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Jena MK, Khan FB, Ali SA, Abdullah A, Sharma AK, Yadav V, Kancharla S, Kolli P, Mandadapu G, Sahoo AK, Rath PK, Taneera J, Kumar S, Mohanty AK, Goh KW, Ming LC, Ardianto C. Molecular complexity of mammary glands development: a review of lactogenic differentiation in epithelial cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 51:491-508. [PMID: 37694522 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2252872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a dynamic organ with various physiological processes like cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis during the pregnancy-lactation-involution cycle. It is essential to understand the molecular changes during the lactogenic differentiation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs, the milk-synthesizing cells). The MECs are organized as luminal milk-secreting cells and basal myoepithelial cells (responsible for milk ejection by contraction) that form the alveoli. The branching morphogenesis and lactogenic differentiation of the MECs prepare the gland for lactation. This process is governed by many molecular mediators including hormones, growth factors, cytokines, miRNAs, regulatory proteins, etc. Interestingly, various signalling pathways guide lactation and understanding these molecular transitions from pregnancy to lactation will help researchers design further research. Manipulation of genes responsible for milk synthesis and secretion will promote augmentation of milk yield in dairy animals. Identifying protein signatures of lactation will help develop strategies for persistent lactation and shortening the dry period in farm animals. The present review article discusses in details the physiological and molecular changes occurring during lactogenic differentiation of MECs and the associated hormones, regulatory proteins, miRNAs, and signalling pathways. An in-depth knowledge of the molecular events will aid in developing engineered cellular models for studies related to mammary gland diseases of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Jena
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Farheen Badrealam Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abdullah Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Pakistan
| | - Amarish Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Yadav
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Anjan Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Prasana Kumar Rath
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jalal Taneera
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sudarshan Kumar
- Proteomics and Structural Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | | | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Chrismawan Ardianto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Alvarez S, Gupta S, Honeychurch K, Mercado-Ayon Y, Kawaguchi R, Butler SJ. Netrin1 patterns the dorsal spinal cord through modulation of Bmp signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.02.565384. [PMID: 37961605 PMCID: PMC10635094 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.565384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
We have identified an unexpected role for netrin1 as a suppressor of bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling in the developing dorsal spinal cord. Using a combination of gain- and loss-of-function approaches in chicken, embryonic stem cell (ESC), and mouse models, we have observed that manipulating the level of netrin1 specifically alters the patterning of the Bmp-dependent dorsal interneurons (dIs), dI1-dI3. Altered netrin1 levels also change Bmp signaling activity, as measured by bioinformatics, and monitoring phosophoSmad1/5/8 activation, the canonical intermediate of Bmp signaling, and Id levels, a known Bmp target. Together, these studies support the hypothesis that netrin1 acts from the intermediate spinal cord to regionally confine Bmp signaling to the dorsal spinal cord. Thus, netrin1 has reiterative activities shaping dorsal spinal circuits, first by regulating cell fate decisions and then acting as a guidance cue to direct axon extension.
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3
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Freeman DW, Rodrigues Sousa E, Karkampouna S, Zoni E, Gray PC, Salomon DS, Kruithof-de Julio M, Spike BT. Whence CRIPTO: The Reemergence of an Oncofetal Factor in 'Wounds' That Fail to Heal. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10164. [PMID: 34576327 PMCID: PMC8472190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There exists a set of factors termed oncofetal proteins that play key roles in ontogeny before they decline or disappear as the organism's tissues achieve homeostasis, only to then re-emerge in cancer. Although the unique therapeutic potential presented by such factors has been recognized for more than a century, their clinical utility has yet to be fully realized1. This review highlights the small signaling protein CRIPTO encoded by the tumor derived growth factor 1 (TDGF1/Tdgf1) gene, an oft cited oncofetal protein whose presence in the cancer literature as a tumor promoter, diagnostic marker and viable therapeutic target continues to grow. We touch lightly on features well established and well-reviewed since its discovery more than 30 years ago, including CRIPTO's early developmental roles and modulation of SMAD2/3 activation by a selected set of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family ligands. We predominantly focus instead on more recent and less well understood additions to the CRIPTO signaling repertoire, on its potential upstream regulators and on new conceptual ground for understanding its mode of action in the multicellular and often stressful contexts of neoplastic transformation and progression. We ask whence it re-emerges in cancer and where it 'hides' between the time of its fetal activity and its oncogenic reemergence. In this regard, we examine CRIPTO's restriction to rare cells in the adult, its potential for paracrine crosstalk, and its emerging role in inflammation and tissue regeneration-roles it may reprise in tumorigenesis, acting on subsets of tumor cells to foster cancer initiation and progression. We also consider critical gaps in knowledge and resources that stand between the recent, exciting momentum in the CRIPTO field and highly actionable CRIPTO manipulation for cancer therapy and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Freeman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA;
| | - Elisa Rodrigues Sousa
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (S.K.); (E.Z.)
