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Li H, Wen X, Ren Y, Fan Z, Zhang J, He G, Fu L. Targeting PI3K family with small-molecule inhibitors in cancer therapy: current clinical status and future directions. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:164. [PMID: 39127670 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) family is well-known to comprise three classes of intracellular enzymes. Class I PI3Ks primarily function in signaling by responding to cell surface receptor stimulation, while class II and III are more involved in membrane transport. Under normal physiological conditions, the PI3K signaling network orchestrates cell growth, division, migration and survival. Aberrant activation of the PI3K signaling pathway disrupts cellular activity and metabolism, often marking the onset of cancer. Currently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the clinical use of five class I PI3K inhibitors. These small-molecule inhibitors, which exhibit varying selectivity for different class I PI3K family members, are primarily used in the treatment of breast cancer and hematologic malignancies. Therefore, the development of novel class I PI3K inhibitors has been a prominent research focus in the field of oncology, aiming to enhance potential therapeutic selectivity and effectiveness. In this review, we summarize the specific structures of PI3Ks and their functional roles in cancer progression. Additionally, we critically evaluate small molecule inhibitors that target class I PI3K, with a particular focus on their clinical applications in cancer treatment. Moreover, we aim to analyze therapeutic approaches for different types of cancers marked by aberrant PI3K activation and to identify potential molecular targets amenable to intervention with small-molecule inhibitors. Ultimately, we propose future directions for the development of therapeutic strategies that optimize cancer treatment outcomes by modulating the PI3K family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyao Li
- Institute of Precision Drug Innovation and Cancer Center, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yueting Ren
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Brain Science, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, SW72AZ, UK
| | - Zhichao Fan
- Institute of Precision Drug Innovation and Cancer Center, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Leilei Fu
- Institute of Precision Drug Innovation and Cancer Center, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China.
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
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2
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Gajula SNR, Nathani TN, Patil RM, Talari S, Sonti R. Aldehyde oxidase mediated drug metabolism: an underpredicted obstacle in drug discovery and development. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:427-448. [PMID: 36369949 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2144879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) has garnered curiosity as a non-CYP metabolizing enzyme in drug development due to unexpected consequences such as toxic metabolite generation and high metabolic clearance resulting in the clinical failure of new drugs. Therefore, poor AO mediated clearance prediction in preclinical nonhuman species remains a significant obstacle in developing novel drugs. Various isoforms of AO, such as AOX1, AOX3, AOX3L1, and AOX4 exist across species, and different AO activity among humans influences the AO mediated drug metabolism. Therefore, carefully considering the unique challenges is essential in developing successful AO substrate drugs. The in vitro to in vivo extrapolation underpredicts AO mediated drug clearance due to the lack of reliable representative animal models, substrate-specific activity, and the discrepancy between absolute concentration and activity. An in vitro tool to extrapolate in vivo clearance using a yard-stick approach is provided to address the underprediction of AO mediated drug clearance. This approach uses a range of well-known AO drug substrates as calibrators for qualitative scaling new drugs into low, medium, or high clearance category drugs. So far, in vivo investigations on chimeric mice with humanized livers (humanized mice) have predicted AO mediated metabolism to the best extent. This review addresses the critical aspects of the drug discovery stage for AO metabolism studies, challenges faced in drug development, approaches to tackle AO mediated drug clearance's underprediction, and strategies to decrease the AO metabolism of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Tanaaz Navin Nathani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Rashmi Madhukar Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Sasikala Talari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
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Diaz N, Juarez M, Cancrini C, Heeg M, Soler-Palacín P, Payne A, Johnston GI, Helmer E, Cain D, Mann J, Yuill D, Conti F, Di Cesare S, Ehl S, Garcia-Prat M, Maccari ME, Martín-Nalda A, Martínez-Gallo M, Moshous D, Santilli V, Semeraro M, Simonetti A, Suarez F, Cavazzana M, Kracker S. Seletalisib for Activated PI3Kδ Syndromes: Open-Label Phase 1b and Extension Studies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2979-2987. [PMID: 33115853 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in two genes can result in activated PI3Kδ syndrome (APDS), a rare immunodeficiency disease with limited therapeutic options. Seletalisib, a potent, selective PI3Kδ inhibitor, was evaluated in patients with APDS1 and APDS2. In the phase 1b study (European Clinical Trials Database 2015-002900-10) patients with genetic and clinical confirmation of APDS1 or APDS2 received 15-25 mg/d seletalisib for 12 wk. Patients could enter an extension study (European Clinical Trials Database 