer T, Zenz T, Buchner M, Ruland J. Pathological RANK signaling in B cells drives autoimmunity and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211464. [PMID: 33075129 PMCID: PMC7868734 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests alterations in receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) signaling are key contributors to B cell autoimmunity and malignancy, but the pathophysiological consequences of aberrant B cell–intrinsic RANK signaling remain unknown. We generated mice that express a human lymphoma–derived, hyperactive RANKK240E variant in B lymphocytes in vivo. Forced RANK signaling disrupted B cell tolerance and induced a fully penetrant systemic lupus erythematosus–like disease in addition to the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Importantly, RANKK240E transgenic CLL cells as well as CLL cells of independent murine and of human origin depend on microenvironmental RANK ligand (RANKL) for tumor cell survival. Consequently, inhibition of the RANKL–RANK axis with anti-RANKL antibodies killed murine and human CLL cells in vitro and in vivo. These results establish pathological B cell–intrinsic RANK signaling as a potential driver of autoimmunity and B cell malignancy, and they suggest the exploitation of clinically available anti-RANKL compounds for CLL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Alankus
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Ecker
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Vahl
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Braun
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Torben Gehring
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Neumayer
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Zenz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maike Buchner
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
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4
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Rajakumar SA, Papp E, Lee KK, Grandal I, Merico D, Liu CC, Allo B, Zhang L, Grynpas MD, Minden MD, Hitzler JK, Guidos CJ, Danska JS. B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells mediate RANK-RANKL-dependent bone destruction. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/561/eaba5942. [PMID: 32938796 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba5942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although most children survive B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), they frequently experience long-term, treatment-related health problems, including osteopenia and osteonecrosis. Because some children present with fractures at ALL diagnosis, we considered the possibility that leukemic B cells contribute directly to bone pathology. To identify potential mechanisms of B-ALL-driven bone destruction, we examined the p53 -/-; Rag2 -/-; Prkdcscid/scid triple mutant (TM) mice and p53 -/-; Prkdcscid/scid double mutant (DM) mouse models of spontaneous B-ALL. In contrast to DM animals, leukemic TM mice displayed brittle bones, and the TM leukemic cells overexpressed Rankl, encoding receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand. RANKL is a key regulator of osteoclast differentiation and bone loss. Transfer of TM leukemic cells into immunodeficient recipient mice caused trabecular bone loss. To determine whether human B-ALL can exert similar effects, we evaluated primary human B-ALL blasts isolated at diagnosis for RANKL expression and their impact on bone pathology after their transplantation into NOD.Prkdcscid/scidIl2rgtm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG) recipient mice. Primary B-ALL cells conferred bone destruction evident in increased multinucleated osteoclasts, trabecular bone loss, destruction of the metaphyseal growth plate, and reduction in adipocyte mass in these patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Treating PDX mice with the RANKL antagonist recombinant osteoprotegerin-Fc (rOPG-Fc) protected the bone from B-ALL-induced destruction even under conditions of heavy tumor burden. Our data demonstrate a critical role of the RANK-RANKL axis in causing B-ALL-mediated bone pathology and provide preclinical support for RANKL-targeted therapy trials to reduce acute and long-term bone destruction in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeetha A Rajakumar
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Eniko Papp
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kathy K Lee
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ildiko Grandal
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Daniele Merico
- Center for Applied Genomics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Careesa C Liu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bedilu Allo
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Lucia Zhang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Marc D Grynpas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Johann K Hitzler
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jayne S Danska
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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5
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Łacina P, Butrym A, Humiński M, Dratwa M, Frontkiewicz D, Mazur G, Bogunia-Kubik K. Association of RANK and RANKL gene polymorphism with survival and calcium levels in multiple myeloma. Mol Carcinog 2020; 60:106-112. [PMID: 33283899 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous bone marrow cancer characterized by proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. One of its major symptoms are hypercalcaemia and bone lesions, which may result in pathologic bone fractures. Receptor activator for nuclear factor κB (RANK) and its ligand, RANKL, are part of an activation pathway for osteoclasts and are thus responsible for bone resorption. Furthermore, RANKL expression is increased in multiple myeloma. In the present study, we investigated the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes coding for RANK (rs1805034, rs8086340), RANKL (rs7325635, rs7988338), and TACI (rs34562254), a receptor for osteoclast-derived pro-survival factors. The study involved 222 patients and 222 healthy individuals, and the analysis included disease susceptibility, survival, bone lesions, calcium levels, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels. Patients with allele RANK rs1805034 C had higher survival (p = .003). This relationship was especially evident in women (p = .006). Furthermore, allele rs1805034 C was associated with slightly lower median age at diagnosis (64.0 vs. 65.5, p = .008). Allele RANKL rs7325635 A correlated with lower progression-free survival (p = .027), and with lack of early progression (p = .023). Additionally, women with allele rs7325635 G were found to have higher calcium blood concentration (p = .040). Allele TACI rs34562254 A was more common in MM patients in more advanced stages (II and III stage International Staging System) at diagnosis (p = .017), and the SNP showed a slight trend towards association in a multivariate analysis (p = .084). Taken together, our results suggest that RANK rs1805034 and RANKL rs7325635 may have a role in MM development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Łacina