| | - Sofia Karkampouna
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (S.K.); (E.Z.)
| | - Eugenio Zoni
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (S.K.); (E.Z.)
| | - Peter C. Gray
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - David S. Salomon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 20893, USA;
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (S.K.); (E.Z.)
- Translational Organoid Models, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T. Spike
- Department of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA;
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Han Y, Jiang N, Su T, Yang QC, Yan CC, Ye L, Yuan Q, Zhu PW, Li W, Liu ZG, Shao Y. Netrin-1 promotes epithelium repair in corneal injury. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:206-212. [PMID: 32090028 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.02.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore netrin-1 functions on corneal epithelium in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In vitro the human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells were treated with serum free DMEM-F12 basic media containing 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, 800, and 1000 ng/mL of netrin-1, respectively. The cells viability was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). The wound-healing assay was applied to assess the migration proficiency of HCE cells. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell-cycle distribution and apoptosis. In vivo, normal c57 (6wk) mice were demarcated with a trephine in the middle of the cornea to produce a 3-mm circular wound. Mice corneas were inflicted no epithelium with a 3-mm wound displayed, but remained the limbal epithelium intact. A blunt scalpel blade was used to remove the corneal epithelian cells, followed by topical netrin-1 application (200 ng/mL), and the group treated by PBS as control. The treated group was injected netrin-1 into the normal c57 mice inferior subconjunctival 4h before trauma. Mouse corneal inflammation and neovascularization were observed under slit lamp microscope. The apoptosis of corneal cells was determined by TUNEL staining. RESLUTS A concentration of 200 ng/mL netrin-1 enhanced 25% of the HCE viability. The relative migration rates were 76.3% and 100% in control and netrin-1 treated group after cultured 72h. Treated with netrin-1 (200 ng/mL) decreased the apoptosis of HCE cells, as well as decreased their percentage from 19.3%±0.57% to 12.7%±0.42% of the total. The remaining wound area was 1.22 mm2 in control group but 0.22 mm2 in the netrin-1 treated group. Exogenous Netrin-1 inhibits apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells of c57 mice. TUNEL-positive cells at the epithelial layer of the corneas of the control and netrin-1 treated c57 mice at 24h after wounding were 43.3% and 16.7% respectively. CONCLUSION Netrin-1 can reduce HCE apoptosis as well as promote its proliferation and migration. Topical application of netrin-1 promotes the injuryed cornea epithelial wound repair and inhibits apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells. These findings may offer potential therapies to repair the defects of corneal epithelial based on netrin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Han
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University and Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University and Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ting Su
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University and Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qi-Chen Yang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University and Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Cong-Cong Yan
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University and Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Pei-Wen Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University and Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zu-Guo Liu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University and Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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Sandomenico A, Ruvo M. Targeting Nodal and Cripto-1: Perspectives Inside Dual Potential Theranostic Cancer Biomarkers. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1994-2050. [PMID: 30207211 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180912104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating the mechanisms of recurrence of embryonic signaling pathways in tumorigenesis has led to the discovery of onco-fetal players which have physiological roles during normal development but result aberrantly re-activated in tumors. In this context, Nodal and Cripto-1 are recognized as onco-developmental factors, which are absent in normal tissues but are overexpressed in several solid tumors where they can serve as theranostic agents. OBJECTIVE To collect, review and discuss the most relevant papers related to the involvement of Nodal and Cripto-1 in the development, progression, recurrence and metastasis of several tumors where they are over-expressed, with a particular attention to their occurrence on the surface of the corresponding sub-populations of cancer stem cells (CSC). RESULTS We have gathered, rationalized and discussed the most interesting findings extracted from some 370 papers