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Dvorakova J, Wiesnerova L, Chocholata P, Kulda V, Landsmann L, Cedikova M, Kripnerova M, Eberlova L, Babuska V. Human cells with osteogenic potential in bone tissue research. Biomed Eng Online 2023; 22:33. [PMID: 37013601 PMCID: PMC10069154 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-023-01096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration after injury or after surgical bone removal due to disease is a serious medical challenge. A variety of materials are being tested to replace a missing bone or tooth. Regeneration requires cells capable of proliferation and differentiation in bone tissue. Although there are many possible human cell types available for use as a model for each phase of this process, no cell type is ideal for each phase. Osteosarcoma cells are preferred for initial adhesion assays due to their easy cultivation and fast proliferation, but they are not suitable for subsequent differentiation testing due to their cancer origin and genetic differences from normal bone tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells are more suitable for biocompatibility testing, because they mimic natural conditions in healthy bone, but they proliferate more slowly, soon undergo senescence, and some subpopulations may exhibit weak osteodifferentiation. Primary human osteoblasts provide relevant results in evaluating the effect of biomaterials on cellular activity; however, their resources are limited for the same reasons, like for mesenchymal stem cells. This review article provides an overview of cell models for biocompatibility testing of materials used in bone tissue research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Dvorakova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Wiesnerova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Chocholata
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Kulda
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Landsmann
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Cedikova
- Biomedical Center, Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kripnerova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Lada Eberlova
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Babuska
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic.
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2
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Wang F, Zhao Q, Liu W, Kong D. CENPE, PRC1, TTK, and PLK4 May Play Crucial Roles in the Osteosarcoma Progression. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820973278. [PMID: 33176597 PMCID: PMC7675850 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820973278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a cancerous tumor in a bone. We aimed to identify the
critical genes involved in OS progression, and then try to elucidate the
molecular mechanisms of this disease. The microarray data of GSE32395 was used
for the present study. We analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in OS
cells compared with control group by Student’s t-test. The significant enriched
gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways
were analyzed for upregulated genes and downregulated genes, respectively. In
addition, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. GO and
KEGG enrichment analyses were conducted for genes in the PPI network. In total,
183 DEGs, including 100 upregulated DEGs and 83 downregulated DEGs were
screened. The upregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in 2 KEGG pathways,
such as “Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis-chondroitin sulfate” and the
downregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in 12 pathways, including “cell
adhesion molecules,” “pentose phosphate pathway” and “allograft rejection.” GO
enrichment analysis indicated that the upregulated DEGs were significantly
involved in biological process, such as “multicellular organismal metabolic
process” and “limb morphogenesis,” while the downregulated DEGs were
significantly enriched in biological process, such as “Positive regulation of
pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation.” The PPI network included 84
interactions and 51 nodes. The “glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis-chondroitin
sulfate pathway,” “microtubule motor activityfunction,” and “regulation of
mitosis process” were significantly enriched by genes in PPI network. In
particular, CENPE, PRC1, TTK, and PLK4 had higher degrees in the PPI network.