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Butrym
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Humiński
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Dratwa
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Diana Frontkiewicz
- Department of Internal Occupational Diseases, Hypertension, and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Mazur
- Department of Internal Occupational Diseases, Hypertension, and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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6
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Giannoni P, Marini C, Cutrona G, Matis S, Capra MC, Puglisi F, Luzzi P, Pigozzi S, Gaggero G, Neri A, Todoerti K, Morabito F, Ibatici A, Miglino M, Bergamaschi M, Bruno S, Sambuceti GM, Ravetti JL, Ferrarini M, Fais F, de Totero D. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells impair osteoblastogenesis and promote osteoclastogenesis: role of TNFα, IL-6 and IL-11 cytokines. Haematologica 2020; 106:2598-2612. [PMID: 32855274 PMCID: PMC8485691 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.231456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone skeletal alterations are no longer considered a rare event in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), especially at more advanced stages of the disease. This study is aimed at elucidating the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Bone marrow stromal cells, induced to differentiate toward osteoblasts in osteogenic medium, appeared unable to complete their maturation upon co-culture with CLL cells, CLL cells-derived conditioned media (CLL-cm) or CLL-sera (CLL-sr). Inhibition of osteoblast differentiation was documented by decreased levels of RUNX2 and osteocalcin mRNA expression, by increased osteopontin and DKK-1 mRNA levels, and by a marked reduction of mineralized matrix deposition. The addition of neutralizing TNFα, IL-11 or anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibodies to these co-cultures resulted into restoration of bone mineralization, indicating the involvement of these cytokines: these findings were further supported by silencing TNFα, IL-11 and IL-6 in leukemic cells. We also demonstrated that the addition of CLL-cm to monocytes, previously stimulated with MCSF and RANKL, significantly amplified the formation of large mature osteoclasts as well as their bone resorption activity. Moreover enhanced osteoclastogenesis, induced by CLL-cm, was significantly reduced by treating cultures with the anti-TNFα moAb Infliximab; an analogous effect was observed by the use of the BTK inhibitor Ibrutinib. CLL cells, co-cultured with mature osteoclasts, were interestingly protected from apoptosis and upregulated Ki-67. These experimental results parallel the direct correlation between TNFα amounts in CLL sera and the degree of compact bone erosion we previously described, further strengthening the indication of a reciprocal influence between leukemic cells expansion and bone structure derangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Giannoni
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, Biology Section, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Marini
- CNR Institute of Bioimages and Molecular Physiology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cutrona
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Serena Matis
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Puglisi
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, Biology Section, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Luzzi
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, Biology Section, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Pigozzi
- Pathological Anatomy Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Gaggero
- Pathologycal Anatomy Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonino Neri
- Dept. of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology,University of Milan, Italy
| | - Katia Todoerti
- Dept. of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology,University of Milan, Italy
| | - Fortunato Morabito
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Aprigliano, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Adalberto Ibatici
- Hematology Clinic, IRCCS-Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Miglino
- Hematology Clinic, IRCCS-Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Bruno
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, Anatomy Section, University of Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Jean Louis Ravetti
- Pathological Anatomy Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manlio Ferrarini
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, Anatomy Section, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Fais
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela de Totero
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy;
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7
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Bardin P, Foussignière T, Rousselet N, Rebeyrol C, Porter JC, Corvol H, Tabary O. miR-636: A Newly-Identified Actor for the Regulation of Pulmonary Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2643. [PMID: 31803183 PMCID: PMC6874100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) results from deficient CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein activity leading to defective epithelial ion transport. Pulmonary degradation due to excessive inflammation is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in CF patients. By analysing miRNAs (small RNAseq) in human primary air-liquid interface cell cultures, we measured the overexpression of miR-636 in CF patients compared to non-CF controls. We validated these results in explant biopsies and determined that the mechanism underlying miR-636 overexpression is linked to inflammation. To identify specific targets, we used bioinformatics analysis to predict whether miR-636 targets the 3′-UTR mRNA regions of IL1R1 and RANK (two pro-inflammatory cytokine receptors), IKBKB (a major protein in the NF-κB pathway), and FAM13A (a modifier gene of CF lung phenotype implicated in epithelial remodelling). Using bronchial epithelial cells from CF patients to conduct a functional analysis, we showed a direct interaction between miR-636 and IL1R1, RANK, and IKBKB, but not with FAM13A. These interactions led to a decrease in IL1R1 and IKKβ protein expression levels, while we observed an increase in RANK protein expression levels following the overexpression of miR-636. Moreover, NF-κB activity and IL-8 and IL-6 secretions decreased following the transfection of miR-636 mimics in CF cells. Similar but opposite effects were found after transfection with an antagomiR-636 in the same cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-636 was not regulated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in our model. We went on to show that miR-636 is raised in the blood neutrophils, but not in the plasma, of CF patients and may have potential as a novel biomarker. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel actor for the regulation of inflammation in CF, miR-636, which is able to reduce constitutive NF-κB pathway activation when it is overexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bardin