related to the involvement of Cripto-1 and Nodal in all tumor types where they have been detected. Data demonstrate the clear connection between Nodal and Cripto-1 presence and their multiple oncogenic activities across different tumors. We have also reviewed and highlighted the potential of targeting Nodal, Cripto-1 and the complexes that they form on the surface of tumor cells, especially of CSC, as an innovative approach to detect and suppress tumors with molecules that block one or more mechanisms that they regulate. CONCLUSION Overall, Nodal and Cripto-1 represent two innovative and effective biomarkers for developing potential theranostic anti-tumor agents that target normal as well as CSC subpopulations and overcome both pharmacological resistance and tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Sandomenico
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBB-CNR), via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBB-CNR), via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
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6
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Focà G, Iaccarino E, Focà A, Sanguigno L, Untiveros G, Cuevas-Nunez M, Strizzi L, Leonardi A, Ruvo M, Sandomenico A. Development of conformational antibodies targeting Cripto-1 with neutralizing effects in vitro. Biochimie 2019; 158:246-256. [PMID: 30703478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human Cripto-1 (Cripto-1), the founding member of the EGF-CFC superfamily, is a key regulator of many processes during embryonic development and oncogenesis. Cripto-1 is barely present or even absent in normal adult tissues while it is aberrantly re-expressed in various tumors. Blockade of the CFC domain-mediated Cripto-1 functions is acknowledged as a promising therapeutic intervention point to inhibit the tumorigenic activity of the protein. In this work, we report the generation and characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies raised against the synthetic folded CFC [112-150] domain of the human protein. Through subtractive ELISA assays clones were screened for the ability to specifically recognize "hot spot" residues on the CFC domain, which are crucial for the interaction with Activin Type I receptor (ALK4) and GRP78. On selected antibodies, SPR and epitope mapping studies have confirmed their specificity and have revealed that recognition occurs only on a conformational epitope. Furthermore, FACS analyses have confirmed the ability of 1B4 antibody to recognize the membrane-anchored and soluble native Cripto-1 protein in a panel of human cancer cells. Finally, we have evaluated its functional effects through in vitro cellular signaling assays and cell cycle analysis. These findings suggest that the selected anti-CFC mAbs have the potential to neutralize the protein oncogenic activity and may be used as theranostic molecules suitable as tumor homing agents for Cripto-1-overexpressing cancer cells and tissues and to overcome drug-resistance in routine cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Focà
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Iaccarino
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Annalia Focà
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Sanguigno
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gustavo Untiveros
- Midwestern University, Colleges of Graduate Studies, Dwners Grove, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Cuevas-Nunez
- Midwestern University, Colleges of Graduate Studies, Dwners Grove, Chicago, IL, USA; College of Dental Medicine, Dwners Grove, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Luigi Strizzi
- Midwestern University, Colleges of Graduate Studies, Dwners Grove, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Antonio Leonardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Sandomenico
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy.
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Hare KS, Leal LN, Romao JM, Hooiveld GJ, Soberon F, Berends H, Van Amburgh ME, Martín-Tereso J, Steele MA. Preweaning nutrient supply alters mammary gland transcriptome expression relating to morphology, lipid accumulation, DNA synthesis, and RNA expression in Holstein heifer calves. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2618-2630. [PMID: 30612800 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the mammary gland transcriptome to determine how preweaning nutrient supply alters the molecular mechanisms that regulate preweaning mammary development. Holstein heifers were fed via milk replacer (MR) either an elevated level of nutrient intake (ELE; on average, 5.9 ± 0.2 Mcal of ME in 8.4 L of MR/d, n = 6) or a restricted amount of nutrients (RES; 2.8 ± 0.2 Mcal of ME in 4 L of MR/d, n = 5) for 54 d after birth, at which point they were slaughtered and samples of mammary parenchyma tissue were obtained. Parenchymal mRNA was analyzed, and the fold change (FC) of 18,111 genes (ELE relative to RES) was uploaded to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software (Qiagen Bioinformatics, Redwood City, CA) for transcriptomic analysis. Using a threshold of P < 0.05, IPA identified that the FC of 1,931 of 18,811 differentially expressed genes (DEG) could be used for the analysis. A total of 18 molecular and cellular functions were relevant to DEG arising from the treatments; the 5 functions most associated