1
|
Saxu R, Yang Y, Gu HF. Asymmetries of Left and Right Adrenal Glands in Neural Innervation and Glucocorticoids Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17456. [PMID: 38139285 PMCID: PMC10743655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The adrenal gland is paired peripheral end organs of the neuroendocrine system and is responsible for producing crucial stress hormones from its two functional compartments, the adrenal cortex, and the adrenal medulla under stimuli. Left-right asymmetry in vertebrates exists from the central nervous system to peripheral paired endocrine glands. The sided difference in the cerebral cortex is extensively investigated, while the knowledge of asymmetry of paired endocrine glands is still poor. The present study aims to investigate the asymmetries of bilateral adrenal glands, which play important roles in stress adaptation and energy homeostasis via steroid hormones produced from the distinct functional zones. Left and right adrenal glands from male C57BL/6J mice were initially histologically analyzed, and high-throughput RNA sequencing was then used to detect the gene transcriptional difference between left and right adrenal glands. Subsequently, the enrichment of functional pathways and ceRNA regulatory work was validated. The results demonstrated that the left adrenal gland had higher tissue mass and levels of energy expenditure, whereas the right adrenal gland appeared to be more potent in glucocorticoid secretion. Further analysis of adrenal stem/progenitor cell markers predicted that Shh signaling might play an important role in the left-right asymmetry of adrenal glands. Of the hub miRNAs, miRNA-466i-5p was identified in the left-right differential innervation of the adrenal glands. Therefore, the present study provides evidence that there are asymmetries between the left and right adrenal glands in glucocorticoid production and neural innervation, in which Shh signaling and miRNA-466i-5p play an important role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rengui Saxu
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Yong Yang
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Harvest F. Gu
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Differences in the Functional Activity and Redox Homeostasis Between the Left and Right Adrenal Gland of Rats Exposed to Chronic Isolation Stress. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2022-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether there are differences in adrenomedullary function in respect to the left and right sides in chronic stress conditions. We investigated how chronic stress isolation (CSI 12 weeks) affected the protein levels of key enzymes involved in adrenaline (A) synthesis (phenyl ethanolamine N-methyltransferase -PNMT), storage (vesicular monoamine transporters 2 - VMAT2) and degradation (catechol-O-methyltransferase - COMT), as well as the concentrations of A as an index for adrenomedullary function in the left and right adrenal medulla. Also, we examined the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein levels of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and activity of catalase (CAT) in the left and right adrenal medulla. The investigated parameters were quantified by Western blot analysis, assay of enzymatic activity, and CAT Research ELISA kits. We found that CSI pro duced significantly increased levels of PNMT protein, and VMAT2 protein, as well as increased concentrations of A in the right adrenal medulla. However, we recorded that CSI increased protein levels of COMT and NF-κB, as well as the concentrations of MDA in the left adrenal medulla. Also, CSI decreased the activity of CAT only in the left adrenal medulla. Based on these results, it may be concluded that adrenomedullary function is different in respect to the left and right sides in chronic stress conditions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Guérineau NC, Campos P, Le Tissier PR, Hodson DJ, Mollard P. Cell Networks in Endocrine/Neuroendocrine Gland Function. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3371-3415. [PMID: 35578964 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction, growth, stress, and metabolism are determined by endocrine/neuroendocrine systems that regulate circulating hormone concentrations. All these systems generate rhythms and changes in hormone pulsatility observed in a variety of pathophysiological states. Thus, the output of endocrine/neuroendocrine systems must be regulated within a narrow window of effective hormone concentrations but must also maintain a capacity for plasticity to respond to changing physiological demands. Remarkably most endocrinologists still have a "textbook" view of endocrine gland organization which has emanated from 20th century histological studies on thin 2D tissue sections. However, 21st -century technological advances, including in-depth 3D imaging of specific cell types have vastly changed our knowledge. We now know that various levels of multicellular organization can be found across different glands, that organizational motifs can vary between species and can be modified to enhance or decrease hormonal release. This article focuses on how the organization of cells regulates hormone output using three endocrine/neuroendocrine glands that present different levels of organization and complexity: the adrenal medulla, with a single neuroendocrine cell type; the anterior pituitary, with multiple intermingled cell types; and the pancreas with multiple intermingled cell types organized into distinct functional units. We give an overview of recent methodologies that allow the study of the different components within endocrine systems, particularly their temporal and spatial relationships. We believe the emerging findings about network organization, and its impact on hormone secretion, are crucial to understanding how homeostatic regulation of endocrine axes is carried out within endocrine organs themselves. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3371-3415, 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Campos
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul R Le Tissier