- Faculté des Sciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Carine Rebeyrol
- UCL Respiratory, University College London, Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna C Porter
- UCL Respiratory, University College London, Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Corvol
- Faculté des Sciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,Département de Pédiatrie Respiratoire, Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Tabary
- Faculté des Sciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
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8
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Morita T, Shima Y, Fujimoto K, Tsuboi H, Saeki Y, Narazaki M, Ogata A, Kumanogoh A. Anti-receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand antibody treatment increases osteoclastogenesis-promoting IL-8 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunol 2019; 31:277-285. [PMID: 30753461 PMCID: PMC6484893 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) is an important factor for osteoclastogenesis and contributes to the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); thus, the anti-RANKL antibody (Ab) has been expected to protect joint destruction in RA patients. IL-8 also has osteoclastogenic activity; however, the role of IL-8 in the bone pathology of RA as well as the relation between IL-8 and RANKL remain unclear. In the present study, clinical observation revealed serum IL-8 levels of 611 pg ml-1 in RA patients with anti-RANKL Ab and 266 pg ml-1 in the same patients without anti-RANKL Ab. In vitro assay showed that anti-RANKL Ab induced production of IL-8 from pre-osteoclast-like cells (OCLs), and IL-8 promoted the formation of OCLs from peripheral monocytes even without RANKL activity. We further showed that treatment with FK506 (tacrolimus) possibly inhibits the increase in IL-8 levels in RA patients with anti-RANKL Ab, and in vitro assay confirmed that FK506 suppressed IL-8 production in pre-OCLs. These results suggest that inhibition of RANKL induces the change in osteoclastogenesis-promoting factor from RANKL to IL-8, and FK506 may be a valuable combination drug to support the use of anti-RANKL Ab in treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Morita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Fujimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Japan
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Tsuboi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Sakai City, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka Minami Medical Center, Kawachinagano City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Saeki
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka Minami Medical Center, Kawachinagano City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Narazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ogata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Allergy, Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, NTT West Osaka Hospital, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Sobacchi C, Menale C, Villa A. The RANKL-RANK Axis: A Bone to Thymus Round Trip. Front Immunol 2019; 10:629. [PMID: 30984193 PMCID: PMC6450200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and its cognate receptor Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) during a search for novel tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily members has dramatically changed the scenario of bone biology by providing the functional and biochemical proof that RANKL signaling via RANK is the master factor for osteoclastogenesis. In parallel, two independent studies reported the identification of mouse RANKL on activated T cells and of a ligand for osteoprotegerin on a murine bone marrow-derived stromal cell line. After these seminal findings, accumulating data indicated RANKL and RANK not only as essential players for the development and activation of osteoclasts, but also for the correct differentiation of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) that act as mediators of the central tolerance process by which self-reactive T cells are eliminated while regulatory T cells are generated. In light of the RANKL-RANK multi-task function, an antibody targeting this pathway, denosumab, is now commonly used in the therapy of bone loss diseases including chronic inflammatory bone disorders and osteolytic bone metastases; furthermore, preclinical data support the therapeutic application of denosumab in the framework of a broader spectrum of tumors. Here, we discuss advances in cellular and molecular mechanisms elicited by RANKL-RANK pathway in the bone and thymus, and the extent to which its inhibition or augmentation can be translated in the clinical arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sobacchi
- Milan Unit, Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Ciro Menale
- Milan Unit, Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- Milan Unit, Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy.,San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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10
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Lee WH, Seo D, Lim SG, Suk K. Reverse Signaling of Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Proteins in Macrophages and Microglia: Superfamily Portrait in the Neuroimmune Interface. Front Immunol 2019; 10:262. [PMID: 30838001 PMCID: PMC6389649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF) is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins commonly containing the TNF homology domain. The superfamily contains more than 20 protein members, which can be released from the cell membrane by proteolytic cleavage. Members of the TNFSF function as cytokines and regulate diverse biological processes, including immune responses, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and embryogenesis, by binding to TNFSF receptors. Many TNFSF proteins are also known to be responsible for the regulation of innate immunity and inflammation. Both receptor-mediated forward signaling and ligand-mediated reverse signaling play important roles in these processes. In this review, we discuss the functional expression and roles of various reverse signaling molecules and pathways of TNFSF members in macrophages and microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). A thorough understanding of the roles of TNFSF ligands and receptors in the activation of macrophages and microglia may improve the treatment of inflammatory diseases in the brain and periphery. In particular, TNFSF reverse signaling in microglia can be exploited to gain further insights into the functions of the neuroimmune interface in physiological and pathological processes in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ha Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Donggun Seo