with DEG were cell death and survival, cellular movement, cellular development, cellular growth and proliferation, and lipid metabolism. Based on the directional FC of DEG, the mammary gland of ELE heifers was predicted to have increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition (Z = 2.685) and accumulation of lipid (Z = 2.322), whereas the synthesis of DNA (Z = -2.137), transactivation of RNA (Z = -2.254), expression of RNA (Z = -2.405), transcription (Z = -2.482), and transactivation (Z = -2.611) were all predicted to be decreased. Additionally, IPA predicted the activation status of 13 upstream regulators with direct influence on DEG as affected by ELE feeding that were ligand-dependent nuclear receptors (n = 2), enzymes (n = 1), or transcription regulators (n = 10). Of these, 6 were activated (Z > 2) and 7 were inhibited (Z < -2). In summary, feeding ELE preweaning altered the mammary transcriptome of Holstein heifers, affecting cell functions involved in the morphological and physiological development of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Hare
- Department of Animal Bioscience, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 1Y2, Canada
| | - L N Leal
- R&D, Trouw Nutrition, PO Box 299, Amersfoort, 3800 AG, the Netherlands
| | - J M Romao
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - G J Hooiveld
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - F Soberon
- Trouw Nutrition USA, Highland, IL 62249
| | - H Berends
- R&D, Trouw Nutrition, PO Box 299, Amersfoort, 3800 AG, the Netherlands
| | - M E Van Amburgh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - J Martín-Tereso
- R&D, Trouw Nutrition, PO Box 299, Amersfoort, 3800 AG, the Netherlands
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Bioscience, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 1Y2, Canada.
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Hoover M, Runa F, Booker E, Diedrich JK, Duell E, Williams B, Arellano-Garcia C, Uhlendorf T, La Kim S, Fischer W, Moresco J, Gray PC, Kelber JA. Identification of myosin II as a cripto binding protein and regulator of cripto function in stem cells and tissue regeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 509:69-75. [PMID: 30579599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cripto regulates stem cell function in normal and disease contexts via TGFbeta/activin/nodal, PI3K/Akt, MAPK and Wnt signaling. Still, the molecular mechanisms that govern these pleiotropic functions of Cripto remain poorly understood. We performed an unbiased screen for novel Cripto binding proteins using proteomics-based methods, and identified novel proteins including members of myosin II complexes, the actin cytoskeleton, the cellular stress response, and extracellular exosomes. We report that myosin II, and upstream ROCK1/2 activities are required for localization of Cripto to cytoplasm/membrane domains and its subsequent release into the conditioned media fraction of cultured cells. Functionally, we demonstrate that soluble Cripto (one-eyed pinhead in zebrafish) promotes proliferation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and stem cell-mediated wound healing in the zebrafish caudal fin model of regeneration. Notably, we demonstrate that both Cripto and myosin II inhibitors attenuated regeneration to a similar degree and in a non-additive manner. Taken together, our data present a novel role for myosin II function in regulating subcellular Cripto localization and function in stem cells and an important regulatory mechanism of tissue regeneration. Importantly, these insights may further the development of context-dependent Cripto agonists and antagonists for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malachia Hoover
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, USA
| | - Farhana Runa
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, USA
| | - Evan Booker
- Clayton Foundation for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Mass Spectrometry Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA
| | - Erika Duell
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, USA
| | - Blake Williams
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, USA
| | | | - Toni Uhlendorf
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, USA
| | - Sa La Kim
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, USA
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Clayton Foundation for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA
| | - James Moresco
- Mass Spectrometry Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA
| | - Peter C Gray
- Clayton Foundation for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA
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9
