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Pereyra ME, Bona P, Siroski P, Chinsamy A. Ontogenetic and interelemental study of appendicular bones of Caiman latirostris Daudin, 1802 sheds light on osteohistological variability in crocodylians. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21687. [PMID: 38558429 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The osteohistology of vertebrates provides a reliable source to deduce biological information, particularly regarding growth and development. Although osteohistological studies in Neosuchia (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) are relatively numerous, the number of species studied within the group is still small. Extant crocodilians are known to exhibit intraspecific variability linked to environmental conditions, habitat, feeding, and other intrapopulation factors. Here, we analyzed the osteohistology of the living South American Caiman latirostris throughout posthatching ontogeny. The histology of several appendicular bones of 13 different-sized captive and wild individuals were examined. Although some thin sections revealed the classic lamellar, parallel-fibered, or woven bone matrices, others showed a variation and a mix between the organization of the bone tissue. These histological differences are likely related to variability in the growth dynamics of caimans. In some bones of the juveniles studied, remnants of embryonic bone were observed. Osteohistological variation related to prevailing environmental conditions is documented. Furthermore, our results show ontogenetic variation in the type of bone tissues deposited throughout the development of C. latirostris. This study offers a broad framework for life history interpretations for C. latirostris and provides insight into the evolutionary history and ontogenetic growth of extinct crocodylian lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Pereyra
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Anexo Laboratorios,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Bona
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Anexo Laboratorios,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Siroski
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Esperanza, Argentina
| | - Anusuya Chinsamy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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2
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Valli FE, Simoncini MS, González MA, Piña CI. How do maternal androgens and estrogens affect sex determination in reptiles with temperature-dependent sex? Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:565-576. [PMID: 37603030 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Temperature sex determination (TSD) in reptiles has been studied to elucidate the mechanisms by which temperature is transformed into a biological signal that determines the sex of the embryo. Temperature is thought to trigger signals that alter gene expression and hormone metabolism, which will determine the development of female or male gonads. In this review, we focus on collecting and discussing important and recent information on the role of maternal steroid hormones in sex determination in oviparous reptiles such as crocodiles, turtles, and lizards that possess TSD. In particular, we focus on maternal androgens and estrogens deposited in the egg yolk and their metabolites that could also influence the sex of offspring. Finally, we suggest guidelines for future research to help clarify the link between maternal steroid hormones and offspring sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia E Valli
- CICYTTP-CONICET/Prov. Entre Ríos/UADER, Diamante, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Melina S Simoncini
- CICYTTP-CONICET/Prov. Entre Ríos/UADER, Diamante, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos, Diamante, Argentina
| | - Marcela A González
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos I Piña
- CICYTTP-CONICET/Prov. Entre Ríos/UADER, Diamante, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos, Diamante, Argentina
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3
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Canesini G, Galoppo GH, Tavalieri YE, Lazzarino GP, Stoker C, Luque EH, Ramos JG, Muñoz-de-Toro M. Disruption of the developmental programming of the gonad of the broad snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) after in ovo exposure to atrazine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:40132-40146. [PMID: 36607581 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-25104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to agrochemicals during early stages of development can induce subtle alterations that could permanently affect normal physiology. Previously, we reported that in ovo exposure to atrazine (ATZ) disrupts testicular histoarchitecture in postnatal caimans (Caiman latirostris). To assess whether such alterations are the result of disruption of gonadal developmental programming, this study aimed to evaluate the expression of histofunctional biomarkers (VASA, ER, PR, PCNA, and aromatase) and genes involved in gonadal development and differentiation (amh, sox-9, sf-1 and cyp19-a1) in the gonads of male and female caiman embryos and to assess the effect of ATZ exposure on these biomarkers and genes in the gonads of male embryos. Our results suggest that amh, aromatase and sox-9 play a role in sex determination and gonadal differentiation. In male caiman embryos, ATZ exposure increased aromatase expression and altered the temporal expression pattern of amh and sox-9 evidencing an ATZ-induced disruption of gonadal developmental programming. Since the effects of ATZ are consistent across all vertebrate classes, the ATZ-mediated disruptive effects here observed could be present in other vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina Canesini
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Germán H Galoppo
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina.