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Su-Geun Lim
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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11
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Ahern E, Smyth MJ, Dougall WC, Teng MWL. Roles of the RANKL–RANK axis in antitumour immunity — implications for therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2018; 15:676-693. [DOI: 10.1038/s41571-018-0095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Marini C, Bruno S, Fiz F, Campi C, Piva R, Cutrona G, Matis S, Nieri A, Miglino M, Ibatici A, Maria Orengo A, Maria Massone A, Neumaier CE, Totero DD, Giannoni P, Bauckneht M, Pennone M, Tenca C, Gugiatti E, Bellini A, Borra A, Tedone E, Efetürk H, Rosa F, Emionite L, Cilli M, Bagnara D, Brucato V, Bruzzi P, Piana M, Fais F, Sambuceti G. Functional Activation of Osteoclast Commitment in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia: a Possible Role for RANK/RANKL Pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14159. [PMID: 29074954 PMCID: PMC5658396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal erosion has been found to represent an independent prognostic indicator in patients with advanced stages of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Whether this phenomenon also occurs in early CLL phases and its underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we prospectively enrolled 36 consecutive treatment-naïve patients to analyse skeletal structure and bone marrow distribution using a computational approach to PET/CT images. This evaluation was combined with the analysis of RANK/RANKL loop activation in the leukemic clone, given recent reports on its role in CLL progression. Bone erosion was particularly evident in long bone shafts, progressively increased from Binet stage A to Binet stage C, and was correlated with both local expansion of metabolically active bone marrow documented by FDG uptake and with the number of RANKL + cells present in the circulating blood. In immune-deficient NOD/Shi-scid, γcnull (NSG) mice, administration of CLL cells caused an appreciable compact bone erosion that was prevented by Denosumab. CLL cell proliferation in vitro correlated with RANK expression and was impaired by Denosumab-mediated disruption of the RANK/RANKL loop. This study suggests an interaction between CLL cells and stromal elements able to simultaneously impair bone structure and increase proliferating potential of leukemic clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Marini
- CNR Institute of Bioimages and Molecular Physiology, Milan, Italy.
- Nuclear Medicine IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy.
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Bruno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Fiz
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Radiology, Uni-Klinikum Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Roberta Piva
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Serena Matis
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Nieri
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Miglino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paolo Giannoni
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Bauckneht
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Claudya Tenca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Gugiatti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bellini
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Borra
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Hülya Efetürk
- Nuclear Medicine IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Laura Emionite
- Animal Facility, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Cilli
- Animal Facility, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Valerio Brucato
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Aerospace, Materials Engineering, Aten Center, CHAB pole, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 6, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Paolo Bruzzi
- Epidemiology and Clinical trial Service, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Piana
- SPIN Institute, CNR, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Mathematics (DIMA), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Fais
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- Nuclear Medicine IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
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13
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Zhang S, Wang X, Li G, Chong Y, Zhang J, Guo X, Li B, Bi Z. Osteoclast regulation of osteoblasts via RANK‑RANKL reverse signal transduction in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3994-4000. [PMID: 28731168 PMCID: PMC5646979 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of osteoporosis typically inhibits the activity of osteoclasts, which subsequently results in the suppression of bone formation and maintenance, however the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. The receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL)-receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B (RANK) signaling axis is important in the osteoblast regulation of osteoclasts. RANKL surface-bound molecules expressed on T cells stimulate a reverse signaling transduction in order to regulate the T cells, therefore the present study hypothesized that RANKL expressed on osteoblasts may transfer reverse signals to regulate osteoblasts. A series of experiments were designed to test the hypothesis, using MTT, stealth RNA interference, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, alkaline phosphatase activity assay and alizarin red staining. The present study observed the role of RANK-RANKL reverse signaling on osteoblasts, regulated by osteoclasts. Osteoblasts were treated with recombinant RANK proteins. The soluble RANK enhanced the mineralization of osteoblasts. When the RANKL was knocked down in the osteoblast, RANK demonstrated a weak osteogenic effect on the RANKL-deficient osteoblast compared with the wild-type osteoblast which served as a control. Addition of soluble RANK activated the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in the osteoblast and blocking this same pathway in E1 cells reduced the effect of RANK. In the co-culture system of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, p38 MAPK in E1 cells was phosphorylated a short time following co-culture and the phosphorylation then blocked by abundant soluble RANKL. The findings suggested that RANKL expressed on osteoblasts transferred reverse signals from the exterior of the cell to the interior, which regulated the osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Guojun Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yang Chong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xinzhen Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Baoxin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Zhenggang Bi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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14