2015-005541). Primary endpoints were safety and tolerability, with exploratory efficacy and immunology endpoints. Seven patients (median age 15 years; APDS1 n = 3; APDS2 n = 4) received seletalisib; five completed the phase 1b study. For the extension study, four patients entered, one withdrew consent (week 24), three completed ≥84 wk of treatment. In the phase 1b study, patients had improved peripheral lymphadenopathy (n = 2), lung function (n = 1), thrombocyte counts (n = 1), and chronic enteropathy (n = 1). Overall, effects were maintained in the extension. In the phase 1b study, percentages of transitional B cells decreased, naive B cells increased, and senescent CD8 T cells decreased (human cells); effects were generally maintained in the extension. Seletalisib-related adverse events occurred in four of seven patients (phase 1b study: hepatic enzyme increased, dizziness, aphthous ulcer, arthralgia, arthritis, increased appetite, increased weight, restlessness, tendon disorder, and potential drug-induced liver injury) and one of four patients had adverse events in the extension (aphthous ulcer). Serious adverse events occurred in three of seven patients (phase 1b study: hospitalization, colitis, and potential drug-induced liver injury) and one of four patients had adverse events in the extension (stomatitis). Patients with APDS receiving seletalisib had improvements in variable clinical and immunological features, and a favorable risk-benefit profile was maintained for ≤96 wk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caterina Cancrini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.,Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Maximilian Heeg
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pere Soler-Palacín
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesca Conti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.,Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Cesare
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.,Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Garcia-Prat
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Maccari
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Martín-Nalda
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Gallo
- Immunology Division and Diagnostic Immunology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Despina Moshous
- Pediatric Immunology, Haematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Center - University of Paris, 75743 Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, University of Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Veronica Santilli
- Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Michaela Semeraro
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163 et CNRS ERL 8254, University of Paris, 75015 Paris, France.,Academic Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Trial Unit, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Simonetti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.,Academic Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Trial Unit, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Felipe Suarez
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163 et CNRS ERL 8254, University of Paris, 75015 Paris, France.,Adult Haematology Department, Haematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Center - University of Paris, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Marina Cavazzana
- Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, University Hospitals Paris West, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, 75004 Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris, 75015 Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; and.,Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Center - University of Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sven Kracker
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris, 75015 Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; and
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Role of P-glycoprotein in the brain disposition of seletalisib: Evaluation of the potential for drug-drug interactions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 142:105122. [PMID: 31678424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seletalisib is an orally bioavailable selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) in clinical development for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The present study investigated the role of P-gp in seletalisib disposition, especially brain distribution, and the associated risks of interactions. Seletalisib was found to be actively transported by rodent and human P-gp in vitro (transfected LLC-PK1 cells; Km of ca. 20 µM), with minimal or no affinity for the other tested transporters. A distribution study in knockout rats (single oral dosing at 750 mg kg-1) showed that P-gp restricts the brain disposition of seletalisib while having minimal effect on its intestinal absorption. Restricted brain penetration was also observed in cynomolgus monkeys (single oral dosing at 30 mg kg-1) using brain microdialysis and cerebrospinal fluid sampling (Kp,uu of 0.09 and 0.24, respectively). These findings opened the question of potential pharmacokinetic interaction between seletalisib and P-gp inhibitors. In vitro, CsA inhibited the active transport of seletalisib with an IC50 of 0.13 µM. In rats, co-administration of high doses of CsA (bolus iv followed by continuous infusion) increased the brain distribution of seletalisib (single oral dosing at 5 mg kg-1). The observed data were found aligned with those predicted by in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Based on the same extrapolation method combined with literature data, only very few P-gp inhibitors (i.e. CsA, quinine, quinidine) were predicted to increase the brain disposition of seletalisib in the clinical setting (maximal 3-fold changes).