The interactions between TTK and PLK4 as well as CENPE and PRC1 may involve in
the OS development. These 4 genes might be possible biomarkers for the treatment
and diagnosis of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, 74569China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiheng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic, 74569China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenping Liu
- Department of Internal Neurology, 154454The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Daliang Kong
- Department of Orthopedic, 74569China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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3
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Nikitovic D, Berdiaki A, Spyridaki I, Krasanakis T, Tsatsakis A, Tzanakakis GN. Proteoglycans-Biomarkers and Targets in Cancer Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:69. [PMID: 29559954 PMCID: PMC5845539 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs), important constituents of the extracellular matrix, have been associated with cancer pathogenesis. Their unique structure consisting of a protein core and glycosaminoglycan chains endowed with fine modifications constitutes these molecules as capable cellular effectors important for homeostasis and contributing to disease progression. Indeed, differential expression of PGs and their interacting proteins has been characterized as specific for disease evolvement in various cancer types. Importantly, PGs to a large extent regulate the bioavailability of hormones, growth factors, and cytokines as well as the activation of their respective receptors which regulate phenotypic diversibility, gene expression and rates of recurrence in specific tumor types. Defining and targeting these effectors on an individual patient basis offers ground for the development of newer therapeutic approaches which may act as either supportive or a substitute treatment to the standard therapy protocols. This review discusses the roles of PGs in cancer progression, developing technologies utilized for the defining of the PG "signature" in disease, and how this may facilitate the generation of tailor-made cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioanna Spyridaki
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Theodoros Krasanakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George N Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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4
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Mussano F, Genova T, Corsalini M, Schierano G, Pettini F, Di Venere D, Carossa S. Cytokine, Chemokine, and Growth Factor Profile Characterization of Undifferentiated and Osteoinduced Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6202783. [PMID: 28572824 PMCID: PMC5442436 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6202783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is the second most manipulated tissue after blood. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) may become a convenient source of MSC for bone regenerative protocols. Surprisingly, little is known about the most significant biomolecules these cells produce and release after being osteoinduced. Therefore, the present study aimed at dosing 13 candidates chosen among the most representative cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors within the conditioned media of osteodifferentiated and undifferentiated ASCs. Two acknowledged osteoblastic cell models, that is, MG-63 and SaOs-2 cells, were compared. Notably, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and VEGF were highly produced and detectable in ASCs. In addition, while IL-6 and IL-8 seemed to be significantly induced by the osteogenic medium, no such effect was seen for MCP-1 and VEGF. Overall SaOS-2 had a poor expression profile, which may be consistent with the more differentiated phenotype of SaOs-2 compared to ASCs and MG-63. Instead, in maintaining medium, MG-63 displayed a very rich production of IL-12, MCP-1, IP-10, and VEGF, which were significantly reduced in osteogenic conditions, with the only exception of MCP-1. The high expression of MCP-1 and VEGF, even after the osteogenic commitment, may support the usage of ASCs in bone regenerative protocols by recruiting both osteoblasts and osteoclasts of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Mussano
- CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, UNITO, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - T. Genova
- CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, UNITO, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, UNITO, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - M. Corsalini
- Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Università di Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - G. Schierano
- CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, UNITO, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - F. Pettini
- Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Università di Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Di Venere
- Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Università di Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - S. Carossa
- CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, UNITO, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Turin, Italy
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5
