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Zhang YL, Wang YL, Yan K, Deng QQ, Li FZ, Liang XJ, Hua Q. Nanostructures in Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) for potential therapy. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:976-990. [PMID: 37278697 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With its long clinical history, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has gained acceptance for its specific efficacy and safety in the treatment of multiple diseases. Nano-sized materials study of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) leads to an increased understanding of assessing TCM therapies, which may be a promising way to illustrate the material basis of CHMs through their processing and extraction. In this review, we provide an overview of the nanostructures of natural and engineered CHMs, including extracted CHMs, polymer nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, and nanofibers. Subsequently, the applications of these CHM-derived nanostructures to particular diseases are summarized and discussed. Additionally, we discuss the advantages of these nanostructures for studying the therapeutic efficacy of CHMs. Finally, the key challenges and opportunities for the development of these nanostructures are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Ya-Lei Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Ke Yan
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Qi-Qi Deng
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Fang-Zhou Li
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Qian Hua
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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2
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Zhang X, Xu X, Wang X, Lin Y, Zheng Y, Xu W, Liu J, Xu W. Hepatoma-targeting and reactive oxygen species-responsive chitosan-based polymeric micelles for delivery of celastrol. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 303:120439. [PMID: 36657834 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A glycyrrhetinic acid-modified carboxymethyl chitosan-thioketal-rhein (GCTR) conjugate was designed and synthesized for the in vivo delivery of celastrol (Cela). Cela was encapsulated into polymeric micelles (PMs) formed by GCTR conjugates self-assembly in water to form Cela/GCTR PMs with high drug loading capacity and small particle size. Cela/GCTR PMs had a sustained-release characteristic in the blood environment and a rapid-release feature in the tumor microenvironment. Cela/GCTR PMs had a significant proliferation inhibitory effect on HepG2 and BEL-7402 cells, but a negligible impact on L-02 cells at low concentrations. Cela/GCTR PMs possessed reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive properties in vitro and in cells, could improve the bioavailability of Cela, and exert remarkable hepatoma-targeting properties. Cela/GCTR PMs could also effectively inhibit tumor growth with no apparent damage to different organs. In summary, GCTR PMs with good ROS-responsive and hepatoma-targeting properties are expected to be possible delivery carriers for hydrophobic antineoplastic drugs for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Xueya Xu
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
| | - Yajuan Lin
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yaling Zheng
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
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Wang X, Zheng Y, Qiu L, Ouyang H, Xu X, Xu W, Zhang Y, Xu W. Evaluation and antitumor mechanism of functionalized chitosan-based polymeric micelles for oral delivery of paclitaxel. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122138. [PMID: 36029990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)-modified carboxymethyl chitosan-rhein (TCR) polymeric micelles (PMs) self-assembled by TCR conjugate were constructed for oral delivery of paclitaxel (PTX). PTX-loaded TCR PMs with a drug loading capacity of 47.52 ± 1.65 % significantly improved the intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of PTX. TCR PMs loaded with PTX displayed time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in Caco-2, MCF-7 and Taxol-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/Taxol) cells. In MCF-7/Taxol cells, PTX-loaded TCR PMs promoted apoptosis and changed cell cycle, and TCR conjugate exhibited a P-gp inhibition ability and caused ATP depletion. Moreover, confocal imaging of intestinal sections, Caco-2 cell uptake assay and in vivo bioimaging using environmental response fluorescence probe suggested that TCR PMs loaded with drugs can be absorbed as a whole through the intestinal epithelium after oral administration, enter systemic circulation, and then get to the tumor site. Remarkably, PTX-loaded TCR PMs displayed a significant antitumor effect in H22 tumor xenograft mice and the MCF-7 or MCF-7/Taxol xenograft zebrafish model, which was related to the inhibitory function of TCR conjugate for P-gp activity and P-gp and MDR1 expression. Functionalized TCR PMs are expected to improve the oral therapeutic efficacy of poorly water-soluble antitumor drugs and treat drug-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
| | - Yaling Zheng
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Liangzhen Qiu
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Huizhi Ouyang
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Xueya Xu
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
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4