| | - Yamil E Tavalieri
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Gisela P Lazzarino
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Cora Stoker
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Enrique H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Jorge G Ramos
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
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Pierini SE, Imhof A, Larriera A, Simoncini MS, Príncipe G, Piña CI. Nest-sharing behavior of captive Broad-snouted caimans (Caiman latirostris): cooperation or exploitation? AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-bja10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Communal egg-laying is not frequently observed in crocodilians that exhibit nest attendance. However, it has been reported for both wild and captive Caiman latirostris. To understand the proximate causes of communal nesting, we aim to describe the nesting behavior of caimans during communal egg-laying in a captive population. Video cameras were placed at nests and the behavior of females was monitored throughout three incubation periods. We documented and analyzed social behavioral data. Nest-sharing behavior consisted of several females congregating and performing nest construction, nest vigilance and nest maintenance. It was observed in all nests previous to egg-laying. After the first laying, one female prevented others from approaching. The second egg-laying female negatively affected the previous clutch. Working together at the same nest would appear to be an exploitative rather than a cooperative activity, and communal nesting could be a competitive interaction, due to limited suitable nesting sites or overcrowding due to captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Evelyn Pierini
- Laboratorio de Ecología Animal, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción – CONICET/Prov. ER/UADER, España 149, E3105BWA Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Proyecto Yacaré, Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados, FHUC/UNL, Aristóbulo del Valle 8700, Santa Fe 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alba Imhof
- Proyecto Yacaré, Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados, FHUC/UNL, Aristóbulo del Valle 8700, Santa Fe 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Larriera
- Proyecto Yacaré, Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados, FHUC/UNL, Aristóbulo del Valle 8700, Santa Fe 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Melina Soledad Simoncini
- Laboratorio de Ecología Animal, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción – CONICET/Prov. ER/UADER, España 149, E3105BWA Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Proyecto Yacaré, Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados, FHUC/UNL, Aristóbulo del Valle 8700, Santa Fe 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UADER, Sede Diamante, Tratado del Pilar 314, E3105BWA Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Príncipe
- Proyecto Yacaré, Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados, FHUC/UNL, Aristóbulo del Valle 8700, Santa Fe 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Dirección General Manejo Sustentable de Fauna, Ministerio de Ambiente y Cambio Climático, P. Cullen 6161, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos Ignacio Piña
- Laboratorio de Ecología Animal, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción – CONICET/Prov. ER/UADER, España 149, E3105BWA Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Proyecto Yacaré, Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados, FHUC/UNL, Aristóbulo del Valle 8700, Santa Fe 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UADER, Sede Diamante, Tratado del Pilar 314, E3105BWA Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
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Bock SL, Hale MD, Rainwater TR, Wilkinson PM, Parrott BB. Incubation Temperature and Maternal Resource Provisioning, but Not Contaminant Exposure, Shape Hatchling Phenotypes in a Species with Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2021; 241:43-54. [PMID: 34436964 DOI: 10.1086/714572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe environment experienced during embryonic development is a rich source of phenotypic variation, as environmental signals have the potential to both inform adaptive plastic responses and disrupt normal developmental programs. Environment-by-embryo interactions are particularly consequential for species with temperature-dependent sex determination, a mode of sex determination common in non-avian reptiles and fish, in which thermal cues during a discrete period of development drive the formation of either an ovary or a testis. Here we examine the impact of thermal variation during incubation in combination with developmental exposure to a common endocrine-disrupting contaminant on fitness-related hatchling traits in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), a species with temperature-dependent sex determination. Using a factorial design, we exposed field-collected eggs to five thermal profiles (three constant temperatures, two fluctuating temperatures) and two environmentally relevant doses of the pesticide metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; and we quantified incubation duration, sex ratios, hatchling morphometric traits, and growth (9-10 days post-hatch). Whereas dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene exposure did not generally affect hatchling traits, constant and fluctuating temperatures produced diverse phenotypic effects. Thermal fluctuations led to subtle changes in incubation duration and produced shorter hatchlings with smaller heads when compared to the constant temperature control. Warmer, male-promoting incubation temperatures resulted in larger hatchlings with more residual yolk reserves when compared to cooler, female-promoting temperatures. Together, these findings advance our understanding of how complex environmental factors interact with developing organisms to generate phenotypic variation and raise questions regarding the mechanisms connecting variable thermal conditions to responses in hatchling traits and their evolutionary implications for temperature-dependent sex determination.
