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Xu Z, Ma W, Wang J, Chen H, Li H, Yin Z, Hao J, Chen K. Nuclear HMGB1 is critical for CD8 T cell IFN-γ production and anti-tumor immunity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114591. [PMID: 39116204 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
HMGB1 (high-mobility group box-1) has been extensively studied as a damage-associated molecular pattern, with secreted cytokine function. However, its regulation on T cells, especially the function in the nucleus, has not been elucidated. Here, we use conditional knockout (HMGB1-f/f; CD2-cre) mice and find that HMGB1 potentiates the proliferation and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) expression of CD8 T cells rather than CD4 T cells. Notably, nuclear, but not secreted, HMGB1 supports the expression of IFN-γ in CD8 T cells via directly regulating the activity of Eomes, the transcription factor for IFN-γ. Functional study shows that HMGB1 promotes the anti-tumor ability of CD8 T cells in vitro and in vivo. Finally, tumor environmental interleukin-7 promotes HMGB1 and IFN-γ production via fatty acid oxidation in CD8 T cells. Overall, we identify the role of nuclear HMGB1 in CD8 T cell differentiation and demonstrate that it plays an important role in the anti-tumor programs of CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Weiying Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Haofan Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, P.R. China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Jianlei Hao
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, P.R. China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Kebing Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
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Wu Z, Liang L, Huang Q. Potential significance of high-mobility group protein box 1 in cerebrospinal fluid. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21926. [PMID: 38027583 PMCID: PMC10661089 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1) is a cytokine with multiple functions (according to its subcellular location) that serves a marker of inflammation. CSF HMGB1 could be the part of pathological mechanisms that underlie the complications associated with CNS diseases. HMGB1 actively or passively released into the CSF is detected in the CSF in many diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) and thus may be useful as a biomarker. Pathological alterations in distant areas were observed due to lesions in a specific region, and the level of HMGB1 in the CSF was found to be elevated. Reducing the HMGB1 level via intraventricular injection of anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibodies can improve the outcomes of CNS diseases. The results indicated that CSF HMGB1 could serve as a biomarker for predicting disease progression and may also act as a pathogenic factor contributing to pathological alterations in distant areas following focal lesions in the CNS. In this mini-review, the characteristics of HMGB1 and progress in research on CSF HMGB1 as a biomarker of CNS diseases were discussed. CSF HMGB1 is useful not only as a biomarker of CNS diseases but may also be involved in interactions between different brain regions and the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital (Ganzhou Hospital, Southern Hospital of Southern Medical University), 16th Meiguan Road, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Liping Liang
- Department of Science and Education, Ganzhou People's Hospital (Ganzhou Hospital, Southern Hospital of Southern Medical University), 16th Meiguan Road, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qianliang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital (Ganzhou Hospital, Southern Hospital of Southern Medical University), 16th Meiguan Road, Ganzhou 341000, China
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Wu Z, Li M. High-Mobility Group Box 1 in Spinal Cord Injury and Its Potential Role in Brain Functional Remodeling After Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1005-1017. [PMID: 35715656 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nonhistone nuclear protein, the functions of which depend on its subcellular location. It is actively or passively secreted into the blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and can be used as a prognostic indicator of disease. HMGB1 released into the bloodstream can cause pathological reactions in distant organs, and entry into the CSF can destroy the blood-brain barrier and aggravate brain injuries. HMGB1 expression has been reported to be increased in the tissues of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients and involved in the regulation of neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and ferroptosis. SCI can lead to brain changes, resulting in neuropathic pain, depression, and cognitive dysfunction, but the specific mechanism is unknown. It remains unclear whether HMGB1 plays an important role in brain functional remodeling after SCI. Damaged cells at the site of SCI passively release HMGB1, which travels to the brain via the blood, CSF, and/or axonal transport, destroys the blood-brain barrier, and causes pathological changes in the brain. This may explain the remodeling of brain function that occurs after SCI. In this minireview, we introduce the structure and function of HMGB1 and its mechanism of action in SCI. Clarifying the functions of HMGB1 may provide insight into the links between SCI and various brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17th Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17th Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Mo Y, Chen K. Review: The role of HMGB1 in spinal cord injury. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1094925. [PMID: 36713448 PMCID: PMC9877301 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1094925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has dual functions as a nonhistone nucleoprotein and an extracellular inflammatory cytokine. In the resting state, HMGB1 is mainly located in the nucleus and regulates key nuclear activities. After spinal cord injury, HMGB1 is rapidly expressed by neurons, microglia and ependymal cells, and it is either actively or passively released into the extracellular matrix and blood circulation; furthermore, it also participates in the pathophysiological process of spinal cord injury. HMGB1 can regulate the activation of M1 microglia, exacerbate the inflammatory response, and regulate the expression of inflammatory factors through Rage and TLR2/4, resulting in neuronal death. However, some studies have shown that HMGB1 is beneficial for the survival, regeneration and differentiation of neurons and that it promotes the recovery of motor function. This article reviews the specific timing of secretion and translocation, the release mechanism and the role of HMGB1 in spinal cord injury. Furthermore, the role and mechanism of HMGB1 in spinal cord injury and, the challenges that still need to be addressed are identified, and this work will provide a basis for future studies.