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Cascallar M, Alijas S, Pensado-López A, Vázquez-Ríos AJ, Sánchez L, Piñeiro R, de la Fuente M. What Zebrafish and Nanotechnology Can Offer for Cancer Treatments in the Age of Personalized Medicine. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092238. [PMID: 35565373 PMCID: PMC9099873 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer causes millions of deaths each year and thus urgently requires the development of new therapeutic strategies. Nanotechnology-based anticancer therapies are a promising approach, with several formulations already approved and in clinical use. The evaluation of these therapies requires efficient in vivo models to study their behavior and interaction with cancer cells, and to optimize their properties to ensure maximum efficacy and safety. In this way, zebrafish is an important candidate due to its high homology with the human genoma, its large offspring, and the ease in developing specific cancer models. The role of zebrafish as a model for anticancer therapy studies has been highly evidenced, allowing researchers not only to perform drug screenings but also to evaluate novel therapies such as immunotherapies and nanotherapies. Beyond that, zebrafish can be used as an “avatar” model for performing patient-derived xenografts for personalized medicine. These characteristics place zebrafish in an attractive position as a role model for evaluating novel therapies for cancer treatment, such as nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cascallar
- Nano-Oncology and Translational Therapeutics Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.C.); (S.A.); (A.J.V.-R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.P.-L.); (L.S.)
| | - Sandra Alijas
- Nano-Oncology and Translational Therapeutics Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.C.); (S.A.); (A.J.V.-R.)
| | - Alba Pensado-López
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.P.-L.); (L.S.)
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine & Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Abi Judit Vázquez-Ríos
- Nano-Oncology and Translational Therapeutics Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.C.); (S.A.); (A.J.V.-R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- DIVERSA Technologies S.L., 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.P.-L.); (L.S.)
- Preclinical Animal Models Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Roberto Piñeiro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María de la Fuente
- Nano-Oncology and Translational Therapeutics Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.C.); (S.A.); (A.J.V.-R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- DIVERSA Technologies S.L., 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-981-955-704
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Scaffold hopping of celastrol provides derivatives containing pepper ring, pyrazine and oxazole substructures as potent autophagy inducers against breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 234:114254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Geng Y, Xiang J, Shao S, Tang J, Shen Y. Mitochondria-targeted polymer-celastrol conjugate with enhanced anticancer efficacy. J Control Release 2022; 342:122-133. [PMID: 34998913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Celastrol, a natural triterpene extracted from traditional Chinese medicine, shows anticancer effects on various cancer cells. However, its poor water-solubility, short plasma half-life, and high systemic toxicity impede its applications in vivo, necessitating a stable drug delivery system to overcome these critical drawbacks. We present here a block copolymer, poly(2-(N-oxide-N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (OPDMA-HEMA), as the carrier for celastrol delivery. The amphiphilic polymer-celastrol conjugate can self-assemble into nanoparticles in aqueous solutions. The OPDMA outer shell confers the nanoparticles with improved pharmacokinetics and efficient mitochondria targeting capacity, and profoundly potentiates celastrol's induction of immunogenic cell death, which collectively contribute to the enhanced therapeutic effects of celastrol in vivo. This mitochondria-targeted polymer-celastrol conjugate may promise the applications of celastrol in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Geng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiajia Xiang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shiqun Shao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jianbin Tang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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7
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Xu S, Fan R, Wang L, He W, Ge H, Chen H, Xu W, Zhang J, Xu W, Feng Y, Fan Z. Synthesis and biological evaluation of celastrol derivatives as potent antitumor agents with STAT3 inhibition. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:236-251. [PMID: 34894961 PMCID: PMC8667935 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.2001805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Using STAT3 inhibitors as a potential strategy in cancer therapy have attracted much attention. Recently, celastrol has been reported that it could directly bind to and suppress the activity of STAT3 in the cardiac dysfunction model. To explore more effective STAT3 inhibiting anti-tumour drug candidates, we synthesised a series of celastrol derivatives and biologically evaluated them with several human cancer cell lines. The western blotting analysis showed that compound 4 m, the most active derivative, could suppress the STAT3's phosphorylation as well as its downstream genes. SPR analysis, molecular docking and dynamics simulations' results indicated that the 4m could bind with STAT3 protein more tightly than celastrol. Then we found that the 4m could block cell-cycle and induce apoptosis on HCT-116 cells. Furthermore, the anti-tumour effect of 4m was verified on colorectal cancer organoid. This is the first research that discovered effective STAT3 inhibitors as potent anti-tumour agents from celastrol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ruolan Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- National Center of Colorectal Disease, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Weishen He