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Qin G, Chen Y, Li H, Xu S, Li Y, Sun J, Rao W, Chen C, Du M, He K, Ye Y. Melittin inhibits tumor angiogenesis modulated by endothelial progenitor cells associated with the SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling pathway in a UMR-106 osteosarcoma xenograft mouse model. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:57-68. [PMID: 27177128 PMCID: PMC4918564 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are important in tumor angiogenesis. Stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) are key in stem cell homing. Melittin, a component of bee venom, exerts antitumor activity, however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present study aimed to assess the effects of melittin on EPCs and angiogenesis in a mouse model of osteosarcoma. UMR-106 cells and EPCs were treated with various concentrations of melittin and cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. EPC adherence, migration and tube forming ability were assessed. Furthermore, SDF-1α, AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 expression levels were detected by western blotting. Nude mice were inoculated with UMR-106 cells to establish an osteosarcoma mouse model. The tumors were injected with melittin, and its effects were assessed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Melittin decreased the viability of UMR-106 cells and EPCs. In addition, it decreased EPC adhesion, migration and tube formation when compared with control and SDF-1α-treated cells. Melittin decreased the expression of phosphorylated (p)-AKT, p-ERK1/2, SDF-1α and CXCR4 in UMR-106 cells and EPCs when compared with the control. The proportions of cluster of differentiation (CD)34/CD133 double-positive cells were 16.4±10.4% in the control, and 7.0±4.4, 2.9±1.2 and 1.3±0.3% in tumors treated with 160, 320 and 640 µg/kg melittin per day, respectively (P<0.05). At 11 days, melittin reduced the tumor size when compared with that of the control (control, 4.8±1.3 cm3; melittin, 3.2±0.6, 2.6±0.5, and 2.0±0.2 cm3 for 160, 320 and 640 µg/kg, respectively; all P<0.05). Melittin decreased the microvessel density, and SDF-1α and CXCR4 protein expression levels in the tumors. Melittin may decrease the effect of osteosarcoma on EPC-mediated angiogenesis, possibly via inhibition of the SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
| | - Haidong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
| | - Suyang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
| | - Wu Rao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
| | - Chaowei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
| | - Mindong Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Kaiyi He
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Yong Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
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6
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Dias NJ, Selcer KW. Steroid sulfatase in the human MG-63 preosteoblastic cell line: Antagonistic regulation by glucocorticoids and NFκB. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 420:85-96. [PMID: 26631368 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulfatase (STS) converts sulfated steroids into active forms in cells. Preosteoblastic cells possess STS, but its role and regulation in bone are unclear. We examined STS activity and gene expression during differentiation of human MG-63 preosteoblasts. STS activity and gene expression were decreased during differentiation in cells treated with osteogenic supplement containing dexamethasone (DEX). DEX also inhibited STS activity and expression in undifferentiated cells, and the glucocorticoid antagonist RU486 reversed DEX inhibition of STS. These data may have implications for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. The NFκB activators lipopolysaccharide and phorbol myristate acetate increased STS expression in undifferentiated and differentiated MG-63 cells, while the NFκB inhibitor BAY-11-7082 partially blocked these responses. The antagonistic actions of glucocorticoids and NFkB on STS expression are similar to the regulation of inflammatory response proteins. We propose a model of STS regulation whereby inflammation leads to increased STS, resulting in increased estrogen, which modulates the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha J Dias
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kyle W Selcer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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7
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Zhao S, Deng C, Wang Z, Teng L, Chen J. Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 3 is involved in bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell osteogenic differentiation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:379-89. [PMID: 25761692 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791503013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The roles of sugar chains such as heparan sulfate (HS) in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation are poorly understood. HS is a sugar chain with linear sulfated polyanionic disaccharide repeating structures that interact with many proteins, including structural proteins in the extracellular matrix and growth factors and their receptors. Thus, unraveling the role of HS in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation could provide new insights and technical routes in clinical stem cell applications. Here, we purified rat bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMMSCs) by density gradient centrifugation, analyzed mesenchymal stromal cell surface stemness marker expression by flow cytometry, and identified the sulfotransferases responsible for sulfation ester modification of HS. An osteogenic differentiation model was established by chemical induction reagents and confirmed via alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity detection and the expression of the osteogenic differentiation markers Runx2 and Ocn. The expression profiles of HS sulfotransferases in rat BMMSCs before and after osteogenic induction were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. Cell spheroids were formed in both control and osteogenic culture systems when BMMSCs were grown to high confluence. We determined that this type of cell spheroid was a highly calcified nodule by histochemical staining. Among all the sulfotransferases examined, heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 3 (HS6ST3) mRNA and protein were upregulated in these calcified cell spheroids. HS6ST3 knockdown BMMSCs were established with RNA interference, and they had significantly lower ALP activity and decreased expression of the osteogenic differentiation markers Runx2 and Ocn. These findings suggest that HS6ST3 is involved in BMMSC differentiation, and new glycotherapeutic-based technologies could be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancheng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China.