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Piazza MV, Fernández MS, Leiva PML, Piña CI, Simoncini MS. "Intracascaral space" an eggshell structure of Caiman latirostris eggs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5579. [PMID: 33692431 PMCID: PMC7970913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, eggshells of eggs from large-bodied reptiles have been studied by many researchers, to describe the eggshell, to compare them to extinct lineages that once inhabited our planet and also to understand how the egg provides the embryo specific conditions during incubation. In previous studies we described and characterized normal and pathologic Caiman latirostris eggshells; we also evaluated how the eggshell changes during incubation. In a study relating temperature variation and eggshell structures of successful eggs, we observed empty structures not previously described that we termed “intracascaral space”. The aim of this study is to describe this structure of C. latirostris eggshells. We hypothesize about the possible functions which it would perform during incubation and for development of the embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila V Piazza
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Experimental Villarino C.C. 14, Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mariela S Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Quintral 1250, 8300, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Pamela M L Leiva
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, España 149, 3105, Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina.,Proyecto Yacaré, Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias - Universidad de Nacional del Litoral / Ministerio de Aguas, Servicios Públicos y Medio Ambiente), Aristóbulo del Valle 8700, 3000, Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos, Tratado del Pilar 314, 3105, Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Carlos I Piña
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, España 149, 3105, Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina.,Proyecto Yacaré, Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias - Universidad de Nacional del Litoral / Ministerio de Aguas, Servicios Públicos y Medio Ambiente), Aristóbulo del Valle 8700, 3000, Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos, Tratado del Pilar 314, 3105, Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Melina S Simoncini
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, España 149, 3105, Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina. .,Proyecto Yacaré, Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias - Universidad de Nacional del Litoral / Ministerio de Aguas, Servicios Públicos y Medio Ambiente), Aristóbulo del Valle 8700, 3000, Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina. .,Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos, Tratado del Pilar 314, 3105, Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
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Bonino MF, Cruz FB, Perotti MG. Does temperature at local scale explain thermal biology patterns of temperate tadpoles? J Therm Biol 2020; 94:102744. [PMID: 33292985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Most of the literature on temperature-organism interactions rely on mean temperature (mostly air), disregarding the real complexity of this variable. There is a growing consensus about the importance of considering the temperature fluctuations as a mechanism improving organism's performance. Tadpoles are small body size ectotherm organisms that behave isothermally with their environment. As such, are good models for studying their thermal biology relative to their immediate environment. We studied six anuran tadpole species in North Patagonia, Alsodes gargola, Hylorina sylvatica, Batrachyla taeniata, Pleurodema thaul, P. bufoninum and Rhinella spinulosa, distributed in a West-East altitudinal cline with different environments and thermal conditions. We evaluated the relationship between thermal descriptors at a local scale and the thermal biology patterns of these temperate tadpoles. We estimated thermal tolerance limits and thermal sensitivity of locomotion of each species. The different aquatic environments showed important differences in local thermal conditions, associated with observed differences in the thermal traits in these tadpoles. Species exposed to lower temperature fluctuations and lower environmental mean temperatures showed lower swimming optimal temperatures and narrower thermal tolerance ranges. We found greater variability in the upper than in the lower critical limits in these Patagonian anuran tadpoles. Minimum critical temperatures were close to freezing temperature, possibly in detriment of their tolerance to high temperatures. Overall, our results suggest that these species are adapted to low temperatures. Finally, warming tolerances and predicted thermal safety margins, show that none of the studied species appear to be under thermal stress that may compromise their survival at the present time or in the near future, under a moderate climate change scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Fabián Bonino
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Biología Evolutiva y Comportamiento de Herpetozoos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCOMA, Quintral 1250 (8400), Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Félix Benjamín Cruz
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Biología Evolutiva y Comportamiento de Herpetozoos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCOMA, Quintral 1250 (8400), Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Perotti
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Biología Evolutiva y Comportamiento de Herpetozoos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCOMA, Quintral 1250 (8400), Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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Arrieta MB, Olea GB, Rodríguez FE, Lombardo DM. Ultrastructure of eggshell and embryological development of Salvator merianae (Squamata: Teiidae). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1420-1438. [PMID: 33099895 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the external morphology of Salvator meriane embryos in different stages of embryonic development and establish a relationship with the ultrastructure of the shell from oviductal transit to hatching. A total of 120 embryos were analyzed to describe their external morphology, and 78 eggs were used for the analysis of the shell. For embryonic development, the series was established according to the total length of the body. We established 40 embryonic stages from the primitive streak. In the early stages, the external morphological features are the C-shaped body, the maxillary, and mandibular fusion processes with the frontal process and the fusion of the forelimb with the digital plate. In the middle stages, the eyelid appears, and there are claws on the toes, cornification of fingers, and the onset of pigmentation. The last stage of embryonic development is characterized by the beginning of the formation of the scales, appear the toenails, and finalize the entire pigmentation. Regarding the relationship that exists with the ultrastructure of the egg during development, it was possible to observe a marked change in the composition of the shell and well-marked compaction during embryonic development, which may be related to the transport of calcium during embryonic ossification. Our results allowed us to show the complete sequence of embryonic development, determining the laying stage for this species. It was possible to establish a relationship with the ultrastructure of the eggshell from the oviductal transit to the moment of hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Arrieta
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Beatriz Olea
- Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas (LIBIM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Florencia Evelyn Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas (LIBIM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Daniel Marcelo Lombardo
- Facultad de Cs Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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