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Schmohl JU, Nuebling T, Wild J, Kroell T, Kanz L, Salih HR, Schmetzer H. Expression of RANK-L and in part of PD-1 on blasts in patients with acute myeloid leukemia correlates with prognosis. Eur J Haematol 2016; 97:517-527. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Uwe Schmohl
- Section of Molecular Cancer Therapeutics; Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology; University of Minnesota; Masonic Cancer Center; Minneapolis MN USA
- Department for Hematology and Oncology; Med Dept II; University Hospital of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Tina Nuebling
- Department for Hematology and Oncology; Med Dept II; University Hospital of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology; German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center; Partner site Tuebingen; Department for Internal Medicine II; Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Julia Wild
- Department for Hematology and Oncology; Med Dept II; University Hospital of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology; German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center; Partner site Tuebingen; Department for Internal Medicine II; Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Tanja Kroell
- Department for Hematopoetic Cell Transplantation; Med. Dept.III; University Hospital of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Lothar Kanz
- Department for Hematology and Oncology; Med Dept II; University Hospital of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Helmut Rainer Salih
- Department for Hematology and Oncology; Med Dept II; University Hospital of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology; German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center; Partner site Tuebingen; Department for Internal Medicine II; Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Helga Schmetzer
- Department for Hematopoetic Cell Transplantation; Med. Dept.III; University Hospital of Munich; Munich Germany
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15
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González-Suárez E, Sanz-Moreno A. RANK as a therapeutic target in cancer. FEBS J 2016; 283:2018-33. [PMID: 26749530 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The RANK signaling pathway has emerged as a new target in breast cancer as receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and its receptor RANK mediate the pro-tumorigenic role of progesterone in the mammary gland. Thousands of cancer patients worldwide are already taking RANKL inhibitors for the management of bone metastasis, given the relevance of this pathway in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. RANK signaling also has multiple divergent effects in immunity and inflammation, both in the generation of active immune responses and in the induction of tolerance: it is required for lymph node organogenesis, thymic medullary epithelial development and self-tolerance, and regulates activation of several immune cells and inflammatory processes. The RANK pathway interferes with mammary epithelial differentiation and mediates the major proliferative response of mammary epithelium to progesterone and progesterone-driven expansion of mammary stem cells; it also controls hair follicle and epidermal stem cell homeostasis, pointing to RANK as a key regulator of epithelial stemness. Here we revisit the main functions of RANK signaling in bone remodeling, immune cells and epithelial differentiation. We also discuss the mechanistic evidence that supports its pleiotropic effects on cancer: from bone metastasis to immune and cancer-cell-dependent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva González-Suárez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Sanz-Moreno
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Shang WQ, Li H, Liu LB, Chang KK, Yu JJ, Xie F, Li MQ, Yu JJ. RANKL/RANK interaction promotes the growth of cervical cancer cells by strengthening the dialogue between cervical cancer cells and regulation of IL-8 secretion. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:3007-16. [PMID: 26398902 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor activator for nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. The interaction between RANKL and its receptor RANK plays an important role in the development and function of diverse tissues. However, the expression and role of RANKL in cervical cancer are still unknown. In the present study, we found that RANKL and RANK were highly co-expressed in cervical cancer. HeLa and SiHa cells secreted soluble RANKL (sRANKL), expressed member RANKL (mRANKL) and RANK. Recombinant human RANKL protein had no effect on the viability of HeLa and SiHa cells. Yet, blocking RANKL with an anti-human RANKL neutralizing antibody (α-RANKL) or recombinant human osteoprotegrin (OPG) protein resulted in the downregulation of Ki-67 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression and an increase in Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) expression, as well as a high level of viability and a low level of apoptosis in the HeLa and SiHa cells. In addition, α-RANKL led to a decrease in IL-8 secretion. Recombinant human IL-8 protein reversed the effect of α-RANKL on the expression of proliferation- and apoptosis‑related molecules, and proliferation and apoptosis in the HeLa and SiHa cells. The present study suggests that a high level of mRANKL/RANK expression in cervical cancer lesions plays an important role in the rapid growth of cervical cancer cells possibly through strengthening the dialogue between cervical cancer cells and regulation of IL-8 secretion, which may be a possible target for cervical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Shang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Li-Bing Liu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Kai Chang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Jun Yu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Feng Xie