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK.,COMPARE University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham Midlands, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrice Mollard
- IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shanker S, Saroj N, Cordova EJ, Jarillo-Luna RA, López-Sánchez P, Terrón JA. Chronic restraint stress induces serotonin transporter expression in the rat adrenal glands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110935. [PMID: 32659440 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic restraint stress (CRS) magnifies restraint-induced corticosterone secretion through a mechanism involving increased adrenocortical 5-HT content and turnover. We analysed the impact of CRS on serotonin transporter (SERT) expression and distribution in rat adrenal glands. Male Wistar rats were submitted to CRS (20 min/day) or undisturbed control conditions for 14 days. Exposure to CRS induced a remarkable increase in SERT-like immunoreactivity in the adrenal cortex, which closely matched that of chromogranin A immunostaining, along with a significant increase in SERT protein and mRNA levels in whole adrenals as determined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-PCR assays, respectively; all these CRS-induced changes occurred almost exclusively in left adrenals. Closely similar results were obtained in animals that received a 14-day chronic corticosterone treatment. These results unravel an interesting association between chronic stress exposure and SERT expression in adrenocortical chromogranin A-positive cells, which seems to be a glucocorticoid-dependent phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Shanker
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina-IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Sto. Tomás, CP 11340, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Neeshu Saroj
- Departamento de Farmacología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, col. La Laguna Ticomán, CP 07360, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Emilio J Cordova
- Laboratorio de Oncogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur 4809, col. Arenal Tepepan, CP 14610, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Rosa A Jarillo-Luna
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina-IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Sto. Tomás, CP 11340, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Pedro López-Sánchez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina-IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Sto. Tomás, CP 11340, CDMX, Mexico
| | - José A Terrón
- Departamento de Farmacología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, col. La Laguna Ticomán, CP 07360, CDMX, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hao M, Lopez D, Luque-Fernandez MA, Cote K, Newfield J, Connors M, Vaidya A. The Lateralizing Asymmetry of Adrenal Adenomas. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:374-385. [PMID: 29644340 PMCID: PMC5887332 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT It is presumed that the incidence of adrenal adenomas is symmetric between the left and right adrenal gland; however, anecdotal observations suggest a potential lateralizing asymmetry. OBJECTIVE To investigate the symmetry in detection of adrenal adenomas and relevance to patient care. DESIGN Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. POPULATION AND SETTING One thousand three hundred seventy-six patients with abdominal computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging demonstrating benign-appearing adrenal adenomas. MAIN OUTCOME Location and size of adrenal adenomas. RESULTS Left-sided adenomas were discovered in 65% of patients, right-sided in 21%, and bilateral adenomas in 14%. Among unilateral adenomas, 75% were left-sided. Left-sided adenomas were more prevalent than right-sided adenomas in each size category except the largest: <10 mm, 87%; 10 to 19 mm, 74%; 20 to 29 mm, 72%; ≥30 mm, 56% (P < 0.0001 for each category, except P = 0.19 when ≥30 mm). Among those with bilateral adenomas, the left-sided adenoma was significantly larger than the right one in 61% of patients (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the baseline prevalence or incidence of cardiometabolic diseases between patients with left-sided vs right-sided adenomas during 5.10 (4.2) years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Adrenal adenomas are substantially more likely to be identified on the left adrenal than the right. This observation may be due to detection bias attributed to the location of the right adrenal, which may preclude identification of right-sided adenomas until they are substantially larger. These findings suggest the potential for an underrecognition of right-sided adenomas that may also impair the accurate detection of bilateral adrenal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hao
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diana Lopez
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Cote
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Newfield
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Molly Connors
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anand Vaidya
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
De Nardi F, Lefort C, Bréard D, Richomme P, Legros C, Guérineau NC. Monitoring the Secretory Behavior of the Rat Adrenal Medulla by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Based Catecholamine Assay from Slice Supernatants. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:248. [PMID: 28993760 PMCID: PMC5622411 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Catecholamine (CA) secretion from the adrenal medullary tissue is a key step of the adaptive response triggered by an organism to cope with stress. Whereas molecular and cellular secretory processes have been extensively studied at the single chromaffin cell level, data available for the whole gland level are much scarcer. We tackled this issue in rat by developing an easy to implement experimental strategy combining the adrenal acute slice supernatant collection with a high-performance liquid chromatography-based epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) assay. This technique affords a convenient method for measuring basal and stimulated CA release from single acute slices, allowing thus to individually address the secretory function of the left and right glands. Our data point that the two glands are equally competent to secrete epinephrine and NE, exhibiting an equivalent epinephrine:NE ratio, both at rest and in response to a cholinergic stimulation. Nicotine is, however, more efficient than acetylcholine to evoke NE release. A pharmacological challenge with hexamethonium, an α3-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, disclosed that epinephrine- and NE-secreting chromaffin cells distinctly expressed α3 nicotinic receptors, with a dominant contribution in NE cells. As such, beyond the novelty of CA assays from acute slice supernatants, our study contributes at refining the secretory behavior of the rat adrenal medullary tissue, and opens new perspectives for monitoring the release of other hormones and transmitters, especially those involved in the stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric De Nardi
- Mitochondrial and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology – MITOVASC, CNRS UMR6015, INSERM U1083, UBL/Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Claudie Lefort
- Mitochondrial and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology – MITOVASC, CNRS UMR6015, INSERM U1083, UBL/Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Dimitri Bréard
- EA921, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, UBL/Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Pascal Richomme
- EA921, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, UBL/Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Christian Legros
- Mitochondrial and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology – MITOVASC, CNRS UMR6015, INSERM U1083, UBL/Angers University, Angers, France
- *Correspondence: Christian Legros, ; Nathalie C. Guérineau,
| | - Nathalie C. Guérineau
- Mitochondrial and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology – MITOVASC, CNRS UMR6015, INSERM U1083, UBL/Angers University, Angers, France
- *Correspondence: Christian Legros, ; Nathalie C. Guérineau,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Verberne AJM, Korim WS, Sabetghadam A, Llewellyn-Smith IJ. Adrenaline: insights into its metabolic roles in hypoglycaemia and diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1425-37. [PMID: 26896587 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenaline is a hormone that has profound actions on the cardiovascular system and is also a mediator of the fight-or-flight response. Adrenaline is now increasingly recognized as an important metabolic hormone that helps mobilize energy stores in the form of glucose and free fatty acids in preparation for physical activity or for recovery from hypoglycaemia. Recovery from hypoglycaemia is termed counter-regulation and involves the suppression of endogenous insulin secretion, activation of glucagon secretion from pancreatic α-cells and activation of adrenaline secretion. Secretion of adrenaline is controlled by presympathetic neurons in the rostroventrolateral medulla, which are, in turn, under the control of central and/or peripheral glucose-sensing neurons. Adrenaline is particularly important for counter-regulation in individuals with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes because these patients do not produce endogenous insulin and also lose their ability to secrete glucagon soon after diagnosis. Type 1 diabetic patients are therefore critically dependent on adrenaline for restoration of normoglycaemia and attenuation or loss of this response in the hypoglycaemia unawareness condition can have serious, sometimes fatal, consequences. Understanding the neural control of hypoglycaemia-induced adrenaline secretion is likely to identify new therapeutic targets for treating this potentially life-threatening condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J M Verberne
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - W S Korim
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - A Sabetghadam
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - I J Llewellyn-Smith
- Cardiovascular Medicine and Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The neuroinvasive profiles of H129 (herpes simplex virus type 1) recombinants with putative anterograde-only transneuronal spread properties. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1395-420. [PMID: 24585022 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of viruses as transneuronal tracers has become an increasingly powerful technique for defining the synaptic organization of neural networks. Although a number of recombinant alpha herpesviruses are known to spread selectively in the retrograde direction through neural circuits only one strain, the H129 strain of herpes simplex virus type 1, is reported to selectively spread in the anterograde direction. However, it is unclear from the literature whether there is an absolute block or an attenuation of retrograde spread of H129. Here, we demonstrate efficient anterograde spread, and temporally delayed retrograde spread, of H129 and three novel recombinants. In vitro studies revealed no differences in anterograde and retrograde spread of parental H129 and its recombinants through superior cervical ganglion neurons. In vivo injections of rat striatum revealed a clear bias of anterograde spread, although evidence of deficient retrograde transport was also present. Evidence of temporally delayed retrograde transneuronal spread of H129 in the retina was observed following injection of the lateral geniculate nucleus. The data also demonstrated that three novel recombinants efficiently express unique fluorescent reporters and have the capacity to infect the same neurons in dual infection paradigms. From these experiments we conclude that H129 and its recombinants not only efficiently infect neurons through anterograde transneuronal passage, but also are capable of temporally delayed retrograde transneuronal spread. In addition, the capacity to produce dual infection of projection targets following anterograde transneuronal passage provides an important addition to viral transneuronal tracing technology.