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Deng C, Deng L, Lv J, Sun L. Therapeutic effects and long-term outcomes of HMGB1-targeted therapy in rats and mice with traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:968791. [PMID: 36161176 PMCID: PMC9489835 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.968791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTo date, the clinical need for therapeutic methods to prevent traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) progression and improve functional recovery has not been met. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is released by necrotic neurons or secreted by glial cells after TSCI and plays an important role in pathophysiology.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of HMGB1-targeted therapy on locomotor function recovery, inflammation reduction, edema attenuation, and apoptosis reduction in rat and mouse models of TSCI.MethodsWe reviewed the literature on HMGB1-targeted therapy in the treatment and prognosis of TSCI. Twelve articles were identified and analyzed from four online databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Embase) based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and strict inclusion criteria.ResultsThe methodological quality of the 12 articles was poor. The results of the meta-analysis showed that compared with the SCI group, the treatment group had significantly increased locomotor function scores after SCI [n = 159, standardized mean difference (SMD) = 2.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.52, 3.10), P < 0.00001], and the change in locomotor function scores was significantly increased in both the drug and anti-HMGB1 Ab groups (P < 0.000001 and P < 0.000001). A subgroup analysis showed significant differences (P > 0.05) between the drug group [(SMD) = 1.95, 95% CI (0.95, 2.94), P = 0.0001] and the anti-HMGB1 Ab group [(SMD) = 2.89, 95% CI (1.66, 4.13), P < 0.00001]. Compared with the SCI group, HMGB1 expression was significantly diminished [n = 76, SMD = −2.31, 95% CI (−3.71, −0.91), P = 0.001], TNF-α levels were significantly reduced [n = 76, SMD = −2.52, 95% CI (−3.77, −1.27), P < 0.0001], water content was significantly reduced [n = 44, SMD = −3.94, 95% CI (−6.28, −1.61), P = 0.0009], and the number of apoptotic cells was significantly diminished [n = 36, SMD = −3.31, 95% CI (−6.40, −0.22), P = 0.04] in the spinal cord of the treatment group.ConclusionHMGB1-targeted therapy improves locomotor function, reduces inflammation, attenuates edema, and reduces apoptosis in rats and mice with TSCI. Intrathecal injection of anti-HMGB1 Ab 0-3 h after SCI may be the most efficacious treatment.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO, identifier: CRD42022326114.
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Wu Z, Wang Z, Xie Z, Zhu H, Li C, Xie S, Zhou W, Zhang Z, Li M. Glycyrrhizic Acid Attenuates the Inflammatory Response After Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting High Mobility Group Box-1 Protein Through the p38/Jun N-Terminal Kinase Signaling Pathway. World Neurosurg 2021; 158:e856-e864. [PMID: 34838764 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is an important secondary aggravating factor in spinal cord injury (SCI). Inhibition of the inflammatory response is critical for SCI treatment. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is an anti-inflammatory drug, but its utility for SCI is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of GA on inflammation after SCI and the underlying mechanism. METHODS Cell counting kit-8 assays were performed to assess the viability of highly aggressively proliferating immortalized cells that had been treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or GA. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were performed to assess expression of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1), ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, and inflammatory factors in vitro and in vivo. GA (100 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into rats. Anti-inflammatory effects of GA were analyzed in SCI tissues. p38/Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS Cell counting kit-8 assay results showed that treatment with 100 ng/mL LPS for 12 hours was optimal. After LPS treatment, highly aggressively proliferating immortalized cells were activated; messenger RNA expression levels of HMGB1 and inflammatory factors were increased. GA significantly inhibited LPS-induced HMGB1 expression and inflammatory responses, as determined by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Transfection with an HMGB1-overexpression plasmid reversed the anti-inflammatory effects of GA. In addition, intraperitoneal injection of GA (100 mg/kg) into rats for 3 days significantly reduced expression levels of HMGB1 and inflammatory factors after SCI in vivo. GA reduced phosphorylation, but not levels, of p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase proteins. CONCLUSIONS GA attenuates the inflammatory response after SCI by inhibiting HMGB1 through the p38/JNK signaling pathway and thus has therapeutic potential for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhiping Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huaxin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chengcai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shenke Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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