- Medical Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Cervical Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
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17
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Salahudeen AA, Gupta A, Jones JC, Cowan RW, Vusirikala M, Kwong C, Naina HVK. PTHrP-Induced Refractory Malignant Hypercalcemia in a Patient With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Responding to Denosumab. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2015; 15:e137-40. [PMID: 26187654 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ameen A Salahudeen
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Arjun Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jeremy C Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Robert W Cowan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madhuri Vusirikala
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Simmons Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Chi Kwong
- Simmons Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Harris V K Naina
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Simmons Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
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18
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Allogeneic cell transplant expands bone marrow distribution by colonizing previously abandoned areas: an FDG PET/CT analysis. Blood 2015; 125:4095-102. [PMID: 25957389 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-01-618215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of hematopoietic reconstitution after bone marrow (BM) transplantation remain largely unknown. We applied a computational quantification software application to hybrid 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) images to assess activity and distribution of the hematopoietic system throughout the whole skeleton of recently transplanted patients. Thirty-four patients underwent PET/CT 30 days after either adult stem cell transplantation (allogeneic cell transplantation [ACT]; n = 18) or cord blood transplantation (CBT; n = 16). Our software automatically recognized compact bone volume and trabecular bone volume (IBV) in CT slices. Within IBV, coregistered PET data were extracted to identify the active BM (ABM) from the inactive tissue. Patients were compared with 34 matched controls chosen among a published normalcy database. Whole body ABM increased in ACT and CBT when compared with controls (12.4 ± 3 and 12.8 ± 6.8 vs 8.1 ± 2.6 mL/kg of ideal body weight [IBW], P < .001). In long bones, ABM increased three- and sixfold in CBT and ACT, respectively, compared with controls (0.9 ± 0.9 and 1.7 ± 2.5 vs 0.3 ± 0.3 mL/kg IBW, P < .01). These data document an unexpected distribution of transplanted BM into previously abandoned BM sites.
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19
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Schmiedel BJ, Grosse-Hovest L, Salih HR. A "vicious cycle" of NK-cell immune evasion in acute myeloid leukemia mediated by RANKL? Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23850. [PMID: 23762785 PMCID: PMC3667891 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) is mainly known for its role in bone metabolism, constituting a target for therapeutic interventions. Increasing evidence suggests that RANKL is also involved in oncogenesis and tumor progression, including a prominent role in host-tumor interaction. Our data suggest that targeting RANKL may reinforce natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antitumor responses in patients affected by hematological malignancies.
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20
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Martínez-Ramos R, García-Lozano JR, Lucena JM, Castillo-Palma MJ, García-Hernández F, Rodríguez MC, Núñez-Roldán A, González-Escribano MF. Differential expression pattern of microRNAs in CD4+ and CD19+ cells from asymptomatic patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2014; 23:353-9. [PMID: 24509687 DOI: 10.1177/0961203314522335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of microRNA (miRNA) expression in CD19+ and CD4+ cells from asymptomatic patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS A screening of the expression of 377 miRNAs was performed in human CD4+ and CD19+ cells isolated from the peripheral blood by using a TaqMan Human MicroRNA Array. Validation of differential expression pattern of those was performed using TaqMan assays in these cell populations obtained from a larger cohort of patients and controls. RESULTS According to the screening assays, three miRNAs were differentially expressed (p value <0.1) in cell populations from both patients and controls: hsa-miR-143, hsa-miR-224 and hsa-miR-576-5p for CD4+ cells, and hsa-miR-10a, hsa-miR-31 and hsa-miR-345 for CD19+ cells. After validation, significant differences (p value <0.05) were confirmed only for hsa-miR-143 and hsa-miR-224 in CD4+ cells and for hsa-miR-10a and hsa-miR-345 in CD19+ cells. In all cases, the miRNAs were over expressed in SLE patients compared with healthy donors. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a different pattern of miRNA expression in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martínez-Ramos
- 1Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain
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21
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Juhász K, Buzás K, Duda E. Importance of reverse signaling of the TNF superfamily in immune regulation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:335-48. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.13.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Endogenous IL-8 acts as a CD16 co-activator for natural killer-mediated anti-CD20 B cell depletion in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 2012; 37:440-6. [PMID: 23259986 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rituximab (RTX, anti-CD20 antibody) combined with chemotherapy is currently standard treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Serum level of IL-8 is a prognostic factor for CLL that correlates with disease stage. We investigated whether endogenous IL-8 affects RTX or Obinutuzumab (GA101) B-leukemic depletion mediated by natural killers (NK). Using whole peripheral blood lymphocytes from untreated CLL patients, RTX, but most significantly GA101, were effective in B-cell depletion and NK activation. IL-8 inhibition completely inhibited B-cell depletion by RTX and reduced GA101-induced B-cell depletion. Altogether results underline IL-8 as an endogenous NK co-activator and confirm GA101 therapeutic potential for CLL treatment.