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Sato T, Kokabu S, Enoki Y, Hayashi N, Matsumoto M, Nakahira M, Sugasawa M, Yoda T. Functional Roles of Netrin-1 in Osteoblast Differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 31:321-328. [PMID: 28438858 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM Recent studies have demonstrated that netrin-1 plays a vital role in bone metabolism. Previous studies have shown that osteoblasts produce netrin-1 which affects osteoclast differentiation. However, the role of netrin-1 in osteoblast differentiation is not well understood. In this study, we explored the roles of netrin-1 in osteoblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), RNA interference for netrin receptors, the generation of netrin-1 plasmid, transfection of plasmids, and cell proliferation assay were performed. RESULTS During osteoblast differentiation by ascorbic acid, netrin-1 expression was significantly decreased. Gene expression related with osteoblast differentiation was down-regulated by netrin-1 treatment. We also found that osteoblast differentiation by bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) was inhibited in the presence of recombinant netrin-1. Forced expression of both BMP-4 and netrin-1 significantly decreased alkaline phosphatase expression. On the other hand, Unc5b, neogenin, and A2b which belong to netrin receptors were expressed by osteoblasts. Moreover, alkaline phosphatase expression was significantly decreased by knockdown for the combination of two receptors among these receptors. CONCLUSION Netrin-1 is involved in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Sato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Enoki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahito Matsumoto
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Nakahira
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masashi Sugasawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Oh E, Kim JY, Sung D, Cho Y, Lee N, An H, Kim YJ, Cho TM, Seo JH. Inhibition of ubiquitin-specific protease 34 (USP34) induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes stemness in mammary epithelial cells. Cell Signal 2017; 36:230-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Fernández-Nogueira P, Bragado P, Almendro V, Ametller E, Rios J, Choudhury S, Mancino M, Gascón P. Differential expression of neurogenes among breast cancer subtypes identifies high risk patients. Oncotarget 2017; 7:5313-26. [PMID: 26673618 PMCID: PMC4868688 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system is now recognized to be a relevant component of the tumor microenvironment. Receptors for neuropeptides and neurotransmitters have been identified in breast cancer. However, very little is known about the role of neurogenes in regulating breast cancer progression. Our purpose was to identify neurogenes associated with breast cancer tumorigenesis with a potential to be used as biomarker and/or targets for treatment. We used three databases of human genes: GeneGo, GeneCards and Eugenes to generate a list of 1266 relevant neurogenes. Then we used bioinformatics tools to interrogate two published breast cancer databases SAGE and MicMa (n=96) and generated a list of 7 neurogenes that are differentially express among breast cancer subtypes. The clinical potential was further investigated using the GOBO database (n=1881). We identified 6 neurogenes that are differentially expressed among breast cancer subtypes and whose expression correlates with prognosis. Histamine receptor1 (HRH1), neuropilin2 (NRP2), ephrin-B1 (EFNB1), neural growth factor receptor (NGFR) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) were differentially overexpressed in basal and HER2-enriched tumor samples and syntaxin 1A (STX1A) was overexpressed in HER2-enriched and luminal B tumors. Analysis of HRH1, NRP2, and STX1A expression using the GOBO database showed that their expression significantly correlated with a shorter overall survival (p < 0.0001) and distant metastasis-free survival (p < 0.0001). In contrast, elevated co-expression of NGFR, EFNB1 and APP was associated with longer overall (p < 0.0001) and metastasis-free survival (p < 0.0001). We propose that HRH1, NRP2, and STX1A can be used as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for basal and HER2-enriched breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Fernández-Nogueira
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Almendro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elisabet Ametller
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Rios
- Medical Statistics Core Facility, IDIBAPS, (Hospital Clinic) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sibgat Choudhury
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mario Mancino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Gascón
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Klauzinska M, McCurdy D, Rangel MC, Vaidyanath A, Castro NP, Shen MM, Gonzales M, Bertolette D, Bianco C, Callahan R, Salomon DS, Raafat A. Cripto-1 ablation disrupts alveolar development in the mouse mammary gland through a progesterone receptor-mediated pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2907-22. [PMID: 26429739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cripto-1, a member of the epidermal growth factor-Cripto-1/FRL-1/Cryptic family, is critical for early embryonic development. Together with its ligand Nodal, Cripto-1 has been found to be associated with the undifferentiated status of mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Several studies have clearly shown that Cripto-1 is involved in regulating branching morphogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of the mammary gland both in vitro and in vivo and together with the cofactor GRP78 is critical for the maintenance of mammary stem cells ex vivo. Our previous studies showed that mammary-specific overexpression of human Cripto-1 exhibited dramatic morphological alterations in nulliparous mice mammary glands. The present study shows a novel