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8
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Zhao S, Wang Z, Chen J, Chen J. Preparation of heparan sulfate-like polysaccharide and application in stem cell chondrogenic differentiation. Carbohydr Res 2014; 401:32-8. [PMID: 25464079 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that modulates individual development and cell growth through its interaction with growth factors. Structurally, heparan sulfate consists of repeating linear sulfated poly-anionic disaccharide structures. The K5 polysaccharide has the same structure as heparosan, and is the capsular polysaccharide of Escherichia coli K5 strain which serves as a precursor in heparin and heparan sulfate biosynthesis. Here, we prepared sulfated K5 polysaccharides that are structurally similar to heparan sulfate and investigated their biocompatibility and bioactivity in stem cell chondrogenic differentiation. Briefly, sulfation groups were added to -NH- and/or -OH of a precursor heparosan and the modified heparosan was qualitatively analyzed by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, and (13)C NMR techniques. Cell viability was not significantly affected by the sulfated K5 capsular polysaccharide. Relative mRNA expression of the chondrogenic differentiation marker COL2A1 was significantly upregulated in cells treated with the N,O-sulfated K5 polysaccharide confirming that the sulfated K5 capsular polysaccharide is able to stimulate chondrogenic differentiation. The main sulfation pattern for chondrogenic activity is N,6-O sulfation and the activity was not proportional to the sulfation level. This type of mimic was prepared in nearly a gram scale, supporting further structural study and 3 dimension stem cell culture. Together, the results of this study show that sulfated K5 capsular polysaccharides are able to stimulate chondrogenic differentiation without affecting cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancheng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jingxiao Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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9
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Meneghello G, Storm MP, Chaudhuri JB, De Bank PA, Ellis MJ. An investigation into the stability of commercial versus MG63-derived hepatocyte growth factor under flow cultivation conditions. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:725-31. [PMID: 25331689 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The scale-up of tissue engineering cell culture must ensure that conditions are maintained while also being cost effective. Here we analyse the stability of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) to investigate whether concentrations change under dynamic conditions, and compare commercial recombinant human HGF as an additive in 'standard medium', to HGF secreted by the osteosarcoma cell line MG63 as a 'preconditioned medium'. After 3 h under flow conditions, HGF in the standard medium degraded to 40% of its original concentration but HGF in the preconditioned medium remained at 100%. The concentration of secreted HGF was 10 times greater than the working concentration of commercially-available HGF. Thus HGF within this medium has increased stability; MG63-derived HGF should therefore be investigated as a cost-effective alternative to current lyophilised powders for use in in vitro models. Furthermore, we recommend that those intending to use HGF (or other growth factors) should consider similar stability testing before embarking on experiments with media flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Meneghello
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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10
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Czekanska EM, Stoddart MJ, Ralphs JR, Richards RG, Hayes JS. A phenotypic comparison of osteoblast cell lines versus human primary osteoblasts for biomaterials testing. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:2636-43. [PMID: 23983015 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immortalized cell lines are used more frequently in basic and applied biology research than primary bone-derived cells because of their ease of access and repeatability of results in experiments. It is clear that these cell models do not fully resemble the behavior of primary osteoblast cells. Although the differences will affect the results of biomaterials testing, they are not clearly defined. Here, we focused on comparing proliferation and maturation potential of three osteoblast cell lines, SaOs2, MG-63, and MC3T3-E1 with primary human osteoblast (HOb) cells to assess their suitability as in vitro models for biomaterials testing. We report similarities in cell proliferation and mineralization between primary cells and MC3T3-E1. Both, SaOs2 and MG-63 cells demonstrated a higher proliferation rate than HOb cells. In addition, SaOs2, but not MG-63, cells demonstrated similar ALP activity, mineralization potential and gene regulation to HOb's. Our results demonstrate that despite SaOs-2, MG63, and MC3T3 cells being popular choices for emulating osteoblast behavior, none can be considered appropriate replacements for HOb's. Nevertheless, these cell lines all demonstrated some distinct similarities with HOb's, thus when applied in the correct context are a valuable in vitro pilot model of osteoblast functionality, but should not be used to replace primary cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Czekanska
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland; Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, Great Britain
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Furukawa JI, Fujitani N, Shinohara Y. Recent advances in cellular glycomic analyses. Biomolecules 2013; 3:198-225. [PMID: 24970165 PMCID: PMC4030886 DOI: 10.3390/biom3010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A large variety of glycans is intricately located on the cell surface, and the overall profile (the glycome, given the entire repertoire of glycoconjugate-associated sugars in cells and tissues) is believed to be crucial for the diverse roles of glycans, which are mediated by specific interactions that control cell-cell adhesion, immune response, microbial pathogenesis and other cellular events. The glycomic profile also reflects cellular alterations, such as development, differentiation and cancerous change. A glycoconjugate-based approach would therefore be expected to streamline discovery of novel cellular biomarkers. Development of such an approach has proven challenging, due to the technical difficulties associated with the analysis of various types of cellular glycomes; however, recent progress in the development of analytical methodologies and strategies has begun to clarify the cellular glycomics of various classes of glycoconjugates. This review focuses on recent advances in the technical aspects of cellular glycomic analyses of major classes of glycoconjugates, including N- and O-linked glycans, derived from glycoproteins, proteoglycans and glycosphingolipids. Articles that unveil the glycomics of various biologically important cells, including embryonic and somatic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and cancer cells, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Furukawa
- Laboratory of Medical and Functional Glycomics, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujitani
- Laboratory of Medical and Functional Glycomics, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yasuro Shinohara
- Laboratory of Medical and Functional Glycomics, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.