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Schmiedel BJ, Nuebling T, Steinbacher J, Malinovska A, Wende CM, Azuma M, Schneider P, Grosse-Hovest L, Salih HR. Receptor activator for NF-κB ligand in acute myeloid leukemia: expression, function, and modulation of NK cell immunosurveillance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:821-31. [PMID: 23241893 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The TNF family member receptor activator for NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and its receptors RANK and osteoprotegerin are key regulators of bone remodeling but also influence cellular functions of tumor and immune effector cells. In this work, we studied the involvement of RANK-RANKL interaction in NK cell-mediated immunosurveillance of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Substantial levels of RANKL were found to be expressed on leukemia cells in 53 of 78 (68%) investigated patients. Signaling via RANKL into the leukemia cells stimulated their metabolic activity and induced the release of cytokines involved in AML pathophysiology. In addition, the immunomodulatory factors released by AML cells upon RANKL signaling impaired the anti-leukemia reactivity of NK cells and induced RANK expression, and NK cells of AML patients displayed significantly upregulated RANK expression compared with healthy controls. Treatment of AML cells with the clinically available RANKL Ab Denosumab resulted in enhanced NK cell anti-leukemia reactivity. This was due to both blockade of the release of NK-inhibitory factors by AML cells and prevention of RANK signaling into NK cells. The latter was found to directly impair NK anti-leukemia reactivity with a more pronounced effect on IFN-γ production compared with cytotoxicity. Together, our data unravel a previously unknown function of the RANK-RANKL molecule system in AML pathophysiology as well as NK cell function and suggest that neutralization of RANKL with therapeutic Abs may serve to reinforce NK cell reactivity in leukemia patients.
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Schmiedel BJ, Scheible CA, Nuebling T, Kopp HG, Wirths S, Azuma M, Schneider P, Jung G, Grosse-Hovest L, Salih HR. RANKL expression, function, and therapeutic targeting in multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 2012; 73:683-94. [PMID: 23139212 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone destruction is a prominent feature of multiple myeloma, but conflicting data exist on the expression and pathophysiologic involvement of the bone remodeling ligand RANKL in this disease and the potential therapeutic benefits of its targeted inhibition. Here, we show that RANKL is expressed by primary multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, whereas release of soluble RANKL was observed exclusively with multiple myeloma cells and was strongly influenced by posttranscriptional/posttranslational regulation. Signaling via RANKL into multiple myeloma and CLL cells induced release of cytokines involved in disease pathophysiology. Both the effects of RANKL on osteoclastogenesis and cytokine production by malignant cells could be blocked by disruption of RANK-RANKL interaction with denosumab. As we aimed to combine neutralization of RANKL with induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells against RANKL-expressing malignant cells and as denosumab does not stimulate NK reactivity, we generated RANK-Fc fusion proteins with modified Fc moieties. The latter displayed similar capacity compared with denosumab to neutralize the effects of RANKL on osteoclastogenesis in vitro, but also potently stimulated NK cell reactivity against primary RANKL-expressing malignant B cells, which was dependent on their engineered affinity to CD16. Our findings introduce Fc-optimized RANK-Ig fusion proteins as attractive tools to neutralize the detrimental function of RANKL while at the same time potently stimulating NK cell antitumor immunity.