mechanism for Cripto-1 regulation of mammary gland development through direct effects on progesterone receptor expression and pathways regulated by progesterone in the mammary gland. We demonstrate a strict temporal regulation of mouse Cripto-1 (mCripto-1) expression that occurs during mammary gland development and a stage-specific function of mCripto-1 signaling during mammary gland development. Our data suggest that Cripto-1, like the progesterone receptor, is not required for the initial ductal growth but is essential for subsequent side branching and alveologenesis during the initial stages of pregnancy. Dissection of the mechanism by which this occurs indicates that mCripto-1 activates receptor activator NF-κB/receptor activator NF-κB ligand, and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Klauzinska
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - David McCurdy
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria Cristina Rangel
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Arun Vaidyanath
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nadia P Castro
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Monica Gonzales
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Daniel Bertolette
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Caterina Bianco
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert Callahan
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David S Salomon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ahmed Raafat
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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13
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Burleigh A, McKinney S, Brimhall J, Yap D, Eirew P, Poon S, Ng V, Wan A, Prentice L, Annab L, Barrett JC, Caldas C, Eaves C, Aparicio S. A co-culture genome-wide RNAi screen with mammary epithelial cells reveals transmembrane signals required for growth and differentiation. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:4. [PMID: 25572802 PMCID: PMC4322558 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The extracellular signals regulating mammary epithelial cell growth are of relevance to understanding the pathophysiology of mammary epithelia, yet they remain poorly characterized. In this study, we applied an unbiased approach to understanding the functional role of signalling molecules in several models of normal physiological growth and translated these results to the biological understanding of breast cancer subtypes. METHODS We developed and utilized a cytogenetically normal clonal line of hTERT immortalized human mammary epithelial cells in a fibroblast-enhanced co-culture assay to conduct a genome-wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen for evaluation of the functional effect of silencing each gene. Our selected endpoint was inhibition of growth. In rigorous postscreen validation processes, including quantitative RT-PCR, to ensure on-target silencing, deconvolution of pooled siRNAs and independent confirmation of effects with lentiviral short-hairpin RNA constructs, we identified a subset of genes required for mammary epithelial cell growth. Using three-dimensional Matrigel growth and differentiation assays and primary human mammary epithelial cell colony assays, we confirmed that these growth effects were not limited to the 184-hTERT cell line. We utilized the METABRIC dataset of 1,998 breast cancer patients to evaluate both the differential expression of these genes across breast cancer subtypes and their prognostic significance. RESULTS We identified 47 genes that are critically important for fibroblast-enhanced mammary epithelial cell growth. This group was enriched for several axonal guidance molecules and G protein-coupled receptors, as well as for the endothelin receptor PROCR. The majority of genes (43 of 47) identified in two dimensions were also required for three-dimensional growth, with HSD17B2, SNN and PROCR showing greater than tenfold reductions in acinar formation. Several genes, including PROCR and the neuronal pathfinding molecules EFNA4 and NTN1, were also required for proper differentiation and polarization in three-dimensional cultures. The 47 genes identified showed a significant nonrandom enrichment for differential expression among 10 molecular subtypes of breast cancer sampled from 1,998 patients. CD79A, SERPINH1, KCNJ5 and TMEM14C exhibited breast cancer subtype-independent overall survival differences. CONCLUSION Diverse transmembrane signals are required for mammary epithelial cell growth in two-dimensional and three-dimensional conditions. Strikingly, we define novel roles for axonal pathfinding receptors and ligands and the endothelin receptor in both growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Burleigh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Steven McKinney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Jazmine Brimhall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Damian Yap
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Peter Eirew
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Steven Poon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Viola Ng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Adrian Wan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Leah Prentice
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, BC Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada.