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12
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Osteohematopoietic stem cell niches in bone marrow. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 298:95-133. [PMID: 22878105 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394309-5.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In adult mammals, maturation of blood and bone cells from their respective progenitors occurs in the bone marrow. The marrow region contains many progenitor and stem cell types that are confined by their biochemical and cellular microenvironments, referred to as stem cell niches. The unique properties of each niche assist the survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of that particular stem or progenitor cell type. Among the different niches of the bone marrow, our understanding of the osteohematopoietic niche is the most complete. Its properties, described in this chapter, are a model for studying adult stem cell differentiation, but a lot remains unknown. Our improved understanding of hematopoietic stem cell biology and its relationship with the properties of these niches are critical in the effective and safe use of these cells in regenerative medicine. Here, we review the current knowledge on the properties of these niches and suggest how the potential of hematopoietic progenitors can be utilized in regenerative medicine.
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McManus LL, Bonnier F, Burke GA, Meenan BJ, Boyd AR, Byrne HJ. Assessment of an osteoblast-like cell line as a model for human primary osteoblasts using Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2012; 137:1559-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16209a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a critical role in the binding and activation of growth factors in cell signal transduction required for biological development. A glycomics approach can be used to examine GAG content, composition, and structure in stem cells in order to characterize their general differentiation. Specifically, this method may be used to evaluate chondrogenic differentiations by profiling for the GAG content of the differentiated cells. Here, embryonic-like teratocarcinoma cells, NCCIT, a developmentally pluripotent cell line, were used as a model for establishing GAG glycomic methods, but will be easily transferrable to embryonic stem cell cultures.
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Ling L, Dombrowski C, Foong KM, Haupt LM, Stein GS, Nurcombe V, van Wijnen AJ, Cool SM. Synergism between Wnt3a and heparin enhances osteogenesis via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/RUNX2 pathway. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26233-44. [PMID: 20547765 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.122069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new strategy has emerged to improve healing of bone defects using exogenous glycosaminoglycans by increasing the effectiveness of bone-anabolic growth factors. Wnt ligands play an important role in bone formation. However, their functional interactions with heparan sulfate/heparin have only been investigated in non-osseous tissues. Our study now shows that the osteogenic activity of Wnt3a is cooperatively stimulated through physical interactions with exogenous heparin. N-Sulfation and to a lesser extent O-sulfation of heparin contribute to the physical binding and optimal co-stimulation of Wnt3a. Wnt3a-heparin signaling synergistically increases osteoblast differentiation with minimal effects on cell proliferation. Thus, heparin selectively reduces the effective dose of Wnt3a needed to elicit osteogenic, but not mitogenic responses. Mechanistically, Wnt3a-heparin signaling strongly activates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway and requires the bone-related transcription factor RUNX2 to stimulate alkaline phosphatase activity, which parallels canonical beta-catenin signaling. Collectively, our findings establish the osteo-inductive potential of a heparin-mediated Wnt3a-phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt-RUNX2 signaling network and suggest that heparan sulfate supplementation may selectively reduce the therapeutic doses of peptide factors required to promote bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling
- Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore
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