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Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an indolent lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by both circulating peripheral disease as well as involvement of the lymph nodes and bone marrow. Increasing evidence suggests that the stromal microenvironment provides anti-apoptotic and pro-survival signals to CLL cells, and may contribute significantly to resistance to a wide variety of treatments. Our understanding of the complex interactions involved in CLL cell trafficking continues to grow. Chemokines and corresponding chemokine receptors are key factors for organizing CLL cell trafficking and homing and the complex cellular interactions between CLL and accessory cells. Important chemokines include CCL3, CCL4, and CCL22, which are released by CLL cells, and CXCL12, CXCL13, CXCL9, 10, 11, CCL 19, and CCL21, which are constitutively secreted by various stromal cells. Integrins such as VLA-4 (CD49d) as well as selectins and CD44 also likely play a role in directing CLL cell migration within the tissue microenvironments. Data are also emerging that other molecules such as MMP-9 and cytoskeletal proteins also contribute to CLL cell trafficking. Though this interplay is complex, it is critical that we improve our understanding of CLL cell trafficking to facilitate the development of novel therapies that target these pathways. Several drugs in clinical development, such as CXCR4 antagonists and PI3K, Btk, and Syk inhibitors appear to modulate CLL cell trafficking and CLL-stroma interactions. Here, we review the current understanding of the molecular interactions that underlie CLL cell trafficking and we highlight some of the promising approaches underway to target these pathways therapeutically in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Davids
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Buechele C, Baessler T, Wirths S, Schmohl JU, Schmiedel BJ, Salih HR. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) ligand modulates cytokine release and NK cell reactivity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Leukemia 2011; 26:991-1000. [PMID: 22064350 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the immunosurveillance of hematopoietic malignancies. Their reactivity is influenced by activating and inhibitory signals mediated by tumor-expressed ligands for NK receptors. Many members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family modulate differentiation, proliferation, activation and death of both tumor and immune effector cells. The TNF receptor family member glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) stimulates anti-tumor immunity in mice, but available data indicate that GITR may mediate different effects in mice and men and impairs the reactivity of human NK cells. Here, we comprehensively studied the expression and function of GITR ligand (GITRL) in leukemia. Among the different leukemia entities, pronounced expression of GITRL on leukemic cells was observed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and the GITR receptor was expressed at significantly higher levels on NK cells of CLL patients compared with healthy controls. Upon GITR-GITRL interaction, signaling via GITRL into the leukemia cells induced the release of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and TNF, which act as growth and survival factors for CLL cells. In addition, GITRL impaired both direct and Rituximab-induced degranulation, cytotoxicity and interferon-γ production of NK cells, which could be restored by GITR blocking antibodies. Thus, GITRL may contribute to disease pathophysiology and resistance to direct and Rituximab-induced NK reactivity in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Buechele
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
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Byon CH, Sun Y, Chen J, Yuan K, Mao X, Heath JM, Anderson PG, Tintut Y, Demer LL, Wang D, Chen Y. Runx2-upregulated receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand in calcifying smooth muscle cells promotes migration and osteoclastic differentiation of macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1387-96. [PMID: 21454810 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.222547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical and experimental studies demonstrate the important roles of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We have previously determined that the osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 is essential for VSMC calcification. The present study characterized Runx2-regulated signals and their potential roles in vascular calcification. METHODS AND RESULTS In vivo studies with atherogenic apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice demonstrated that increased oxidative stress was associated with upregulation of Runx2 and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), which colocalized in the calcified atherosclerotic lesions and were juxtaposed to infiltrated macrophages and osteoclast-like cells that are positively stained for an osteoclast marker, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Mechanistic studies using RNA interference, a luciferase reporter system, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that Runx2 regulated the expression of RANKL via a direct binding to the 5'-flanking region of the RANKL. Functional characterization revealed that RANKL did not induce VSMC calcification, nor was RANKL required for oxidative stress-induced VSMC calcification. Using a coculture system, we demonstrated that VSMC-expressed RANKL induced migration as well as differentiation of bone marrow-derived macrophages into multinucleated, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclast-like cells. These effects were inhibited by the RANKL antagonist osteoprotegerin and with VSMC deficient in Runx2 or RANKL. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that Runx2 directly binds to the promoter and controls the expression of RANKL, which mediates the crosstalk between calcifying VSMC and migration and differentiation of macrophages into osteoclast-like cells in the atherosclerotic lesions. Our studies provide novel mechanistic insights into the regulation and function of VSMC-derived RANKL in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Byon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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The role of chemokines in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: pathophysiological aspects and clinical impact. Ann Hematol 2009; 89:437-46. [PMID: 20020127 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-009-0876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are centrally involved in leukocyte migration, homing and haematopoiesis. Besides these physiological aspects, their role in pathological processes especially with respect to solid tumour and haematological neoplasias is well established. In this context, the focus was set here on disclosing their contribution in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL), which is regarded as the most characteristic low-grade lymphoma. Up to now, it has been demonstrated that several chemokines are involved in migration of B-CLL cells to lymph nodes, secondary lymphoid organs and bone marrow. Moreover, some chemokines are known to have an anti-apoptotic effect and thus contribute to the survival of B-CLL cells. By interfering with both of these aspects, new therapeutic targets for this yet incurable disease may be developed. Furthermore, a correlation can be drawn between the concentration of some chemokines in patients' serum, the expression of their respective receptors on B-CLL cells and well-established predictive clinical parameters. Consequently, further systematic investigation of the chemokine network may lead to the identification of new diagnostic and prognostic markers. This review focuses on the impact of chemokines and their receptors on B-CLL pathophysiology and points out potential implications for both treatment and diagnosis.
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Sun M, Fink PJ. A New Class of Reverse Signaling Costimulators Belongs to the TNF Family. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4307-12. [PMID: 17878324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence shows that many molecules of the TNF family serve as counter-receptors, inducing costimulation through reverse signals in addition to delivering signals through their respective TNF receptors. In this review, we will discuss this new class of costimulators with a focus on the mechanism of costimulation transduced by reverse signaling through Fas ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Sun
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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