| | - Lois Annab
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - J Carl Barrett
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shin Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - Connie Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Samuel Aparicio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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14
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Ding Q, Liao SJ, Yu J. Axon guidance factor netrin-1 and its receptors regulate angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:683-91. [PMID: 24875332 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis and angiogenesis play important roles in functional recovery after ischemic stroke. When cerebral ischemia occurs, axon regeneration can compensate for the loss of apoptotic neurons in the ischemic area. The formation of new blood vessels ameliorates the local decrease in blood supply, enhancing the supply of oxygen and nutrients to newly-formed neurons. New blood vessels also act as a scaffold for the migration of neuroblasts to the infarct area after ischemic stroke. In light of this, researchers have been actively searching for methods to treat cerebral infarction. Netrins were first identified as a family of proteins that mediate axon guidance and direct axon migration during embryogenesis. Later studies have revealed other functions of this protein family. In this review, we focus on netrin-1, which has been shown to be involved in axon migration and angiogenesis, which are required for recovery after cerebral ischemia. Thus, therapies targeting netrin-1 may be useful for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Ding
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department, National Key Discipline, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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15
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Rangel MC, Karasawa H, Castro NP, Nagaoka T, Salomon DS, Bianco C. Role of Cripto-1 during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in development and cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:2188-200. [PMID: 22542493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical multistep process that converts epithelial cells to more motile and invasive mesenchymal cells, contributing to body patterning and morphogenesis during embryonic development. In addition, both epithelial plasticity and increased motility and invasiveness are essential for the branching morphogenesis that occurs during development of the mammary gland and during tumor formation, allowing cancer cells to escape from the primary tumor. Cripto-1, a member of the epidermal growth factor-Cripto-1/FRL-1/Cryptic (EGF/CFC) gene family, together with the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family ligand Nodal, regulates both cell movement and EMT during embryonic development. During postnatal development, Cripto-1 regulates the branching morphogenesis of the mouse mammary gland and enhances both the invasive and migratory properties of mammary epithelial cells in vitro. Furthermore, transgenic mouse models have shown that Cripto-1 promotes the formation of mammary tumors that display properties of EMT, including the down-regulation of the cell surface adherens junctional protein E-cadherin and the up-regulation of mesenchymal markers, such as vimentin, N-cadherin, and Snail. Interestingly, Cripto-1 is enriched in a subpopulation of embryonal, melanoma, prostate, and pancreatic cancer cells that possess stem-like characteristics. Therefore, Cripto-1 may play a role during developmental EMT, and it may also be involved in the reprogramming of differentiated tumor cells into cancer stem cells through the induction of an EMT program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Rangel
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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16
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Watanabe K, Meyer MJ, Strizzi L, Lee JM, Gonzales M, Bianco C, Nagaoka T, Farid SS, Margaryan N, Hendrix MJC, Vonderhaar BK, Salomon DS. Cripto-1 is a cell surface marker for a tumorigenic, undifferentiated subpopulation in human embryonal carcinoma cells. Stem Cells 2011; 28:1303-14. [PMID: 20549704 DOI: 10.1002/stem.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of stem cells is associated with the generation and progression of malignant tumors. In addition, genes that are associated with early embryogenesis are frequently expressed in cancer. Cripto-1 (CR-1), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked glycoprotein, is expressed during early embryogenesis and in various human carcinomas. We demonstrated that human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are heterogeneous for CR-1 expression and consist of two distinct subpopulations: a CR-1(High) and a CR-1(Low) population. By segregating CR-1(High) and CR-1(Low) populations of NTERA2/D1 EC cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we demonstrated that CR-1(High) cells were more tumorigenic than CR-1(Low) cells by an in vitro tumor sphere assay and by in vivo xenograft formation. The CR-1(High) population was enriched in mRNA expression for the pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cell genes Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog. CR-1 expression in NTERA2/D1 cells was regulated by a Smad2/3-dependent autocrine loop, by the ES cell-related transcription factors Oct4/Nanog, and partially by the DNA methylation status of the promoter region. These results demonstrate that CR-1 expression is enriched in an undifferentiated, tumorigenic subpopulation and is regulated by key regulators of pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Watanabe