Collapse
|
9
|
Loheswaran G, Kapadia M, Gladman M, Pulapaka S, Xu L, Stanojcic M, Sakic B. Altered neuroendocrine status at the onset of CNS lupus-like disease. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 32:86-93. [PMID: 23466502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric (NP) manifestations and brain atrophy are common, etiologically unexplained complications of the systemic autoimmune disease lupus erythematosus (SLE). Similar to patients with NP SLE, behavioral deficits and neurodegeneration occur in aged, lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. In order to gain a better understanding of the time course and nature of CNS involvement, we compare the neuro-immuno-endocrine profiles of two lupus-prone MRL/lpr stocks, which differ in disease onset and severity. Mice from stock 485 (characterized by early lupus-like manifestations) display blunted responsiveness to palatable solutions and impaired nocturnal activity as early as 7 weeks of age. They also have increased IgG in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) before high serum autoantibody levels and splenomegaly are detected. Moreover, when compared to age-matched 6825 controls, 485 mice exhibit elevated serum corticosterone, enlarged left adrenal gland, and enhanced haematoxylin/eosin staining in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Swimming speed and novel object exploration become impaired only when more severe peripheral manifestations are documented in 17 week-old 485 mice. The obtained results suggest that performance deficits during the prodromal phase of NP SLE-like disease are associated with autoantibodies in CSF and asymmetric activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Subsequent deterioration in behavioral performance evolves alongside systemic autoimmunity and inflammation. Although a leaky blood-CSF barrier is a possible explanation, one may hypothesize that, similar to neonatal lupus, maternal antibodies to brain antigens cross blood-placental barrier during embryogenesis and induce early endocrine and behavioral deficits in offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genane Loheswaran
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
McGovern AE, Davis-Poynter N, Rakoczy J, Phipps S, Simmons DG, Mazzone SB. Anterograde neuronal circuit tracing using a genetically modified herpes simplex virus expressing EGFP. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 209:158-67. [PMID: 22687938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insights into the anatomical organization of complex neural circuits provide important information about function, and thus tools that facilitate neuroanatomical studies have proved invaluable in neuroscience. Advances in molecular cloning have allowed the production of novel recombinant neuroinvasive viruses for use in transynaptic neural tracing studies. However, the vast majority of these viruses have motility in the retrograde direction only, therefore limiting their use to studies of synaptic input circuitry. Here we describe the construction of an EGFP reporting herpes simplex virus, strain H129, which preferentially moves along synaptically connected neurons in the anterograde direction. In vitro and in vivo characterization studies confirm that the HSV-1 H129-EGFP retains comparable replication and neuroinvasiveness as the wildtype H129 virus. As a proof of principle we confirm anterograde movement of the H129-EGFP along polysynaptic pathways by inoculating the upper airways and tracking time-dependent EGFP expression in previously described ascending sensory pathways. These data confirm a genomic locus for recombining HSV-1 H129 such that normal viral function and replication is maintained. Novel viral recombinants such as HSV-1 H129-EGFP will be useful tools for delineating the central organization of peripheral sensory pathways as well as the synaptic outputs from central neuronal populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice E McGovern
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gerendai I, Tóth IE, Boldogkoi Z, Halász B. Recent findings on the organization of central nervous system structures involved in the innervation of endocrine glands and other organs; observations obtained by the transneuronal viral double-labeling technique. Endocrine 2009; 36:179-88. [PMID: 19418269 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-009-9189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the data obtained with the aid of the recently introduced dual viral tracing technique, which uses isogenic recombinants of pseudorabies virus that express unique reporter gene. This approach made possible to explore simultaneously neural circuits of two organs. The results of these studies indicate: (1) there are neurons innervating exclusively a given organ; (2) left-sided predominance in the supraspinal innervation of the endocrine glands (adrenal, ovary) studied, so far; (3) viral co-infection of neurons, i.e., special neuronal populations coexist in different brain areas that are transsynaptically connected with both paired endocrine and non-endocrine organs, endocrine glands and non-endocrine organs, and organs of bodily systems other than the endocrine one. The number of common neurons seems to be related to the need of coordinating action of different systems. The data on co-infection of neurons suggest that the central nervous system has the capacity to coordinate different organ functions via common brain neurons providing supraspinal innervation of the organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Gerendai
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Tuzoltó u. 58, 1094, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tóth IE, Banczerowski P, Boldogkoi Z, Tóth JS, Szabó A, Halász B, Gerendai I. Cerebral neurons involved in the innervation of both the adrenal gland and the ovary: a double viral tracing study. Brain Res Bull 2008; 77:306-11. [PMID: 18817853 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies using the viral transneuronal tracing technique demonstrated central autonomic circuits involved in the innervation of the adrenal gland and the ovary. Since the pattern of infection of central nervous system structures is similar after virus inoculation of the adrenal gland and the ovary, and, on the other hand, it is well documented that the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis exerts an inhibitory effect on the reproductive system, we investigated whether there are neurons that are transneuronally connected both with the adrenal gland and the ovary. The central circuitry involved in the innervation of the left adrenal and the left ovary was studied in individual rats by dual transneuronal tracing using isogenic recombinant strains (BDG and DS-RED) of Bartha strain of pseudorabies virus. Dual-infected neurons were detected in the ventrolateral medulla, nucleus of the solitary tract, caudal raphe nuclei, A5 cell group, and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The results indicate that there are neurons in the central nervous system that contribute to the transneuronal innervation of both the adrenal gland and the ovary. The data suggest a new type of interaction, i.e. interaction at cellular level that might be involved in regulatory processes integrating the functional activity of the two organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida E Tóth
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|