- Biology Department, Boston College, Brighton, MA, USA
| | - Haixia Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hailan Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yaqian Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Fan
- National Center of Colorectal Disease, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Wagh PR, Desai P, Prabhu S, Wang J. Nanotechnology-Based Celastrol Formulations and Their Therapeutic Applications. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:673209. [PMID: 34177584 PMCID: PMC8226115 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.673209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Celastrol (also called tripterine) is a quinone methide triterpene isolated from the root extract of Tripterygium wilfordii (thunder god vine in traditional Chinese medicine). Over the past two decades, celastrol has gained wide attention as a potent anti-inflammatory, anti-autoimmune, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective agent. However, its clinical translation is very challenging due to its lower aqueous solubility, poor oral bioavailability, and high organ toxicity. To deal with these issues, various formulation strategies have been investigated to augment the overall celastrol efficacy in vivo by attempting to increase the bioavailability and/or reduce the toxicity. Among these, nanotechnology-based celastrol formulations are most widely explored by pharmaceutical scientists worldwide. Based on the survey of literature over the past 15 years, this mini-review is aimed at summarizing a multitude of celastrol nanoformulations that have been developed and tested for various therapeutic applications. In addition, the review highlights the unmet need in the clinical translation of celastrol nanoformulations and the path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushkaraj Rajendra Wagh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Preshita Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Sunil Prabhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
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Shi J, Li J, Xu Z, Chen L, Luo R, Zhang C, Gao F, Zhang J, Fu C. Celastrol: A Review of Useful Strategies Overcoming its Limitation in Anticancer Application. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:558741. [PMID: 33364939 PMCID: PMC7751759 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.558741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Celastrol, a natural bioactive ingredient derived from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, exhibits significant broad-spectrum anticancer activities for the treatment of a variety of cancers including liver cancer, breast cancer, prostate tumor, multiple myeloma, glioma, etc. However, the poor water stability, low bioavailability, narrow therapeutic window, and undesired side effects greatly limit its clinical application. To address this issue, some strategies were employed to improve the anticancer efficacy and reduce the side-effects of celastrol. The present review comprehensively focuses on the various challenges associated with the anticancer efficiency and drug delivery of celastrol, and the useful approaches including combination therapy, structural derivatives and nano/micro-systems development. The specific advantages for the use of celastrol mediated by these strategies are presented. Moreover, the challenges and future research directions are also discussed. Based on this review, it would provide a reference to develop a natural anticancer compound for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruifeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaomei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Biotransformation of celastrol to a novel, well-soluble, low-toxic and anti-oxidative celastrol-29-O-β-glucoside by Bacillus glycosyltransferases. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 131:176-182. [PMID: 33268318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Celastrol is a quinone-methide triterpenoid isolated from the root extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii (Thunder god vine). Although celastrol possesses multiple bioactivities, the potent toxicity and rare solubility in water hinder its clinical application. Biotransformation of celastrol using either whole cells or purified enzymes to form less toxic and more soluble derivatives has been proven difficult due to its potent antibiotic and enzyme-conjugation property. The present study evaluated biotransformation of celastrol by four glycosyltransferases from Bacillus species and found one glycosyltransferase (BsGT110) from Bacillus subtilis with significant activity toward celastrol. The biotransformation metabolite was purified and identified as celastrol-29-O-β-glucoside by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Celastrol-29-O-β-glucoside showed over 53-fold higher water solubility than celastrol, while maintained 50% of the free radical scavenging activity of celastrol. When using zebrafish as the in vivo animal model, celastrol-29-O-β-glucoside exhibited 50-fold less toxicity than celastrol. To our knowledge, the present study is not only the first report describing the biotransformation of celastrol, but also the first one detailing a new compound, celastrol-29-O-β-glucoside, that is generated in the biotransformation process. Moreover, celastrol-29-O-β-glucoside may serve as a potential candidate in the future medicine application due to its higher water solubility and lower toxicity.