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Manevski N, King L, Pitt WR, Lecomte F, Toselli F. Metabolism by Aldehyde Oxidase: Drug Design and Complementary Approaches to Challenges in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10955-10994. [PMID: 31385704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) catalyzes oxidations of azaheterocycles and aldehydes, amide hydrolysis, and diverse reductions. AO substrates are rare among marketed drugs, and many candidates failed due to poor pharmacokinetics, interspecies differences, and adverse effects. As most issues arise from complex and poorly understood AO biology, an effective solution is to stop or decrease AO metabolism. This perspective focuses on rational drug design approaches to modulate AO-mediated metabolism in drug discovery. AO biological aspects are also covered, as they are complementary to chemical design and important when selecting the experimental system for risk assessment. The authors' recommendation is an early consideration of AO-mediated metabolism supported by computational and in vitro experimental methods but not an automatic avoidance of AO structural flags, many of which are versatile and valuable building blocks. Preferably, consideration of AO-mediated metabolism should be part of the multiparametric drug optimization process, with the goal to improve overall drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd King
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - William R Pitt
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Lecomte
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Toselli
- UCB BioPharma , Chemin du Foriest 1 , 1420 Braine-l'Alleud , Belgium
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de Vries R, Jacobs F, Mannens G, Snoeys J, Cuyckens F, Chien C, Ward P. Apalutamide Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion in Healthy Men, and Enzyme Reaction in Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:453-464. [PMID: 30787101 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.084517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this phase 1 study, the absolute bioavailability and absorption, metabolism, and excretion (AME) of apalutamide, a competitive inhibitor of the androgen receptor, were evaluated in 12 healthy men. Subjects received 240 mg of apalutamide orally plus a 15-minute intravenous infusion of 100 µg of apalutamide containing 9.25 kBq (250 nCi) of 14C-apalutamide (2 hours postdose) for absolute bioavailability assessment or plus one 400-µg capsule containing 37 kBq (1000 nCi) of 14C-apalutamide for AME assessment. Content of 14C and metabolite profiling for whole blood, plasma, urine, feces, and expired air samples were analyzed using accelerator mass spectrometry. Apalutamide absolute oral bioavailability was ≈100%. After oral administration, apalutamide, its N-desmethyl metabolite (M3), and an inactive carboxylic acid metabolite (M4) accounted for most 14C in plasma (45%, 44%, and 3%, respectively). Apalutamide elimination was slow, with a mean plasma half-life of 151-178 hours. The mean cumulative recovery of total 14C over 70 days postdose was 64.6% in urine and 24.3% in feces. The urinary excretion of apalutamide, M3, and M4 was 1.2%, 2.7%, and 31.1% of dose, respectively. Fecal excretion of apalutamide, M3, and M4 was 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.4% of dose, respectively. Seventeen apalutamide metabolites and six main metabolic clearance pathways were identified. In vitro studies confirmed CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 roles in apalutamide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald de Vries
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium (R.d.V., F.J., G.M., J.S., F.C.); Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (C.C.); and Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California (P.W.)
| | - Frank Jacobs
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium (R.d.V., F.J., G.M., J.S., F.C.); Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (C.C.); and Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California (P.W.)
| | - Geert Mannens
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium (R.d.V., F.J., G.M., J.S., F.C.); Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (C.C.); and Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California (P.W.)
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium (R.d.V., F.J., G.M., J.S., F.C.); Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (C.C.); and Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California (P.W.)
| | - Filip Cuyckens
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium (R.d.V., F.J., G.M., J.S., F.C.); Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (C.C.); and Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California (P.W.)
| | - Caly Chien
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium (R.d.V., F.J., G.M., J.S., F.C.); Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (C.C.); and Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California (P.W.)
| | - Peter Ward
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium (R.d.V., F.J., G.M., J.S., F.C.); Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania (C.C.); and Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California (P.W.)
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