- Mammary Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Robert H. LurieCancer Center Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Muschler J, Streuli CH. Cell-matrix interactions in mammary gland development and breast cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2:a003202. [PMID: 20702598 PMCID: PMC2944360 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a003202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is an organ that at once gives life to the young, but at the same time poses one of the greatest threats to the mother. Understanding how the tissue develops and functions is of pressing importance in determining how its control mechanisms break down in breast cancer. Here we argue that the interactions between mammary epithelial cells and their extracellular matrix (ECM) are crucial in the development and function of the tissue. Current strategies for treating breast cancer take advantage of our knowledge of the endocrine regulation of breast development, and the emerging role of stromal-epithelial interactions (Fig. 1). Focusing, in addition, on the microenvironmental influences that arise from cell-matrix interactions will open new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. We suggest that ultimately a three-pronged approach targeting endocrine, growth factor, and cell-matrix interactions will provide the best chance of curing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Muschler
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94107, USA
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18
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Fathers KE, Rodrigues S, Zuo D, Murthy IV, Hallett M, Cardiff R, Park M. CrkII transgene induces atypical mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:446-60. [PMID: 20008144 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The v-Crk protein was originally isolated as the oncogene fusion product of the CT10 chicken retrovirus. Cellular homologues of v-Crk include Crk, which encodes two alternatively spliced proteins (CrkI and CrkII), and CrkL. Though CrkI/II proteins are elevated in several types of cancer, including breast, the question of whether these Crk adaptor proteins can promote breast cancer has not been addressed. We created a transgenic mouse model that allows the expression of CrkII through the hormonally responsive mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. During puberty, transgenic mice were found to have delayed ductal outgrowth, characterized by increased collagen surrounding the terminal end buds. In post-pubertal mice, precocious ductal branching was observed and associated with increased proliferation. Focal mammary tumors appeared in a subset of animals, with a latency of approximately 15 months. Mouse mammary tumor virus/CrkII tumors showed high levels of Crk protein as well as various cytokeratin markers characteristic of their respective tumor pathologies. This study demonstrates that the precise expression of CrkII is critical for integrating signals for ductal outgrowth and branching morphogenesis during mammary gland development. Furthermore, this study provides evidence for a potential role of CrkII in integrating signals for breast cancer progression in vivo, which has important implications for elevated CrkII observed in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Fathers
- Departments of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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Wang W, Reeves WB, Ramesh G. Netrin-1 increases proliferation and migration of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells via the UNC5B receptor. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F723-9. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90686.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular hallmark of kidney repair is a rapid proliferation of renal tubular epithelial cells ultimately leading to the restoration of nephron structure and function. Netrin-1 was discovered as a neural guidance cue and found to be expressed outside the nervous system, including in kidney. Previous work showed that netrin-1 is upregulated in response to ischemic injury and ameliorates ischemic injury. The objectives of this study were to determine the role of netrin-1 in renal tubular epithelial cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that netrin-1 and its receptors UNC5B and neogenin are highly expressed in cultured mouse renal epithelial cells (TKPTS), whereas the expression of the Deleted in Colon Cancer (DCC), UNC5A, UNC5C, and UNC5D receptors is negligible or undetectable. Netrin-1 protein was induced in the edges of mechanical wounds in vitro. Netrin-1 increased TKPTS cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The netrin-1-induced increase in TKPTS cell proliferation was completely prevented by small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibition of UNC5B receptor but not UNC5C receptor expression. Netrin-1 also increased TKPTS cell migration in vitro, and this was also mediated through the UNC5B receptor. Netrin-1 increased the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and MEK1/2 completely inhibited netrin-1-induced cell proliferation but not migration. These results indicate that netrin-1 increases renal tubular epithelial cell proliferation and migration through the UNC5B receptor. Moreover, the increase in cell proliferation, but not migration, was mediated via activation of Akt and ERK pathways.
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Mancino M, Esposito C, Watanabe K, Nagaoka T, Gonzales M, Bianco C, Normanno N, Salomon DS, Strizzi L. Neuronal guidance protein Netrin-1 induces differentiation in human embryonal carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1717-21. [PMID: 19223540 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells within embryonal carcinoma (EC) can differentiate in vivo or in vitro on treatment with specific agents. Differentiating EC cells express lower levels of stem cell-related genes, such as Cripto-1. We show that migration of human EC cells (NTERA/2 and NCCIT) can be reduced following treatment with the guidance molecule Netrin-1. Moreover, Netrin-1 treatment increased the levels of beta-III tubulin, glial filament acidic protein, Nestin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid and reduced the expressions of Cripto-1, Nanog, and Oct4 in EC cells. These Netrin-1-induced effects in the EC cells were mediated via binding of Netrin-1 to the Neogenin receptor and activation of SHP-2, resulting in increased levels of inactive phosphorylated c-src((Y527)). These results suggest that Netrin-1 can induce neuroectodermal-like differentiation of human EC cells by affecting c-src signaling via SHP-2 activation and regulation of Nanog, Oct4, and Cripto-1 expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mancino
- Mammary Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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