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Detection and quantification of the anti-obesity drug celastrol in murine liver and brain. Neurochem Int 2020; 136:104713. [PMID: 32151623 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Celastrol is a natural pentacyclic triterpene extracted from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordi (thunder god vine). Celastrol was reported as a powerful anti-obesity drug with leptin sensitizing properties that decreases food consumption and mediates body weight loss when administered to diet-induced obese mice at 100 μg/kg body weight. The weight lowering properties of celastrol are likely mediated by the CNS, in particular, by the hypothalamus, but the final proof for the accumulation of celastrol in the brain and hypothalamus remains to be established. Here, we aimed to demonstrate that intraperitoneal celastrol administration at 100 μg/kg can rapidly reach the brain and, in particular, the hypothalamus of mice. We developed and validated a sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of celastrol in murine tissues, namely liver, brain and hypothalamus. Chow-fed lean mice were randomly assigned to the vehicle vs. celastrol groups, injected with saline or 100 μg/kg body weight of celastrol, and sacrificed 30 min or 120 min post injection. Celastrol was extracted from homogenized tissue using ethyl acetate as organic solvent, and quantified using a matrix-matched calibration curve with glycyrrhetinic acid as internal standard. Liver celastrol concentrations were 32.60 ± 8.21 pg/mg and 40.52 ± 15.6 pg/mg, 30 and 120 min after injection, respectively. We found 4.70 ± 0.31 pg/mg celastrol after 30 min, and 16.22 ± 3.33 pg/mg after 120 min in whole brain lysates, and detectable amounts in the hypothalamus. These results corroborate the validity of our methodology, demonstrate the accumulation of celastrol in the brain of mice injected intraperitoneally with a dose of 100 μg/kg, and confirm the CNS as possible site of action for the weight lowering properties of celastrol.
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Hou W, Liu B, Xu H. Celastrol: Progresses in structure-modifications, structure-activity relationships, pharmacology and toxicology. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 189:112081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhang Y, Liu M, Wang J, Huang J, Guo M, Zuo L, Xu B, Cao S, Lin X. Targeting Protein Kinase Inhibitors with Traditional Chinese Medicine. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:1505-1516. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190802125959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases play critical roles in the control of cell growth, proliferation, migration, and
angiogenesis, through their catalytic activity. Over the past years, numerous protein kinase inhibitors
have been identified and are being successfully used clinically. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
represents a large class of bioactive substances, and some of them display anticancer activity via inhibiting
protein kinases signal pathway. Some of the TCM have been used to treat tumors clinically in
China for many years. The p38mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase,
serine/threonine-specific protein kinases (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), and extracellular signal-regulated kinases
(ERK) pathways are considered important signals in cancer cell development. In the present article,
the recent progress of TCM that exhibited significant inhibitory activity towards a range of protein
kinases is discussed. The clinical efficacy of TCM with inhibitory effects on protein kinases in
treating a tumor is also presented. The article also discussed the prospects and problems in the development
of anticancer agents with TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jianlin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Mingyue Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Ling Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Biantiao Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xiukun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
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